Dr.

Ratnakar Swain
(M. Tech. & Ph.D., IIT KGP)
Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NIT Rourkela
DRAG AND LIFT (FORCE AROUND
SUBMERGED SURFACE)
 The surrounding fluid exerts
pressure forces and viscous forces
(shear) on an object.

 The force acts in the direction of

the motion of the fluid relative to
the object is called drag force.

 The force which acts normal to the flow

direction is called lift force.

 The size and shape of the object and the

Reynolds number of the flow affect both
drag and lift forces
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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Drag and Lift
o When a body has an axis of symmetry
and free stream approaches the body
along the axis, The body is said to be
subjected to drag in absence of lift.

o A production of lift requires asymmetry of flow

about the direction of free stream.

o It is possible to create drag without lift but not

possible to create lift without drag.

𝝆𝝆𝑨𝑨𝑼𝑼𝟐𝟐 𝝆𝝆𝑨𝑨𝑼𝑼𝟐𝟐
𝑭𝑭𝑫𝑫 = 𝑪𝑪𝑫𝑫 𝑭𝑭𝑳𝑳 = 𝑪𝑪𝑳𝑳
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
EXAMPLES
Flow of water past a bridge pier.
Flow of air past a structure.
Motion of aeroplanes, submarines.
Flow of fluid past blades in fans, blowers,
compressing turbines.

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Types of drag and their dependence on different factor
Drag

Profile drag Induced drag

(depends upon profile of body) (due to 3-D natural of
flow, velocity and
verticity distribution)

Parasite drag Wave drag

(depends upon shape,
(free surface flow, gravitational
construction, material of body)
wave phenomenon)
Ex: floating bodies

Skin- friction drag Form drag

(Surface area, shear
(volume, shape,
stress, velocity
pressure, wave
gradient, viscosity,
formation)
surface roughness)
Ex: blunt bodies (disk)
Ex: stream line bodies
Parasite drag

• It is caused by the shape, construction-

type, and material of the body.
• It is independent of Lift.
• An airplane with a rough surface
creates more parasite drag than one
with a smooth surface.

Induced Drag

• Induced Drag is formed due to Lift.

• As soon the airplane takes off, induced Drag is created.
• Induced Drag is the result of pressure equalization between the High
Pressure under the wing and the Low Pressure above the wing.
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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Friction drag

The drag which is caused by

shear stress at all points on
the body concerned where it
is touched by the fluid in
which it is immersed, it acts
tangentially to the surface.

Form drag
• The drag created due to the shape and area of the cross-section of the solid
body moving through the fluid.
• This is created due to the viscous flow to be faced with an adverse pressure
gradient. 8
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Wave drag or
Compressibility drag

• Takes place due to shock waveforms over or in front of the air pressure.
• It retards the forward movement of an airplane.
• Shock waves radiate a considerable amount of energy, resulting in drag on the
aircraft.
• Wave drag can be reduced by incorporating one or more aerodynamic design
features such as wing sweep, ultra thin wings.
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
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