Tami-Ing Paper2.3 PDF

School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences
1st Quarter S.Y. 2022-2023
Paper 2.3
Electrochemistry
Submitted by: Submitted to:
Tami-ing, Renz Jae F. Ms. Nanette D. Santos
CM011L A42
INTRODUCTION
Electrochemistry is defined as the study of chemical reactions that generate

electricity by transferring electrons from one reactant to another. Oxidized species are
those that have a high oxidation number, whereas reduced species have a lower oxidation
number. Oxidized species become reducing agents because they lose electrons. Half-
reactions in a redox reaction show how individual reactants gain or lose electrons. The
latter, however, receive electrons and function as oxidizers. The story of electrochemistry
begins with Alessandro Volta, who announced his invention of the voltaic pile, the first
modern electrical battery, in 1800. The pile caught the imagination of even the ruler of
France, Napoleon Bonaparte, who went so far as to serve as Volta’s lab assistant in
November of 1801. As Volta described his recent discoveries concerning electricity to the
French National Institute, the delighted Napoleon demonstrated them on a voltaic pile.
The voltage (V) of an electrochemical cell is the main unit of measurement in
electrochemistry. The relative energies of the electrons on various atoms and/or ions are
described by the voltage. Volts (joules/coulomb) represent the energy or potential
difference between two electrons. The two ends of a wire, two atoms, or the cathode and
anode of a battery with a potential difference can all contain electrons. A chemical process
known as an oxidation-reduction or redox reaction occurs when one or more electrons
are moved from one molecule or atom to another. Based on the system's change in free
energy, thermodynamics can determine whether electrons would prefer to be transported
from one species to another.
In this lab report, we'll look at how variations in concentration can affect the values of E° for
different redox couples. The concentration of reactants and products can significantly affect the
thermodynamics of electrochemical reactions, making this investigation crucial. By investigating
this relationship, we can acquire a more thorough understanding of the parameters that
determine the driving force of electron transfer reactions, as well as how to optimize
electrochemical systems for diverse purposes. In conclusion, understanding electron transfer
reactions requires knowledge of electrochemistry and the idea of standard reduction potentials.
By exploring the concentration dependence of E° for various redox couples, we can get useful
insights into the parameters that determine the driving force of electrochemical reactions.
The experiment's goal is to investigate electrochemical principles by building and

analyzing electrochemical cells. In order to achieve the first goal, electrochemical cells
made of various electrode materials will be constructed, and each cell's standard cell
potential will be measured. The second goal is to build concentration cells with copper
electrodes and various concentrations of copper (II) sulfate solution, measure the cell
potential, and draw a graph showing cell potential vs concentration. The final goal is to
apply the Nernst equation to determine the concentration of an unknown copper (II)
sulfate solution using the concentration cell's measured cell potential. Through the
experiment, we hope to develop practical abilities in electrochemical cell assembly and
operation as well as in data analysis and interpretation. The basic concepts of
electrochemistry, such as the connection between cell potential and concentration and
the elements that influence electron transfer, are another goal of ours.
METHODOLOGY
Materials, Apparatus and Chemicals
1. Salt Bridge 8. Copper (II) Sulfate
2. Multimeter 9. Silver Nitrate
3. Red Lead 10. Lead (II) Nitrate
4. Black Lead 11. Nickel (II) Sulfate
5. Chemical for Disposal 12. Metal Strips (Copper,

Beaker Zinc, Nickel, Lead, and Silver)
Phase 1 Setup
6. Dl Water
7. Zinc Sulfate
Phase 1: The electrode solutions and multimeter were prepared.
1. The metal strips were added to each corresponding aqueous solution.
2. The black lead and the red lead were connected to the corresponding outlets on the
multimeter.
Phase 2: The voltaic cell was set up.
Phase 3: The cell potentials were measured with zinc.
1.1 M zinc sulfate and zinc electrode and 1 M copper (II) sulfate and copper electrode
2.1 M zinc sulfate and zinc electrode and 1 M silver nitrate and silver electrode
3.1 M zinc sulfate and zinc electrode and 1 M lead (II) nitrate and lead electrode
4.1 M zinc sulfate and zinc electrode and 1 M nickel (II) sulfate and nickel electrode
Phase 4: The cell potentials were measured with copper.
1.1 M copper (II) sulfate and copper electrode and 1 M silver nitrate and silver electrode
2.1 M copper (II) sulfate and copper electrode and 1 M lead (II) nitrate and lead electrode
3.1 M copper (II) sulfate and copper electrode and 1 M nickel (II) sulfate and nickel electrode
Phase 5: The cell potentials were measured with silver, lead, and nickel.
1.1 M silver nitrate and silver electrode and 1 M lead (II) nitrate and lead electrode
2.1 M silver nitrate and silver electrode and 1 M nickel (II) sulfate and nickel electrode
3.1 M lead (II) nitrate and lead electrode and 1 M nickel (II) sulfate and nickel electrode
Phase 6: The potentials of the cell were compared according to increasing reduction
potential.
Phase 7 Setup
Phase 7: The concentration cells setup was constructed.
1. A copper strip was added to each solution.
multimeter.
Phase 8: The cell potentials of the concentration cells were measured.
1.1 M copper (II) sulfate and copper electrode and 0.5 M copper (II) sulfate and copper
electrode
electrode
3.1 M copper (II) sulfate and copper electrode and 0.05 W copper (II) sulfate and copper
electrode
electrode
electrode
Phase 9: a graph was constructed that showed the relationship between cell potential and
reaction quotient.
1. Variables were selected for the X and Y axis.
2. A scatter graph was chosen to construct.
3. The graph was made, and the display was shown.

4. The graph was saved and recorded.
Phase 10 Setup
Phase 10: The unknown concentration was calculated.
1. A copper strip was added to each solution.
multimeter.
3. The salt bridge was added to connect the beakers.
4. The black and red lead were connected to the anode and cathode accordingly.
5. The multimeter was turned on to measure the DC voltage.
6. The cell potential was recorded.
7. The concentration of unknown copper (II) sulfate solution was calculated and recorded.
8. The salt bridge was removed and rinsed and was placed on the lab bench.
9. The leads were disconnected from the electrodes.
10. The data was summarized and was submitted.

INTERPRETATIONS OF RESULTS
Table 1
Solution
Use Solution
0.0592𝑉
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − ( ) log 𝑄
𝑛
Or
0.0592𝑉
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = − ( ) log 𝑄
𝑛
Conversion
0.0592 x 1000 = 59.2
59.2𝑚𝑉
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =− = −28.94
𝑛
0.0592𝑉
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = − ( ) log 𝑄
𝑛
34.6 mV = −28.93 mV × log 𝑄
34.6
− = log 𝑄
28.94
Q = 10 = 0.0626
[𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝐶𝑢2+]
Q= = 0.0626
1𝑀
Q = [𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝐶𝑢2+] = 0.0626𝑀

The data illustrates the standard cell potentials for various metal halfreaction
combinations. For each combination of one metal, the oxidation half-reaction is used, and
the reduction half-reaction is used for another. The total reaction is displayed, showing
the reaction's occurrence as well as the standard cell potential (in volts) for the reaction.
Furthermore, Table 1 demonstrates that the standard cell potential varies depending on
the combination of metals utilized. The combination of lead and nickel would have the
lowest cell potential (0.12 V), whereas zinc and silver would have the highest cell potential
(1.56 V). The direction and intensity of electron fluxes in reactions can be forecast using
this data. Additionally, one may determine the equilibrium constant for a system using
these facts. Furthermore, the equilibrium constant for a redox reaction can be determined
using these data.
The numbers show the experimental results on the correlation between the system's cell
potential (in mV), reaction quotient (Q), and concentration of copper (II) sulfate solutions.
This table displays the outcomes of a series of tests in which various concentrations of
the same solution were combined with copper (II) sulfate solutions. The ratio of product
concentrations to reactant concentrations at a specific moment in a reaction is also
measured by the reaction quotient (Q). It is computed by dividing the concentrations of
the products by those of the reactants. To their respective stoichiometric coefficients,
each was elevated. In this scenario, the concentrations of copper (II) sulfate and the other
solution were used to determine the Q values for each experiment. The cell potential
gauges a reaction's propensity to move in a specific direction. It represents the
measurement of the potential difference between two half-cells that are joined by a salt
bridge. In this instance, each experiment's cell potential was measured and reported in
mv. The table shows that both the reaction quotient (Q) and the cell potential (mV) rise
as the concentration of the other solution drops (i.e., as the concentration of copper (II)
sulfate relative to the further solution increases). This shows that when the concentration
of copper (II) sulfate increases in comparison to the other solution, the reaction becomes
more favorable.
The relationship between concentration, reaction quotient, and cell potential in a system
of copper (II) sulfate solutions is described in this table. The direction and likelihood of the
reaction are significantly influenced by the concentration of copper (II) sulfate. In addition,
the graph demonstrates that it begins with a high cell potential value and steadily declines
as the Q value falls. This connection shows that the cell potential gets less favorable for
the forward reaction to proceed as the reactant concentration declines. In other words,
when the concentration of the reactants falls, as seen in the graph, the cell potential
becomes less positive..
The cell potential was measured with a multimeter to determine the solution's unknown
concentration for the final value of the data. The concentration of the unknown solution can be
determined by knowing the reaction's standard cell potential and the measured cell potential due
to the Nernst equation, which links the cell potential to concentration. It was confirmed to be
0.0626 M by using the graph's slope and the unknown cell potential to calculate its logarithm by
10. Overall, the provided details provided insights into the unknown solution's electrochemical
characteristics, which can be used to fill in the gaps in experimental data.
CONCLUSION
As a result, I draw the conclusion that the experiment was successful in illuminating the
fundamentals of electrochemistry through the design and evaluation of electrochemical cells. The
goals were met by creating concentration cells with various electrode materials and measuring
their standard cell potentials, by using copper electrodes and a range of copper (ll) sulfate
solution concentrations, and by using the nernst equation to determine the concentration of an
unknown copper (ll) sulfate solution based on the concentration cell's measured cell potential.
The outcome demonstrated that the concentration of reactants and products could significantly
affect how electrochemical processes behave thermodynamically.
REFERENCES
Salkind, A.J. (2018). The electrochemical Society: Advancing solid state and electrochemical
science and Technology
https://www.electrochem.org/birth-of-electrochemistry
(2022). Chem Libretexts Org: Electrochemistry
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical
_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry

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School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences

1st Quarter S.Y. 2022-2023

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Tami-ing, Renz Jae F. Ms. Nanette D. Santos

Electrochemistry is defined as the study of chemical reactions that generate

The experiment's goal is to investigate electrochemical principles by building and

Materials, Apparatus and Chemicals

1. Salt Bridge 8. Copper (II) Sulfate

2. Multimeter 9. Silver Nitrate

3. Red Lead 10. Lead (II) Nitrate

4. Black Lead 11. Nickel (II) Sulfate

5. Chemical for Disposal 12. Metal Strips (Copper,

Phase 1: The electrode solutions and multimeter were prepared.

1. The metal strips were added to each corresponding aqueous solution.

Phase 3: The cell potentials were measured with zinc.

Phase 4: The cell potentials were measured with copper.

Phase 7: The concentration cells setup was constructed.

1. A copper strip was added to each solution.

2. A scatter graph was chosen to construct.

3. The graph was made, and the display was shown.

4. The graph was saved and recorded.

Phase 10: The unknown concentration was calculated.

1. A copper strip was added to each solution.

5. The multimeter was turned on to measure the DC voltage.

6. The cell potential was recorded.

9. The leads were disconnected from the electrodes.

10. The data was summarized and was submitted.

34.6 mV = −28.93 mV × log 𝑄

Q = [𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝐶𝑢2+] = 0.0626𝑀

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