CHAPTER 1 – COMPUTER SYSTEM

Define computer
 Electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can
accept data, process the data, produce result and store the result for future use

Define computer system

 A complete, working computer, includes operating system, software and hardware to make the
computer function

What is input?
 Any data and instructions entered into the memory of the computer

What is output?
 Data that has been processed into a useful form

Define information processing cycle

 Sequence of events in processing information that includes input, process, output and storage

Describe 4 operations involved in information processing cycle

– should explain what the computer or machine do
Operation Description Device
Input Process of entering data and instructions into the memory Keyboard
of computer Mouse
@ Touch screen monitor
Computer accept data and instructions
Process Process of transforming data into information Processor / CPU
@
Computer transform / convert data into information
Output Process of conveying information to the user Monitor
@ Printer
Computer convey information to the user
Storage Computer holds data, instructions and information for USB Flash Drive
future use Hard disk
CD / DVD / Blu Ray Disc
Memory card

Input Process Output

Storage

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Example of PSPM questions
Question 1 : There are four main steps in information processing cycle. Explain what are the input,
process, output and storage when you are given information 8 x 2 = 16 to be processed.
(PSPM 1 2015/2016)
Answer :
Steps Correct answer Tips!
Input Computer accept 8 and 2 and stored into the Don’t write ‘x’ symbol for multiply
memory computer because it means process
Process 8, 2 is being multiply by the processor Don’t write 16 because it means output
OR
Computer multiply 8 and 2
Output Result of process, 16 is display on the screen Don’t write ‘x’ symbol for multiply
OR because it means process
Computer display the result 16 on the screen
Storage Computer store data 8 and 2, and result 16
into the memory for the future use

Question 2 : Siti needs pocket money and calls her father to bank in RM200 into her saving account.
After her father had agreed and done the transaction, she went to the Bank Ceria Berhad to withdraw
the money from the ATM machine. She received 4 pieces of RM50 notes.
Identify two (2) activities involved for process and output operations in the information processing
cycle during the withdrawal process. (PSPM 1 2016/2017).
Tips : explain based on what ATM machine done not user.
- ATM machine verify password
PROCESS - ATM machine verify username
- ATM machine calculate balance
- ATM machine calculate amount of money
- ATM machine display menu to choose
OUTPUT - ATM machine display balance
- ATM machine dispense money
- ATM machine print receipt

Question 3 : Ahmad is travelling from Bukit Jalil to Putrajaya. When he reaches the Putrajaya toll gate,
Ahmad taps his Touch n Go card on the card reader.
Identify two (2) activities for each operation in the Information Processing Cycle involved during that
Touch n Go transaction at Putrajaya toll gate. (PSPM 1 2017/2018).
- Card reader scan the Touch n Go card
INPUT - Card reader read data/read balance/read entrance and exit toll gate

PROCESS - System verifying Touch n Go card/calculate balance/calculate amount to be paid

- System calculate amount to deduct/deduct amount paid

OUTPUT - Screen display balance/toll gate open

- Screen display error when balance in the Touch n Go card not enough

STORAGE - System store balance/store date and time/store exit toll gate location
- System store history of transaction

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Explain data representation in computer / How does a computer represent data?
 Computer represent data by using two unique binary digit 0 (off) and 1 (on)

Why computer only can recognizes two unique binary digits ?

 Computer recognize only two discrete states : on and off. It is because computers are electronic
devices powered by electricity

Benefits of using binary digits to represent data in computer

 Faster execution
 Less memory usage
 Provide simplicity

Differentiate / compare between bit and byte

Bit Byte
Smallest unit of data the computer can process A group of 8 bits
that consists of 0 and 1
Represent electrical state on or off Represent a single character such as a digit,
letter or any symbol in computer

What is storage capacity?

 Capacity is the number of bytes a storage medium can hold

Example :
Make sure your answer is in exact value.
Convert 5 TB into MB
DO NOT write 5.2 x 103 MB
= 5 x 1024 x 1024
= 5 242 880 MB

What is number system?

 Set of numbers for representing numerals

Explain 3 number system

Binary – Number system that uses binary digit 0 and 1
Decimal – Number system that uses number 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Hexadecimal – Number system that uses 16 symbols : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

Why do we need hexadecimal number in a computer system?

 Because it can represent binary values in compact form

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Conversion of number system
Binary to decimal Multiply with 2n
Eg : 1011012 to decimal
1 0 1 1 0 1
1x25 0x24 1x23 1x22 0x21 1x20
32 0 8 4 0 1

= 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1
= 45
Decimal to binary Divide by 2
Example : 166 to binary

166
2 83 - 0
2 41 - 1
2 20 - 1
2 10 - 0
2 5 - 0
2 2 - 1
2 1 - 0
2 0 - 1

= 101001102
Decimal to Divide by 16
hexadecimal Example : 1777 to hexadecimal
1777
16 111 - 1
16 6 - 15 (F)
16 0 - 6

= 6F116

Hexadecimal to Multiply with 16n

decimal Example : B91116 to decimal

B (11) 9 1 1
11 x 163 9 x 162 1 x 161 1 x 160
45056 2304 16 1

= 45056 + 2304 + 16 + 1
= 47377

Binary to hexadecimal Example : 1010100012 to hexadecimal

1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
20 23 2 2 2 1 20 2 3 2 2 2 1 20
1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
1 0+4+0+1=5 0+0+0+1=1

= 15116

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 Hexadecimal to binary Eg : B1316 to binary

B (11) 1 3
23 22 21 20 23 22 21 20 23 22 21 20
8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1

= 1011000100112

Example :
Given the IP address of a printer as 192.0.0.2. Convert the address to hexadecimal number

Answer : C0.0.0.2

What is coding scheme?

 The combinations of 0s and 1s that represent characters

Identify the coding system / coding scheme used in data processing :

 ASCII
 EBCDIC
 Unicode

Why do we need coding scheme?

 Most computers can only understand binary and we often need to store alpha-numeric text
(numbers, letters and other characters). To do this a computer will use a coding scheme
 To represent numeric, alphabetic, and special characters in a computer's internal storage and on
magnetic media, we must use some sort of coding system

Differentiate the coding scheme

Coding ASCII EBCDIC Unicode
scheme
Number of Use 8 bits to Use 8 bits to Use 16 bits to represent a
bits represent a character represent a character character
represented
Number of Can represent Can represent Can represent
character 256 characters 256 characters 65536 characters
Usage / Widely used to Widely used to  Implemented in several operating
Application represent text based represent text based systems including Windows, Mac
on data for computer on IBM mainframe OS and LinuX
processing on many computers and  Widely used to represent text
types of computers high end server based data using any written
language, including those in
different alphabets such as
Chinese, Greek and Russian
Range of 0 - 255 0 - 255 0 - 65535
values

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CALCULATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF BITS AND NUMBER OF BYTES IN A GIVEN WORD BASED ON EACH
CODING SCHEME

Identify the number of bits and number of bytes used by each coding scheme to represent the
sentence below :
#KMPkdihatiku

CODING SCHEME NUMBER OF BITS NUMBER OF BYTES

ASCII = 13 characters x 8 bits 13 characters

= 104 bits = 13 bytes

EBCDIC = 13 characters x 8 bits 13 characters

= 104 bits = 13 bytes

Unicode = 13 characters x 16 bits 13 characters

= 208 bits 1 characters in Unicode = 2 bytes
= 13 characters x 2 bytes
= 26 bytes

LOGIC GATE :

AND, OR, NOT

NAND, NOR (universal gate)
XOR, XNOR (exclusive gate)

Boolean expression : Y = A . B
Logic gate : AND Truth table
Truth table - use the formula 2n where n is the number of input
A Y 2 input : A and B so there will be 4 output
B
A B Y=A.B
0 0 0
Produce TRUE only when all 0 1 0
inputs are TRUE 1 0 0
1 1 1

Boolean expression : Y = A + B
Logic gate : OR Truth table
Truth table - use the formula 2n where n is the number of input
2 input : A and B so there will be 4 output
A Y
B A B Y=A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
Produce FALSE only when all 1 0 1
inputs are FALSE 1 1 1

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Boolean expression : A = A’
Logic gate : NOT Truth table
Truth table - use the formula 2n where n is the number of input
A'
A 1 input : A so there will be 2 output
A A’
0 1
1 0

Boolean expression : Y = A’ . B’
Logic gate
A Y
Truth table
Truth table - use the formula 2n where n is the number of input
2 input : A and B so there will be 4 output

B A B A’ B’ Y = A’ . B’
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0

Boolean expression : Y = A’ + B’
Logic gate Truth table
Truth table - use the formula 2n where n is the number of input
2 input : A and B so there will be 4 output
A Y
A B A’ B’ Y = A’ + B’
B 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 0

Boolean expression : Y = ( A . B )’
Logic gate : NAND Truth table
Truth table - use the formula 2n where n is the number of input
2 input : A and B so there will be 4 output
A Y A B A.B Y = ( A . B )’
B 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0

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Boolean expression : Y = ( A + B )’
Logic gate : NOR Truth table
Truth table - use the formula 2n where n is the number of input
2 input : A and B so there will be 4 output
A Y
A B A+B Y = ( A + B )’
B 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0

Exclusive OR – XOR
Logic gate Truth table
● If both value for input are the same, the output will be 0
● If the value is different, the output will be 1

A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Exclusive NOR – XNOR

Logic gate Truth table
● If both value for input are the same, the output will be 1
● If the value is different, the output will be 0

A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

*** Please remember that Y = A’ . B’ is different from Y = (A.B)’

How to prove that both Boolean expression is different?

- By using truth table and draw the logic gate

Derive Boolean expression (and truth table) based on a given logic statement
STEP 1 : Identify the output / what happen
STEP 2: Identify the input / causes
STEP 3 : Create the legend based on input and output

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Example :
A system used three (3) different switches A, B and C. A combination of switches determines whether
an alarm, X rings. The alarm will ring if switch A or switch B is ON and switch C is OFF.

Based on given situation,

STEP 1 : Output – alarm will ring
STEP 2 : Input – switch A ON, switch B ON, switch C OFF (in the legend, please write Switch C ON)
STEP 3 : Create legend as below
Derive Boolean expression for this problem
(make sure you create the LEGEND!)

Legend :
X – alarm will ring
A – switch ON Boolean expression : X = ( A + B ) . C’
B – switch ON
C – switch ON
Write out the truth table
3 inputs : A, B, C – so there will be 8 output (23 = 8)
A B C C’ A+B X
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 0

Truth table : shows the output states for every possible combination of input states

CHAPTER 2 : INTERNET TECHNOLOGY

Define network
 Collection of computers and mobile devices connected together via communication devices and
transmission media to share resources

Components of successful communication system

 Sending device, receiving device, communication device, transmission media
Communication Examples of communication devices
device Examples Function
Modem 1. Digital Modems
 A broadband modem / digital modem is a communication
device that sends and receives data and information to
and from a digital line.

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Definition  3 types of digital modems :
communication Cable Sends and receive digital data over the
device : modems CATV network
DSL  Sends digital data and information
 Hardware that modems from a computer to a DSL line.
used to send  Receives digital data and information
data, from a DSL line
instructions ISDN  Sends digital data and information
and modems from a computer to an ISDN line.
information  Receives digital data and information
between from an ISDN line
sending device
and receiving 2. Wireless Modems
device  Some mobile users have a wireless modem that uses a
mobile service provider’s network to connect to the
Internet wirelessly from a computer or mobile device
 Wireless modems, which have an external or built-in
antenna, are available as USB adapters and other
devices
 Some smartphones also can function as a wireless
modem, called a mobile hotspot, when tethered to a
personal computer or mobile device

Hub or  Is a communication device that provides a central point for

Switch cables in a network
 Some hubs and/or switches include routers. That is, the hub
or switch receives data from many directions and then
forwards it to one or more destinations
Hub Switch
Used in larger networks Used in smaller networks
Transmits signal to all other Transmit signal to only the
ports a computer is intended recipients
connected to but only the
intended recipients will
accept. The rest will gone

Router  Communications device that connects multiple computers

or other routers together and transmits data to its correct
destination on a network
 A router can be used on any size of network

Network Communications device that enables a computer or device

Interface that does not have built-in networking capability to access a
Card / network
Network
Card

Wireless  Is a central communications device that allows computers

Access Point to transfer data wirelessly among themselves or to transfer
data wirelessly to a wired network

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  Wireless access points have high-quality internal or external
antennas for optimal signals
 For the best signal, some manufacturers suggest positioning
the wireless access point at the highest possible location
and using a device to strengthen your wireless signal

TRANSMISSION MEDIA
What is Transmission media?
● Consist of materials or substances capable of carrying one or more signals

2 types / categories of transmission media :

 Wired or physical transmission media
 Wireless transmission media

Wired / Physical Transmission Media - Physical transmission media use wire, cable and other
tangible materials to send communications signals.
Examples of Wired Explanation
transmission media
Twisted pair cable  Consists of one or more twisted-pair wires bundled together
 Each twisted-pair wire consists of two separate insulated copper wires
that are twisted together

Coaxial cable  Consists of single copper wire surrounded by at least three layers :
insulating material, woven or braided metal, plastic outer coating
 Connect computer to modem

Fiber optic cable  Consists of dozens or hundreds of thin strands of glass or plastic that
use light to transmit signals
 Each strand, called an optical fiber, is as thin as a human hair
 Inside the fiber-optic cable, an insulating glass cladding and a protective
coating surround each optical fiber
 Longer distance to carry data as pulse of light

Wireless Transmission Media - Wireless transmission media send communications signals through
the air or space
Examples of Wireless Explanation
transmission media
Broadcast radio  Is a wireless transmission medium that distributes radio signals
through the air over long distances, such as between cities, regions,
and countries, and short distances, such as within an office or home
 Bluetooth, Wi-Fi use broadcast radio signals
Communication Space station that receives microwave signals from an earth-based
satellite station, amplifies (strengthens) the signals and broadcasts the signals
back over a wide area to any number of earth-based stations
Microwaves  Radio waves that provide a high speed signal transmission
 Often called fixed wireless, involves sending signals from one
microwave station to another
Infrared Wireless transmission media that sends signals using infrared light waves

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 Cellular radio Form of broadcast radio that use for mobile communications, specifically
wireless modems and mobile phones

Advantages & Disadvantages of Network

Advantages
Easy to communicate with others via email and
social media such as Whatsapp and Instagram
Easy to share data and information over the network
much faster and easier
Easy to share hardware and software on the
network, so that we can save cost on hardware and
software
Disadvantages
Easily exposed to virus attacks
Slow service when many users connected
to the network at the same time
If the network fails, no one can access all
the resources on the network

What is Network Architecture?

 Configuration or design of computers, devices and media on a network
 2 types of Network Architecture :-
Peer-to-Peer Client/Server
Network which each computer or mobile Network which one or more computers act as a
device, called as peer, has equal server and the other computers on the network
responsibilities and capabilities in sharing request services from the server
hardware, data or information with other
computer and mobile device on the
network
Suitable for small network. Connects fewer Client : Computer and mobile device on the
than 10 computers network that rely on the server for its resources

Server : Control access to the resources on the

network and provide a centralized storage area
for programs, data and information

Advantages & Disadvantages of Peer-to-Peer and Client/Server

Peer-to-Peer Client/Server
Advantages : Advantages :
1. Network is reliable because if one peer 1. Better management and security because of the
fails, it will not affect other peers centralized control by the server
2. Low start up cost - no server needed 2. Data backup and recovery is easier since all data
3. Easy to install and configure the is stored in the server
network

Disadvantages :
1. Less security - does not provide the
security available on a client / server
network
2. Data recovery and backup is very difficult
because every computer has to maintain
its own backup system
Disadvantages :
1. Less reliable because if the server fails / goes
down, it will affect the whole network
2. High cost to setup (because of server) and
maintain the network
3. Network congestion may occur if too many
clients request services from server at the same
time

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Difference between Peer-to-Peer and Client/Server
Peer-to-Peer Client/Server
No server needed. Every user is taking care of Centralized server is needed so it is more
their own machine so it could be difficult to efficient in administering the network
administer the network
Cost to install and maintain the network is Cost to install and manage the network is
inexpensive expensive (need server)
No network professionals needed Network professionals are needed to manage
and maintain the network
Difficult to backup and recover data Easy for data backup and recovery because all
data is stored on the server

Drawing for Peer-to-Peer

Peer-to-Peer
1.

2.

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 3.

4. Peer-to-Peer with 4 workstations, 1 printer, 1 scanner

Drawing for Client/Server

Client/Server
1.

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 2.

3.

4.

CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORK : Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN)

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

LAN (Local Area Network)
Definition /  Network that connects computers and devices in a limited / small
Area of geographical area such as home, school, office building
coverage  A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a LAN that uses no physical wires
 A simplest form of LAN is to connect two computers together
Network Owned and controlled by single person or organization
ownership

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Connectivity Computers are located within the same building
Examples  School computer laboratory
 Sharing printer in an office network

Types of LAN Personal Area Network (PAN) Home Area Network (HAN)
 Computer network used for  A residential LAN which is used for
communication among computer and communication between digital
different devices closes to one person. devices typically deployed in the
 Examples of devices that are used in a home
PAN are:  Usually a small number of PC and
 Personal computers accessories such as printer and
 Printers mobile computing devices
 Telephones  Important function - Sharing
 PDAs internet access often a broadband
 Scanners service through a DSL modem.
 Video game consoles

Advantages  Easy to share devices (printers, scanners, external drives)

 Easy to share data (homework, pictures)
 Cost of LAN setup is low
Disadvantages  Area covered is limited
 If all computers running at once, can reduce speed for each.
 Power - a good LAN is required to be ‘ON’ all the times.
 Security - each computer and device become another point of entry for
undesirables.

WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

WAN (Wide Area Network)
Definition /  Network that covers a large geographic area (such as a city, country, or the
Area of world) using a variety of wired and wireless transmission media
coverage  A WAN can be one large network or can consist of multiple LANs connected
together
 The Internet is the world’s largest WAN
Network  Exist under collective ownership and management over long distances / no
ownership ownership / public
Connectivity  Computers connected via satellite or Internet.
Example  Internet, bank network
Types of WAN Enterprise Private Network (EPN) Virtual Private Network (VPN)
An enterprise private network (EPN) is A virtual private network (VPN) is a
a network build by an enterprise to computer network in which some of
interconnect various company sites, the links between nodes are carried
e.g., production sites, head offices, by open connections or virtual
remote offices, shops, in order to circuits in some larger network (e.g.,
share computer resources. the Internet) instead of by physical
wires
Advantages  Low costs
 Easy to communicate with other people worldwide
 Increase efficiency

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 Disadvantages  Security problem
 Training cost is high
 Maintenance problems. Large enterprise will dedicate personnel to maintain
their WAN

What is INTERNET?
 Worldwide collection of computer networks that connects millions of businesses, government
agencies, educational institutions and individuals

Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet – you can give any advantages or disadvantages of
Internet as long as it is suitable
Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to communicate with others via email Easily exposed to virus attacks
and social media such as Whatsapp and
Instagram
Easy to transfer money to other account Users addicted to the Internet and will become
by using online banking such as socially disconnected as they will be drifted apart
Maybank2U, CIMBclicks from their family and friend
Easy to do online shopping as we does not Easy to get involved with violation of privacy when
need to go out from the house such as by we did not protected our personal and confidential
using Shopee, Lazada information properly

INTRANET VS EXTRANET
Intranet
Definition Private network of an organization
that allow its employees to share
organization’s information and
operations among themselves
Accessibility Only employees within an
organization are allowed to access the
Intranet
Example An internal network in a college that
provides student information system
Extranet
Private network of an organization that
securely share part of organization’s
information with its suppliers, customers
or vendors
Provide limited access to authorized
people outside the company such as
suppliers, customers or vendors
Package shipping company that allow their
customers to access their network to print
shipment bills

BROADBAND INTERNET CONNECTION

 Any type of high speed Internet connection that is always on
 Characteristics : high speed connection, fast data transfer, always on connection
 2 types of broadband Internet connection : Wired and Wireless

Your answer for description should include :

High speed Internet connection by using + transmission media +

device

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 Types of Wired broadband connection
DSL High speed standard telephone line (twisted pair cable) and DSL
Internet modem
FTTP connection fiber optic cable via a modem
Cable Internet service by using TV cable (coaxial cable) and cable modem

Types of Wireless broadband connection

Fixed wireless dish shaped antenna on a building which communicate with
a tower location via radio signals
Example : Internet connection established at hospitals or
High speed shopping complex building
Mobile broadband Internet cellular radio signals and wireless device / modem
Wi-Fi connection broadcast radio signals, wireless device / modem and
by using wireless access point
Satellite Internet satellite dish that communicate with a satellite modem via
Service microwave

What is IP ADDRESS? – Internet Protocol address

 Sequence of numbers that uniquely identifies the location of each computer or device connected
to the Internet or any other network
 Why do we need IP address ?
- As the Internet relies on an addressing system much like the postal service to send data to a
computer or devices at a specific destination
 2 types of IP address : IPv4 and IPv6

Why IPv6 exists / Advantage of IPv6?

 To provide more IP address

Basic structure of IPv4 and IPv6

IPv4 IPv6
Consists of 4 groups / octet of decimal number that Consists of 8 groups / octet of
range from 0 to 255, separated by periods hexadecimal numbers, separated by colon

Has 2 parts :
 First 3 groups of numbers identifies the network
 Last group of number identifies the specific
computer or device
Size of one address : 32 bits Size of one address : 128 bits
Example : Example :
0.0.0.0 – reserved IP address for default network
255.255.255.255 – reserved IP address for network ABCD : 9999 : AB54 : CCDE : ED12 : 9001 :
broadcast D450 : 333F
10.11.12.13
150.19.21.133

What is DOMAIN NAME?

 Text version of IP address
 Example : www.google.com

Relationship between domain name & IP address?

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Domain name is the text version of IP address

Top Level Domain (TLD) : the last section of the domain name
Generic TLD - .edu for educational website
Identifies the type .biz for business website
of organization .gov for government website
associated with the .org for non-profit organization website
domain .com for commercial organizations, businesses and companies
.net for network providers or commercial companies

ccTLD – refer to the .my for Malaysia

country code .sg for Singapore
outside United .id for Indonesia
States .au for Australia

WEB ADDRESS VS DOMAIN NAME

Web Address / URL Domain Name

https://www.google.com/images/kucing.jpeg www.kmpk.matrik.edu.my

https : protocol www : Internet facilities

www.google.com : domain name kmpk.matrik : company’s name / website name
images : path .edu : type of organization / generic TLD
kucing.jpeg : web page name / file name .my : country code / country of origin (ccTLD)

Domain Name System (DNS) : Method that the Internet uses to store domain names and their
corresponding IP addresses

Domain Name Server : Server on the Internet that translates the domain name into its associated IP
address so that the request can be routed to the correct computer

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