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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Roads, streets, and paths are woven into the communities' fabric and available

to all. They allow everybody to move around and do things they still want or need to do

daily. However, for this to happen effectively and for traffic on these routes to be

essential to own communities, the entire system of travelers, vehicles, and travel routes

should be carefully managed. 

Traffic management aims to ensure the safe, orderly, and efficient movement of

people and goods, as well as to protect and, where possible, improve the quality of the

local environment on and near traffic facilities. Increased use of robotic systems may

reduce overall emissions by ensuring that trucks operate closer to total capacity or

scheduling routes and deliveries to avoid traffic conditions that reduce vehicle

efficiency. Fortunately, new robotics and other technologies are assisting in minimizing

disruption and completing necessary work more quickly and efficiently. Several

companies are developing capable robots that could significantly reduce the

invasiveness of roadwork.

Functional classification of roads suitable for traffic management is described, as

is the process for developing such a system. Future traffic estimation and "before and
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after" studies are also covered. A road hierarchy must be established as the foundation

for logically applying traffic management techniques. The most common types of traffic

studies are described in this article. There is a discussion of road inventory and

statistical methods, traffic volume and composition, origin and destination, speed, travel

time and delay, accidents, and parking. Since traffic management entails striking an

efficient balance between travelers' needs and network capacity while keeping in mind

that many users of different modes of transportation share the infrastructure's limited

space.

This study includes global, ASEAN, and local perspectives. The first reason is that

the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, is an international organization

with countries surrounding the Southeast Asian region of Asia. People who live within

the ASEAN region are persons of the ASEAN region. The second reason is the global

worldview; these are perspectives from all over the world, not just the region where the

research's author or authors live. Lastly, the Local perspective will be provided by the

researcher's home country, in this case, the Philippines. The data for the study will

come from either where the researchers live or from locations throughout the

Philippines. This study will present different worldviews to develop a broader

perspective on the traffic management systems interaction of Unicbot to manage traffic

flow at UNC-Bataan collectively.

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In Thailand, this paper focuses on a current issue. A problem with bandwidth

network quality management occurs among Thai internet service providers. The IPSTAR

department of Telecom Organization of Thailand public company (TOT), Thailand's

largest internet service provider, is used as a case study to examine the problem. The

Internet bandwidth network quality management (iBWQM) framework is primarily used

to address the discovered issue. iBWQM has two antecedents: bandwidth management

policy (BMP) and quality of service (QoS). In order to determine bandwidth

management policy, this paper investigates internet user behavior, marketing demand,

and network operation perspectives (e.g., quota management, scheduling, and

malicious management). Bandwidth congestion is also investigated to improve service

quality (QoS). Furthermore, the iBWQM framework can improve service quality,

increase bandwidth utilization, reduce complaint rate concerns about slow speed, and

provide network planning guidelines via Thai Internet service providers. (Smith, 2010).

While Singapore, Assessing and monitoring the progression of concrete bridge

deck deterioration necessitates using multiple nondestructive evaluation (NDE)

technologies and automation in data collection and analysis. RABIT (robotics-assisted

bridge inspection tool) for bridge decks collects data autonomously at rates three or

more times faster than a team of five inspectors using manual NDE technologies. The
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system is designed to detect and characterize internal deterioration and damage types:

rebar corrosion, delamination, and concrete degradation. (Gucunski, 2017).

Globally, specifically in Japan and China, An unmanned aircraft traffic

management (UTM) system to support flights beyond visual line-of-sight is deemed

necessary to promote commercial drone use. Cost and time constraints make it

challenging to fly many drones in the same airspace during UTM system research and

development, so research is primarily conducted using a simulator. (Oosedo, 2021).

Therefore, China proposed a learnable wheeled robot using the driving brain as

an example, using the rollover as the most serious and dangerous situation in dynamic

vehicle operations. Then, based on the analysis of rollover accidents, all of us reverse

the driving brain and conduct negative learning, materializing and condensing the group

intelligence of accident experts to solve the problem of a lack of individual intelligence

in emergencies and promote real-time response to other dangerous conditions. (Li,

2020).

Across the world, the Philippines used Genetic Algorithms for search,

optimization, and machine learning algorithms. It is intended to mimic natural selection,

in which the fittest survive. As such, it is used in mathematics and science. One

application is routing, which can also solve the ever-increasing traffic congestion that
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most cities worldwide are experiencing. Although its economy is rapidly expanding due

to its expanding cargo transport and logistics industry and that land transport being its

primary mode of transportation, the Philippines has poor traffic quality management.

One solution to address this issue is to restrict large trucks because they are perceived

as slow-moving and take up a lot of road space. The goal of this study is to propose an

approximate optimization model using a genetic algorithm that would give an optimum

routing sequence for freight trucks starting from Manila's port area, traveling to the

northern (Northern Luzon Expressway or NLEX), southern (Southern Luzon Expressway

or SLEX), and eastern (Marcos Highway) alternate routes, and returning to the port

area. The algorithm produced 480 best generations, yielding the shortest and most

reasonable total distance of 68.73 km. (Lim,2012).

This research may be possible or not, successful or not, and become positive or

negative depending on how people will apply their understanding of the topic. Since this

research needs a robot that will help manage traffic flow. These benefits scholars who

want a firmer grasp of the topic of Traffic Management systems and their effects on

people that will help them.

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Conceptual Framework
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Statement of the Problem Research Tool Output

This research might use the
The main problem of The output of this research
following tools to make the
this research is to create an
is a simple robot that will
research successful:
ideal robot that will manage
Time; manage the flow of vehicles
the traffic in UNC-Bataan
No. of vehicles;
campus during rush hours. in and out of UNC-Bataan
Type of vehicles;
The following inquiries
Campus.
Programming language/
will guide the purpose of the
software;
study:
1. What time does traffic
usually occurs?
Research Instrument
2. What is the total
This research will use
population of the
Survey Questions or
school?
Questionnaires. We will also
a. Students
use previous studies and
b. Teachers
research on robots. These
c. Personnel
instruments will help us in
3. What type of vehicles
building a robot with the
commonly frequent the
right functionalities.
school?

Statement of the Problem

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The purpose of this qualitative study is to identify the effect of the robotics on the

University of Nueva Caceres - Bataan in terms of providing an improved version of the

current traffic management system. The researchers will utilize the following questions

to identify the opportunities and obstacles of the said robots to the community:

1. Why does the University of Nueva Caceres - Bataan need a traffic management

system?

2. What are the probabilities that the individuals of the University of Nueva Caceres -

Bataan will conform with the plan of implementing the traffic managing?

3. What is the likelihood that the machines will remain helpful than become disastrous

to the environment?

4. How can we use the Robot to manage the traffic in University of Nueva Caceres –

Bataan?

Hypothesis
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Null Hypotheses: If a robot cannot process several movements at a time, we conclude

that traffic management using a robot is not possible.

Alternative Hypotheses: A robot can process several instructions at a time with proper

and complete programming. Therefore, we conclude that a robot is an effective

solution.

Scope and Delimitation

The coverage of this research study is the facilitators, parents, and service drivers that

fetch the students and the students taking classes at the University of Nueva Caceres -

Bataan. Furthermore, pedestrians and drivers that pass by the said University area are

under the study's coverage, regardless of age. This study will also deal with the

probabilities of the situation that will or will not happen between the covered individuals

and the robots.

The researchers limited this study to individuals with direct contact within the University

of Nueva Caceres - Bataan area to look further into ways to minimize accidents and

traffic in the covered area. Furthermore, it will also cover the potentiality to prevent

accidents and traffic jams in the said university.

Significance of the Study

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This qualitative study in regards the utilization of robotics in the Traffic Management

system will benefit the following:

To the University of Nueva Caceres Community - The study will improve the

sense of community both inside the classroom and outside in the neighborhood where

the majority of the community resides.

To the Parents - The study will help parents of those who have children with autism

could provide their children with engaging and productive at-home educational sessions

by utilizing a tool for increasing their involvement.

To the Teachers - This study will tackle the importance of engagement that cannot be

overstated. This is due to the fact that the greater the level of engagement, then the

greater likelihood of information retention and successful learning.

To the Students - This study will prepare for the competitive workforce of the future.

Through this study, the children can practice both social and life skills with robotics.

Therefore, in the eyes of the potential employers of the said individuals, will showcase

these abilities will create greater chances of standing out from the crowd, because

around the world, robotics is redefining how learning is done.

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To Future Researchers - The study will be propelled solely by physical forces that

can aid scientists in understanding biomechanical processes, while analog robots can

aid scientists in learning more about biological evolution because, “Analog systems

aren’t precise, but they’re tough.”

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Definition of Terms

Beneficial – Receiving or being entitled to receive an advantage, use, or benefit

Delimitation – To formally maintain or state the boundaries of (something).

Examine – In order to determine the type or condition of someone or something, it

must be studied carefully in great detail.

Motor – One of the primary mechanisms used by robots to move.

Robotics – A field of engineering concerned with the conception, design, manufacture,

and operation of robots

Robot – Is a machine or device that performs tasks or activities automatically, that are

usually carried out by a person using skill and intelligence.

Scope – To impress specifically for the purpose of.

Sensor – Used as input devices for robots that allow the robot to determine aspects of

its environment as well as its own positioning.

Significance – The state of being valuable.

Traffic – The movement (as of vehicles or pedestrians) through an area or along a

route
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Notes

Sittha, S., & Siriluck, R. (2010). “Internet Bandwidth Network Quality Management: The

Case Study of Telecom Organization of Thailand”. World Academy of Science,

Engineering and Technology ,40, 509-515.  Retrieved at

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=robots+traffic+managing+thailand&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1

668084874533&u=%23p%3DU-4oRHkJ_wUJ

Gucunski, N., Basily, B., Kim, J., Yi, J., Duong, T., Dinh, K., ... & Maher, A. (2017).

“RABIT: Implementation, performance validation and integration with other robotic

platforms for improved management of bridge decks”. International Journal of

Intelligent Robotics and Applications, 1(3), 271-286. Retrieved at

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41315-017-0027-5

Oosedo, A., Hattori, H., Yasui, I., & Harada, K. (2021). “Unmanned Aircraft System

Traffic Management (UTM) Simulation of Drone Delivery Models in 2030 Japan.” Journal

of Robotics and Mechatronics, 33(2), 348-362. Retrieved at

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jrobomech/33/2/33_348/_article/-char/ja/

Li, D., Ma, N., & Gao, Y. (2020). “Future vehicles: learnable wheeled robots.” Science

China Information Sciences, 63(9), 1-8. Retrieved at

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11432-019-2787-2
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Lim, S., & Rus, D. (2012, May). Stochastic distributed multi-agent planning and

applications to traffic. In 2012 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and

Automation (pp. 2873-2879). IEEE. Retrieved at

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6224710