Name : _________________

Serial No: _____

Chapter 3 Depreciation of non-current assets (非流動資產折舊)
3.1 Introduction
基於有形的非流動資產的損耗(physical wear and tear)，陳舊過時(obsolescence)，不足(inadequacy)，不
合時(passage of time)，及消耗(depletion)等等。我們有需要為有形的非流動資產計算及處理折舊
(depreciation)。根據會計概念，資本支出的有形非流動資產，才會計入作為非流動資產的成本，我們
再以這個資產成本計算折舊。

3.2.1 Capital expenditure (資本支出)

資本支出是指一些支出能為企業個體帶來長期利益。一般是指使用於:
 購買或生產非流動資產(purchase or production of non-current assets)
 擴大或改良現有的非流動資產(extension or improvement to existing non-current assets)

資本支出包括講買該非流動資產的買價及一切與該非流動資產有關的直接應佔成本。例如:
 Purchase price of non-current assets (非流動資產的的買價)
 Cost of building an extension of existing non-current assets (擴建非流動資產的成本)
 Cost of upgrading or testing system of non-current assets (提升及測試非流動資產系統的成本)
 Freight and installation cost of new non-current assets (運送和安裝新非流動資產的成本)

3.2.2 Revenue expenditure (收益支出)

收益支出是指一些支出只帶來短期利益。一般是指使用於:
 花費在日常運作的支出而該支出會在該年度內耗盡。
 例如: Office rent (辦公室租金)，Wages and salaries (工資及薪金)，Repairs and maintenance (維修及保
養)，Petrol (汽油費)等等。
 收益支出不需要計入作為非流動資產的成本，亦不需要計算非流動資產的折舊。

3.4 Commonly used depreciation methods

 straight-line method (直線法)
 reducing-balance method (餘額遞減法)

3.4.1 Straight-line method (直線法)

根據直線法，資產的成本應在估計使用期限內作平均分攤。每期的折舊額都相同，計算方法如下：
1. 每期的折舊額 = (成本 – 預計剩餘價值) ÷ 估計使用期限
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 depreciation charged per period = (cost – residual value) ÷ useful life
2. 每期的折舊額 = 成本 x 固定折舊率
depreciation charged per period = (cost – residual value) x fixed depreciation rate

Examples 1:
Suppose Firm A bought a lorry for $16,000 and adopted the straight-line method of depreciation. Depreciation is
calculated at 10% per annum on the cost of the lorry, find the amount of depreciation charged each year.
Depreciation charges = $16,000 x 10% = $1,600

Examples 2:
Suppose Firm A bought a machine for $28,000 and adopted the straight-line method of depreciation. If the machine
was estimated to have a useful life of six years and residual value of $4,000, find the amount of depreciation charged
in each of the six years.
Depreciation charges = ($28,000  $4,000) ÷ 6 = $4,000

3.4.2 Reducing-balance method (餘額遞減法)

根據餘額遞減法，資產的成本會在估計使用年限內按一個遞減的速率分攤。結果，每期的折舊額會越
來越少。每期的折舊額的計算方法如下：
每期的折舊額 = (成本 – 已計折舊) × 固定折舊率
depreciation charged in each period = (cost – depreciation already charged) x fixed depreciation rate

Examples:
Suppose firm A bought a lorry for $20,000 and adopted the reducing-balance method of depreciation. If the
lorry to be depreciated at 20% per annum, find the amount of depreciation charged and NBV in each of the
four years.

Year Calculation Depreciation Accumulated NBV

depreciation
2009 $20,000 x 20% $4,000 $4,000 $16,000
$12,80
2010 ($20,000  $4,000) x 20% or $20,000 x 80% x 20% $3,200 $7,200 0
2011 ($20,000  $7,200) x 20% or $20,000 x 80% x 80% x 20% $2,560 $9,760 $10,240

3.5 Accounting entries for depreciation (折舊所需的會計分錄)

兩個獨立帳戶，折舊帳戶(depreciation account)，累計折舊帳戶(accumulated depreciation account)會被
開設來記錄折舊費用及累計折舊。因為折舊帳戶是一個費用帳戶，所以在會計期末，折舊總額會被轉
到損益帳 (profit and loss account) 及會在損益表 (Income Statement) 內的開支欄 (expense) 出現。累計
折舊帳戶是一個資產對銷帳戶(contra-asset account)，它是用來對銷非流動資產帳戶從而計算出非流動
資產的帳面淨值。每個類別的非流動資產應該有自己的折舊帳戶和累計折舊賬戶。

非流動資產折舊的入帳步驟
1 記錄會計期內的折舊
Dr Depreciation account
Cr Accumulated depreciation account
2 在會計期末，折舊會被轉到損益帳
Dr Profit and loss account
Cr Depreciation account

3.6 Disposal of non-current assets (非流動資產變賣)

非流動資產變賣發生時，一個獨立帳戶，變賣帳戶(disposal)會被開設。我們會利用變賣帳戶來記錄，處置非
流動資產的變賣，以及計算變賣時的損益。
非流動資產變賣的入帳步驟
1 因為變賣資產已經賣走，所以先把變賣資產減去，再把資產的成本轉到變賣帳戶
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 Dr Disposal account
Cr Non-current asset account
2 亦因為變賣資產已經賣走，所以需要把該資產的累計折舊減去，再轉到變賣帳戶
Dr Accumulated depreciation account
Cr Disposal account
3 記錄變賣收入
Dr Cash/Bank/Debtor’s account
Cr Disposal account
4 在會計期末把變賣損益轉到損益帳戶
(a) Profit on disposal (出現變賣利潤) (b) Loss on disposal(出現變賣損失)
Dr Disposal account Dr Profit and loss account
Cr Profit and loss account Cr Disposal account

當題目要求在日誌 (Journal) 處理非流動資產變賣時，因為變賣帳戶最終是零餘額。非流動資產所需的

會計分錄可簡化如下：
Journal
(a) Profit on disposal (變賣利潤) Details Dr Cr
Dr Accumulated depreciation account $ $
Dr Cash/Bank/Debtor’s account Accumulated depreciation –Furniture 10,000
Cr Profit and loss account (Profit on disposal) Cash 40,000
Cr Non-current asset account Profit and loss – Profit on disposal 20,000
Furniture 30,000

(b) Loss on disposal (出現變賣損失)

Journal
Dr Accumulated depreciation account Details Dr Cr
Dr Cash/Bank/Debtor’s account $ $
Dr Profit and loss account (Loss on disposal) Accumulated depreciation –Furniture 10,000
Cr Non-current asset account Cash 10,000
Profit and loss – Profit on disposal 10,000
Furniture 30,000
Trade-in of non-current assets (非流動資產的易新)
非流動資產的易新是指用舊的資產再加上易新價，來更換新的資產。事實上，在易新交易中，我們進
行了兩個資產的交易，舊的賣走，新的買入。簡單來說，非流動資產的易新就好像以 置換讓價來賣走
舊資產，再以易新價來買入新資產。

非流動資產易新的入帳步驟
1 因為舊的資產已經賣走，所以我們要先把舊的資產減去，再轉到變賣帳戶
Dr Disposal account
Cr Non-current asset account
2 亦因為舊的資產已經賣走，所以需要把該資產的累計折舊減去，再轉到變賣帳戶
Dr Accumulated depreciation account
Cr Disposal account
3 記錄以易新價獲得的新資產
Dr Non-current asset account
Cr Bank/Cash/Debtor
4 記錄從易新得到的置換讓價，這時置換讓價所獲得的優惠，會當作新資產部份成本
Dr Non-current asset account
Cr Disposal account
5 在會計期末把變賣損益轉到損益帳戶
(a) Profit on disposal (出現變賣利潤) (b) Loss on disposal (出現變賣損失)
Dr Disposal account Dr Profit and loss account
Cr Profit and loss account Cr Disposal account

當題目要求在日誌 (Journal) 處理非流動資產的易新時，因為變賣帳戶最終是零餘額。非流動資產所需

的會計分錄可簡化如下：
(a) Profit on disposal (變賣利潤)
Journal
Details Dr Cr
$ $
Accumulated depreciation – Office Furniture 30,000
Office Furniture: Trade-in allowance 20,000

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 Profit and loss – Profit on disposal 10,000
Office Furniture 40,000
Office Furniture 40,000
Bank/Cash/Creditor 40,000

(b) Loss on disposal (出現變賣損失)

Journal
Details Dr Cr
$ $
Accumulated depreciation – Office Furniture 30,000
Office Furniture: Trade-in allowance 5,000
Profit and loss – Loss on disposal 5,000
Office Furniture 40,000
Office Furniture 40,000
Bank/Cash/Creditor 40,000

HKDSE (2013, 2) (Depreciation)

Mr Chan commenced his retail business on 1 January 2011 and acquired five pieces of equipment costing $135,000
each on that date. No other addition and disposal were made during 2011. Information relating to the equipment for
the year ended 31 December 2012 is as follows:

$
Payments for new equipment – Purchase cost 280,000
– Testing fees 12,500
– Repairs and maintenance fees for 2012 42,600
Proceeds from sale of two pieces of equipment purchased in 2011 104,500

Depreciation on equipment is to be provided at a rate of 20% per annum using the reducing balance method. Full year
depreciation is calculated in the year of purchase but none in the year of sale.
REQUIRED:
For the retail business of Mr Chan, prepare the following accounts for the year ended 31 December 2012:
(a) Equipment account
(b) Accumulated depreciation account – Equipment

Mr Chan decides to apply different depreciation methods to calculate the depreciation expense on equipment in
different years in order to show continuously stable operating results.
REQUIRED:
(c) State and explain the accounting principle or concept violated in the above situation.

(a)
Equipment
2012 $ 2012 $
Jan 1 Balance b/f (135,000 x 5) 675,000 Dec 31 Disposal: Equipment (135,000 x 2) 270,000
Dec 31 Bank (280,000 + 12,500) 292,500 “ 31 Balance c/f 697,500
967,500 967,500

(b)
Accumulated Depreciation: Equipment
2012 $ 2012 $
Dec 31 Disposal: Equipment (W2) 54,000 Jan 1 Balance b/f (W1) 135,000
“ 31 Balance c/f 204,300 Dec 31 Depreciation (W3) 123,300
258,300 258,300

W1: 675,000 x 20% = 135,000

W2: 270,000 x 20% = 54,000
W3: (675,000 – 270,000) x 80% x 20% + 292,500 x 20% = 123,300

(c) Accounting principle concept violated:

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 — consistency concept

Explanations:
— Same accounting policy should be applied on liked items across years
— A change in depreciation method is allowed when it will result in a more true and fair presentation
the firm's financial position.
— To stabilize operating results over year is not a justifiable reason for the change in depreciation
method
HKDSE Sample 2 (2A, 3) (Depreciation)
Subsequent checking of the records by the accountant of Easy Company revealed that no entries had been made for
the following items:
(i) Loan interest of $5050 incurred in 2011 remains unpaid as at 31 December 2011.

(ii) A motor vehicle costing $80 000 with an accumulated depreciation of $40 000 as at 31 December 2011 was sold
for $48 000 in cash on the same date.

REQUIRED:
(b) Prepare the journal entries to record the above transactions for the year ended 31 December 2011. (Narrations
are not required.)
(c) Explain the accounting treatment of item (i) using a relevant accounting concept.

(b)
Journal
2011 Debit Credit
December $ $
(i) Loan interest 5050
Accrued loan interest 5050
(ii) Accumulated depreciation – Motor vehicles 40 000
Cash 48 000
Motor vehicles 80 000
Profit and loss – Profit on disposal of motor vehicles 8 000

(c) Accrual concept

— Unpaid loan interest should be credited to accrued loan interest account to represent an increase
in current liability in 2011.
— The loan interest incurred should be debited in the profit and loss account as an increase in
operating expenses of 2011.

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1ST Mock Exam 2012-2013 (Depreciation)
2. Ocean Limited owns the following non-current assets as at 1 January 2010:
(i) On 1 October 2010, an old motor vehicle costing $350,000 with a net book value of $100,000 as at 1
January 2010 was trade-in for a new one. A trade-in allowance of $9,000 was given. The list price of a new
vehicle is $400,000 and a trade discount of 10% was allowed. Ocean Limited paid $2,400 for annual license
fee, $10,000 for installing an air-conditioning system in the motor vehicle and $3,000 for freight charges.
The scrap value of the new machine is $4,000. Ocean Limited had only credited sales account for $9,000. No
other entries have been made.
(ii) Ocean Limited adopts the following depreciation policies for its non-current assets:
Motor vehicle – 20% on reducing balance method per annum

REQUIRED:
(a) Calculate the cost of new vehicle to be capitalized.
(b) Prepare journal entries to correct the error above for the year ended 31 December 2010.

2 (a)
$
Purchases price ($400,000 x 90%) 360,000
Air-conditioning system 10,000
Freight charges 3,000
Cost of motor vehicle 373,000

(b)
Journal
Debit Credit
$ $
Sales 9,000
Suspense 9,000
Accumulated depreciation – Motor vehicle [$100,000 x 20% x 9/12 + ($350,000  $100,000)] 265,000
Motor vehicle – trade-in allowance 9,000
Profit and loss – Loss on disposal 76,000
Motor vehicle 350,000
Motor vehicle ($373,000  $9,000) 364,000
License fee ($2,400 x 3/12) 600
Prepayment ($2,400  $600) 1,800
Bank 366,400
Depreciation – Motor vehicle ($373,000 x 20% x 3/12) 18,650
Accumulated depreciation – Motor vehicle 18,650