POINTERS TO REVIEW SCIENCE

HUMAN BODY SYSTEM (1ST LESSON)

Muscles and bones work together in the musculoskeletal system. Muscles are attached to the bones by bands of
white, connective tissues that look like cords, strips, or flat called tendons
MUSCLES- are the body organs for movement
The human body has nearly 600 muscles
VOLUNTARY MUSCLES- is a muscle that you choose to move, like those in the arms and legs, as opposed to the ones
that move automatically, like the heart.
INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES- also known as “white muscles” or “smooth muscles”, are muscles in the human body whose
contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
CARDIAC MUSCLES- makes up the thick middle layer of the heart. It is one of three types of muscle in the body, along
with skeletal and smooth muscle.
VISCERAL MUSCLE- smooth muscles appearing to be neat and parallel. They are found in the gastrointestinal tract,
uterus, and kidneys.
The skeleton of an adult person is composed of 206 bones responsible for the body shape and external appearance
HOW MUSCLES AND BONES WORKS TOGETHER?
Each muscles is a bundle of thread like fibers that contacts and relax. Muscles are attached to the skeleton by bands
of tissues called tendons. Tendons are white connective tissues that looks like chords, trips, or flat sheets. When you
bend your knees you feel the muscles of your legs. the pulling action results in movement
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM- is your body’s outer layer. It consists of your skin, hair, nails and glands. These organs and
structures are your first line of defense against bacteria and help protect you from injury and sunlight.
FUNCTION: it protects the body’s internal living tissues and organs
LAYERS OF SKIN
EPIDERMIS- the outermost layer of skin on your body. It protects your body from harm, keeps your body hydrated,
produces new skin cells and contains melanin, which determines the color of your skin
DERMIS- is the middle layer of skin in your body. It has many different purposes, including protecting your body from
harm, supporting your epidermis, feeling different sensations and producing sweat and hair
HYPODERMIS- is the bottom layer of skin in your body. It has many important functions, including storing energy,
connecting the dermis layer of your skin to your muscles and bones, insulating your body and protecting your body from
harm.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM- is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of
an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body
URINE- is formed from the wastes filtered from the blood by the kidney. These waste are made of excess water, fats,
sugar
KIDNEYS- two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each
side of your spine. Healthy kidneys filter about a half cup of blood every minute, removing wastes and extra water to
make urine.
URETER- The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.
URINARY BLADDER- it is a bag-like structure that stores urine until it is ready to be excreted
URETHRA- the tube that lets urine leave your bladder and your body. If you were assigned male at birth, your urethra
passes through your prostate and into your penis.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM- breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins. They can then be
absorbed into the bloodstream so the body can use them for energy, growth and repair.
MECHANICAL DIGESTION- physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles to more efficiently undergo
chemical digestion.
CHEMICAL DIGESTION- breaks large food molecules down into their chemical building blocks, which can then be
absorbed through the intestinal wall and into the general circulation.
MOUTH- The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract. In fact, digestion starts before you even take a bite
ESOPHAGUS- Located in your throat near your trachea (windpipe), the esophagus receives food from your mouth when
you swallow. The epiglottis is a small flap that folds over your windpipe as you swallow to prevent you from choking
(when food goes into your windpipe)
STOMACH- is a hollow organ, or "container," that holds food while it is being mixed with stomach enzymes. These
enzymes continue the process of breaking down food into a usable form
SMALL INTESTINE- Made up of three segments — the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum — the small intestine is a 22-foot
long muscular tube that breaks down food using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver.
PANCREAS- secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum that break down protein, fats and carbohydrates. The
pancreas also makes insulin, passing it directly into the bloodstream.
LIVER- many functions, but its main job within the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small
intestine. Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an important role in digesting fat and some
vitamins.
GALLBLADDER- stores and concentrates bile from the liver, and then releases it into the duodenum in the small intestine
to help absorb and digest fats.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and
blood vessels. The lungs take in oxygen. The body's cells need oxygen to live and carry out their normal functions. They
also get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste product of the cells.
LUNGS- a primary organ of the respiratory system
PHARYNX- located at the throat
NOSTRILS- where gas enters and leaves the body
AVEOLI- where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
DIAPHRAGM- is a muscular organ that moves when you breathe
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM- is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the heart. Arteries carry
blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back to the heart. The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, and
hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like carbon dioxide.
VENTRICLE- The two bottom chambers are the right ventricle and the left ventricle. These pump blood out of the heart
ATRIUM- The two top chambers are the right atrium and the left atrium. They receive the blood entering the heart
PULMONARY VALVE- is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, which carries blood to the lungs.
AORTIC VALVE- is between the left ventricle and the aorta, which carries blood to the body.
BLOOD VESSEL- thse are the tube or pathway through which blood flows. They are arteries, veins and capillaries
ARTERIES- carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to all part of the body
VEINS- unlike the arteries veins are thin-walled with fiber of the connective tissues. The veins carry the deoxygenated or
carbo-rich blood back to the heart.
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA- biggest veins
VENULES- smallest veins
BLOOD- Your blood is made up of liquid and solids. The liquid part, called plasma, is made of water, salts, and protein. Over
half of your blood is plasma. The solid part of your blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
POINTERS TO REVIEW IN AP
ANG PAMAMAHALA NG MGA AMERIKANO SA PILIPINAS
PAMAHALAANG MILITAR- layunin nitong mapasuko ang mga pilipinong gerilya nang panahong iyon at makapagdulot ng
kapayapaan at kaayusan sa pilipinas
Mga naitalaga:
WILLIAM MCKINLEY- pangulo ng us
WESLEY MERRITT- gobernador military
HENERAL ELWELL OTIS- naglingkod simula oktubre 1898 hanggang Mayo 1900 (pangalawa)
ARTHUR MACARTHUR- Mayo 1900-Hulyo1901 (huli)
NAGBUKAS SILA NG MGA PAMPUBLIKONG PAARALAN AT NAGTATAG NG HUKUMANG PAMBAYAN AT KATAAS TAASANG
HUKUMAN
SCHURMAN COMMISION- unang commission, pang magsiyasat sa kalagayan ng pilipinas at magmungkahi ng mga patakaan.
TAFT COMMISSION- magsilbing ehekutibo at lehislatibong sangay ng pilipinas para sa us.
SPOONER AMENDMENT- ito ang batas na nagbibigay ng daan upang mapalitan ang pamahalaang military at ipatupad ang
pamahalaang sibil.
PAMAHALAANG SIBIL- pamahalaan na pinamumunuan ng sibilyan, layunin nitong itaas ang demokratikong pamumuno kung
saan ang kapangyarihan ay nasa kamay ng mga mamamayan
BENITO T LEGARDA AT PABLO DE LEON OCAMPO- unang dalawang komisyado ng bansa
CAYETANO ARELLANO- unang punong mahistrado ng korte suprema
KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS- dulang akda ni Aurelio Tolentino at itinanghal na teatro libertad ng maynila ngunit ikinagalit
ito ng mga amerikano dahil sa paghatak at pagtapak niya saknilang bandila.
APOLINARIO MABINI- pangunahing kritiko ng pamahalaang amerikano.