Smart Grid

The electrical power produced at the generating stations is transmitted to the points
of utilization which is achieved with the help of grids (an interconnected network for
electricity transmission and distribution from producers to the consumers). Based on the
devices used and their functionality, the electric power grids are classified into two
categories viz.

• Conventional grid (or traditional grid)

• Smart grid
Many issues contribute to the incapability of conventional grid to competently meet
the demand for consistent power supply. In order to resolving these problems, the smart
grids are developed which is infused with the intelligent sensors and controllers,
automated switches and substations, strong communication and other technologies, etc.

This section is meant for explaining the differences between conventional grid and smart
grid. Also, we have briefly described the conventional grid and smart grid for the
reader’s reference.

What is Conventional Grid?

The conventional power grid, also known as traditional power grid, is an interconnection
of various elements of electric power system such as alternators, transformers,
transmission lines and different types of electrical loads developed for transmission
of electric power from production point to the utilization points.

Figure-1 shows a basic schematic of a conventional power grid. In case of conventional

power grid, there is only power infrastructure. Thus, the conventional power grid uses a
limited one-way flow of electricity. That is, the electric power flows from the power
generating station to the consumer.

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What is Smart Grid?

A smart grid is the developed form of conventional power grid which provides more
reliable and consistent electric power supply. The smart grid is the electrical system
which is capable for monitoring the activities of the grid connected system and provides
the real- time information of all the events occurring in the power system.

The schematic of a typical smart grid is shown in Figure-2. Here, the smart grid involves two
infrastructures, i.e. power infrastructure for electricity flow and communication
infrastructure for information. Therefore, a smart grid involves the two-way flow of
electricity and information, i.e., electricity from generating station to consumers and
information from consumers to generating station.

Fig. Smart Grid Architecture

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The major components of a smart grid are intelligent appliances, smart power
meters, smart substations, smart distribution systems, smart generating stations,
and different types of sensors for automation, etc.

Features of Smart Grid

Smart grid has several positive features that give direct benefit to consumers:
• Real time monitoring.
• Automated outage management and faster restoration.
• Dynamic pricing mechanisms.
• Incentivize consumers to alter usage during different times of day based on pricing
signals.
• Better energy management.
• In-house displays.
• Web portals and mobile apps.
• Track and manage energy usage.
• Opportunities to reduce and conserve electricity etc.

Smart Grid will also facilitate distributed generation, especially the roof top solar
generation, by allowing movement and measurement of energy in both directions using
control systems and net metering that will help “prosumers” i.e. the consumers who both
produce and consume electricity, to safely connect to the grid.

Benefits of Smart Grid Deployments

Several groups of the society are provided with multiple benefits through the Smart Grid
implementations. Such include utility, customers and the regulators while some of
the benefits include:

• Reduction of transmission and distribution (T&D) losses.

• Peak load management, improved quality of service (QoS) and reliability.
• Reduction in power purchase cost.
• Better asset management.
• Increased grid visibility and self-healing grids.

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 • Renewable integration and accessibility to electricity.
• Increased options such as Time of Usage (ToU) tariff, demand response (DR)
programs, net metering.
• Satisfied customers and financially sound utilities etc.

Differences between Conventional Grid and Smart Grid

Both conventional grid and smart grid are types of interconnected electrical
networks developed for meeting the demand of consistent power supply. However,
there are many differences between conventional and smart grid based on function
and technologies which are highlighted in the following table:

Basis of Conventional Grid Smart Grid

Difference

A "conventional power grid" is A "smart grid" can be defined as

the interconnected network of
various power system
components such as
Definition alternator, transformer,
transmission lines, loads, etc.
developed for the conveyance
of electricity from producers to
the consumers
the transparent, seamless and
instantaneous two-way delivery of
energy and information which
enables the electricity industry to
better manage the energy delivery
and transmission and empowers the
consumers to have more control
over the energy decisions.

The assembly setup, i.e. the The assembly setup of the smart
relays, switches, meters, etc. grid is based on the digital
Type of
used in the conventional grid electronics and microprocessors.
assembly setup
are of electromechanical and
solid state type.

Type of The conventional grid involves The distributed generation of

power the centralized generation of electric power is used in the smart
generation

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 Basis of Conventional Grid Smart Grid
Difference

electric power. That is, all the grids. Therefore, in the smart grid
power must be produced from infrastructure, the electric power
a central location which can be generated and
eliminates the possibilities of distributed from multiple
incorporating alternative generating plants.
energy sources into the power
grid.

The technology used in the Smart grid involves microprocessor

conventional power grid is
Communication typically considered to be
between dumb because it has no means
devices of data communication
between various devices of the
system.
based digital technology which
allows the data communication
between the devices of the system
and makes the remote control
possible.

The conventional grid provides Smart grid provides two way flow
Direction of
only one-way flow of of electricity and information.
flow of
electricity. Sometimes, only
electricity and
local two way communication
information
is possible.

The protection system The smart grids provide completely

Protection
employed in conventional grids automated protection.
system
is manual or semi-
automated

In conventional grids, limited In smart grids, wide area and fast

Control system and slow control system is control measures are provided.
provided.

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 Basis of Conventional Grid
Difference
The infrastructure of a
conventional grid is equipped
with few sensors at particular
Number of equipment which makes the
sensors used determination of location of
fault in the system difficult and
hence results in the longer
shutdowns.
Due to the use of limited
number of sensors and
traditional equipment in the
Monitoring
conventional grid, the
monitoring of energy
distribution is manual.
In the conventional grid, if
there is any failure in the
system, then it needs the
manual restoration of supply,
i.e. technicians have to visit to
Restoration the site of the failure to make
repairs.
Sudden In case of conventional power
Smart Grid
The smart grids are completely
sensor based throughout the
installation. Therefore, in the smart
grids, it is easier to determine the
location of a fault.
Smart grid involves sensor based
digital technologies which provides
self-monitoring of energy
distribution.
Smart grid has self-healing property,
i.e. it consists of sensors that can
detect the problems in the
system and take actions to do
simple troubleshooting and repair
without any intervention of
technicians. In case of the
infrastructure related damages,
the smart grids immediately report
to technicians at the monitoring
center to start the required
repairs.
In the smart grid, if there is any
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 Basis of Conventional Grid Smart Grid
Difference

equipment grid, the sudden failure of failure in the infrastructure, then

failure equipment can lead to power can be rerouted to go
complete blackouts, i.e., the around the area of problem and
end consumer will receive no hence limits the area impacted
power to their unit. by the power blackout.

In a conventional grid, there is There is active involvement and

Customer
no participation of participation of consumers in case
participation
consumers in the energy of smart grids.
distribution.

Conventional power stations Smart grids involve the renewable

such thermal, gas, diesel, etc.
Environmental produce power in conventional
effects grids which have severe and
critical bad effects on the
environment.
energy integration which reduces
the impacts on environment such as
emission of CO2 and global
warming.

ICT and IT infrastructure in Smart Grid

Smart Grid technologies involves deployment of ICT and IT infrastructure. Some of

the functionalities/technological advancements adopted for Indian scenario are:

1. Advanced Meter Infrastructure

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) facilitates monitoring and measurement of

consumer information through Smart Meters installed at customer premises. The
information is transferred to utility control centre through communication mode such
GPRS
/ PLC / RF. Smart meters will also enable Time of Day (TOD) and Critical Peak
pricing (CPP)/Real Time Pricing (RTP) rate metering and monitoring based on energy
consumption.
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2. Peak Load Management

The peak management refers to controlling the demand and matching it to the available
supply at the instant of peak. The peak management function shall take inputs from SCADA
for power availability and volume of shortage. Based on the shortage, the peak
management function shall run algorithms considering various constraints and priorities
predefined on the basis of customer profile by SI in association with Employer/Utility
personnel, and suggest the options to Employer/Utility officials. The approach shall be to
avoid tripping of feeders for load shedding and manage peak load either by load curtailment
thru AMI or by price incentives/disincentives.

3. Power Quality Management

Power Quality Management address events like Voltage flickering (Sags/Swells), unbalanced
phases voltages and harmonic distorted/contaminated supply etc. This will facilitate
efficient and reliable operation of the power system, reduce losses, improve
customer satisfaction and reduced equipment (utility/consumer) failures. Power Quality
management shall include voltage / VAR Control, Load balancing, Harmonics Controller etc.

4. Outage Management

OMS manages unscheduled and scheduled outages of distribution infrastructure like

Distribution Transformers (DTs), HT/LT feeders etc. It collect and coordinates information
about outages including customer calls and report the operator for taking corrective
actions through crew management and remote control enabling customer satisfaction,
improve System Availability and Reliability.

5. Microgrids

A Microgrid is an integrated energy and communication system consisting of interconnected

loads and Distributed Energy Resources (DER) which mainly operates in standalone mode or
in parallel with the grid (macro grid) in case of emergency. Microgrid generation
resources include micro turbines, wind, solar, fuel cells or other energy sources. The
multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a
larger network provides highly reliable electric power to its consumers.

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6. Distributed Generation

Development and implementation of new and innovative technologies for distributed

generation including technology, products, vendors and solutions, evaluation and design
of suitable solution for managing renewable integration. Examples are technologies
and solutions related to EV/PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid and/or Electric Vehicles), wind,
photovoltaic and other distributed generation technologies, systems and solutions
supporting flexibility of interaction with customers, energy usage/exchange, demand and
losses management, management of transactions, pricing and billing, etc.

Internet of Things (IoT) in Home Automation

IoT home automation is the process of controlling home appliances automatically using
various control system techniques. The electrical and electronic appliances in the home such
as windows, refrigerators, fans, lights, fire alarms, kitchen timers, etc. can be
controlled using various control techniques.

IoT home automation is the ability to control domestic appliances by electronically

controlled, internet-connected systems. It may include setting complex heating and
lighting systems in advance and setting alarms and home security controls, all
connected by a central hub and remote-controlled by a mobile app.

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However, in this always-connected IoT home of mood-sensing music systems, smart
lighting, intelligent heating and cooling, motorized blinds, and automated windows
and doors, there appears to be little discussion about why consumers haven't
unambiguously bought into the IoT home hype, or whether domestic life has improved as
a result of it.

It lets customers make grocery lists, adjust their home's temperature, and turn appliances
on and off. The kitchen computer, which was created in the late 1960s and could
also develop recipes, was never a commercial success due to its expensive price.

Typically, an internet-connected central hub manages all of the individual gadgets in an

IoT smart home. The central smart home hub is then controlled via a smart phone app. It can
be difficult to set up an IoT smart home: There are a variety of attachments that are
only compatible with specific goods.

The term "home automation" refers to the automation of a home, often known as a "smart
home" or "smart house." You can manage your gadgets such as lights, fans, and televisions
through the IoT home automation ecosystem.

Lighting, temperature, entertainment systems, and appliances may all be monitored

and/or controlled by a home automation system. Controlling your home devices is quite
useful.

It will also include domestic security features such as access control and alarm systems.
Domestic devices are a key component of the Internet of Things once they are connected to
the internet.

Controlled devices are frequently connected to a central hub or gateway in a home

automation system. The system's control programme may be accessed through wall-
mounted terminals, tablet or desktop computers, a smart phone app, or an online
interface that can even be accessed from off-site over the Internet.

Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology will pervade practically every aspect of our everyday
lives, making us more comfortable and secure.

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Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Smart Grid

AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) is the collective term to describe the whole
infrastructure from Smart Meter to two way-communication network to control center
equipment and all the applications that enable the gathering and transfer of energy usage
information in near real-time. AMI makes two-way communications with customers possible
and is the backbone of smart grid. The objectives of AMI can be remote meter reading for
error free data, network problem identification, load profiling, energy audit and partial load
curtailment in place of load shedding.

Building Blocks of AMI

AMI is comprised of various hardware and software components, all of which play a role
in measuring energy consumption and transmitting information about energy, water and
gas usage to utility companies and customers. The overarching technological
components of AMI include:

Smart Meters- Advanced meter devices having the capacity to collect information about
energy, water, and gas usage at various intervals and transmitting the data through fixed
communication networks to utility, as well as receiving information like pricing signals
from utility and conveying it to consumer.

Communication Network: Advanced communication networks which supports two way

communication enables information from smart meters to utility companies and vice-
versa. Networks such as Broadband over PowerLine (BPL), Power Line
Communications, Fiber Optic Communication, Fixed Radio Frequency or public networks
(e.g., landline, cellular, paging) are used for such purposes.

Meter Data Acquisition System- Software applications on the Control Centre hardware and
the DCUs (Data Concentrator Units) used to acquire data from meters via communication
network and send it to the MDMS

Meter Data Management System (MDMS): Host system which receives, stores and analyzes
the metering information.

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Home Area Network (HAN) - It can be an extension of AMI deployed at consumer
premises to facilitate the communication of home appliances with AMI and hence
enable a better control of loads by both utility and consumer.

Figure-1: illustrates the components that make up AMI, including advanced electric, gas and
water meters a data transmission network and a data management system

Benefits: The benefits of AMI are multifold and can be generally categorized as:

• Operational Benefits – AMI benefits the entire grid by improving the accuracy of
meter reads, energy theft detection and response to power outages, while
eliminating the need for on-site meter reading.
• Financial Benefits – AMI brings financial gains to utility, water and gas companies by
reducing equipment and maintenance costs, enabling faster restoration of electric
service during outages and streamlining the billing process.
• Customer Benefits – AMI benefits electric customers by detecting meter failures
early, accommodating faster service restoration, and improving the accuracy and
flexibility of billing. Further, AMI allows for time-based rate options that can
help customers save money and manage their energy consumption.

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 • Security Benefits-AMI technology enables enhanced monitoring of system
resources, which mitigates potential threats on the grid by cyber-terrorist
networks.

Challenges

Despite its widespread benefits, deploying AMI presents three majors challenges
that include high upfront investments costs, integration with other grid systems, and
standardization.

• High Capital Costs: A full scale deployment of AMI requires expenditures on

all hardware and software components, including meters, network infrastructure
and network management software, along with cost associated with the
installation and maintenance of meters and information technology systems.
• Integration: AMI is a complex system of technologies that must be integrated with
utilities' information technology systems, including Customer Information Systems
(CIS), Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Outage Management Systems (OMS),
Work Management (WMS), Mobile Workforce Management (MWM),
SCADA/DMS, Distribution Automation System (DAS), etc.
• Standardization: Interoperability standards need to be defined, which set uniform
requirements for AMI technology, deployment and general operations and are the
keys to successfully connecting and maintaining an AMI-based grid system.

AMI in the Indian Context

Modernizing India's grid system by investing in AMI promises to mitigate a number of strains
placed on the grid due to growing demand for electric, gas and water resources. In
particular, AMI will improve three key features of India's grid system including:

• System Reliability: AMI technology improves the distribution and overall

reliability of electricity by enabling electricity distributors to identify and
automatically respond to electric demand, which in turn minimizes power
outages.
• Energy Costs: Increased reliability and functionality and reduced power outages and
streamlined billing operations will dramatically cut costs associated with providing
and maintaining the grid, thereby significantly lowering electricity rates.
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 • Electricity Theft: Power theft is a common problem in India. AMI systems that
track energy usage will help monitor power almost in real time thus leading to
increased system transparency.

Smart Grid Pilot Projects in India https://www.nsgm.gov.in/en/sg-pilot

The Smart Grid pilot projects sanctioned by Ministry of Power which are completed are as
follows:

• AVVNL, Ajmer
• TSSPDCL, Telangana
• APDCL, Assam
• UHBVN, Haryana
• CESC, Mysore
• UGVCL, Gujarat
• HPSEB, Himachal Pradesh
• WBSEDCL, West Bengal
• PED, Puducherry
• IIT Kanpur
• TSECL, Tripura
• SGKC, Manesar

IIT Kanpur Smart Grid: Smart City Pilot in Power Distribution Sector

Highlights Description

The project aims to develop a Smart City prototype and R&D

platform for smart distribution systems and demonstrates the
future capabilities of a Smart City. The project area includes
Project three substations for implementing substation automation,
Summary residential flats for smart home system implementation. Grid
connected solar PV will also be installed for RE integration. Robust
communication network shall also be developed for seamless
exchange of information across the prototype.

Advanced Metering Infrastructure

Smart City Control Center
Functionalities
Smart Homes
Adopted
Advanced IT Infrastructure
Renewable Integration

Smart City R&D Platform

Benefits Smart Home Management Systems
Envisaged Substation Automation
Rooftop Solar PV Integration

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CESC, Mysore: Smart Grid Pilot in Power Distribution Sector

Highlights Description

Area of
V V Mohalla (Additional City Area Division)
Implementation

Project involves 21,824 consumers with a good mix of

residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural consumers
including 512 irrigation pump sets covering over 14 feeders
and 473 distribution transformers and accounting for input
Project
energy of
Summary
151.89 MU. Additional functionality like Agriculture DSM
with community portal, consumer portal to support DSM/DR,
employee portal for knowledge sharing and benefit realization,
KPI based MIS and data analytics for decision support are also
proposed
• Advanced Metering Infrastructure
• Peak Load Management
Functionalities
• Outage Management
Adopted
• Distributed Generation
• Micro Grid

• Reduced Distribution Losses

• Reduced Peak load consumption
• Reduced cost of billing

Renewable Energy Systems

What isn’t a renewable energy source?

Fossil fuels are not a renewable source of energy because they are not infinite. Plus, they
release carbon dioxide into our atmosphere which contributes to climate change and
global warming.

Burning wood instead of coal is slightly better but it’s complex. On the one hand, wood is
a renewable resource – provided it comes from sustainably managed forests. Wood
pellets and compressed briquettes are made from by-products of the wood processing
industry and so arguably it’s recycling waste.

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Compressed biomass fuels produce more energy than logs too. On the other hand,
burning wood (whether it be raw timber or processed waste) releases particles into our
atmosphere.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Renewable Energy Sources

Advantages Disadvantages
Renewable energy won’t run out Renewable energy has high upfront costs

Renewable energy has lower maintenance Renewable energy is intermittent

requirements
Renewables save money Renewables have limited storage capabilities
Renewable energy has numerous Renewable energy sources have geographic
environmental benefits limitations
Renewables lower reliance on foreign Renewables aren’t always 100% carbon-free
energy sources
Renewable energy leads to cleaner water
and air
Renewable energy creates jobs
Renewable energy can cut down on waste

Types of renewable energy sources: The most popular renewable energy sources currently
are:

• Solar energy: Sunlight is one of our planet’s most abundant and freely available
energy resources. The amount of solar energy that reaches the earth’s surface in one
hour is more than the planet’s total energy requirements for a whole year.
Although it sounds like a perfect renewable energy source, the amount of solar energy
we can use varies according to the time of day and the season of the year as
well as geographical location.
• Wind energy: Wind is a plentiful source of clean energy. Wind farms are an
increasingly familiar sight in the world with wind power making an ever-increasing
contribution to the National Grid. To harness electricity from wind energy, turbines
are used to drive generators which then feed electricity into the National Grid.

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 Although domestic or ‘off-grid’ generation systems are available, not every
property is suitable for a domestic wind turbine. Find out more about wind
energy on our wind power page.
• Hydro energy: As a renewable energy resource, hydro power is one of the most
commercially developed. By building a dam or barrier, a large reservoir can be
used to create a controlled flow of water that will drive a turbine, generating
electricity. This energy source can often be more reliable than solar or wind power
(especially if it's tidal rather than river) and also allows electricity to be stored
for use when demand reaches a peak. Like wind energy, in certain situations
hydro can be more viable as a commercial energy source (dependant on type and
compared to other sources of energy) but depending very much on the type of
property, it can be used for domestic, ‘off-grid’ generation.
• Tidal energy: This is another form of hydro energy that uses twice-daily tidal
currents to drive turbine generators. Although tidal flow unlike some other
hydro energy sources isn’t constant, it is highly predictable and can therefore
compensate for the periods when the tide current is low.
• Geothermal energy: By harnessing the natural heat below the earth’s
surface, geothermal energy can be used to heat homes directly or to generate
electricity. Although it harnesses a power directly below our feet, geothermal
energy is of negligible importance in the UK compared to countries such as
Iceland, where geothermal heat is much more freely available.
• Biomass energy: This is the conversion of solid fuel made from plant materials
into electricity. Although fundamentally, biomass involves burning organic
materials to produce electricity, and nowadays this is a much cleaner, more
energy-efficient process. By converting agricultural, industrial and domestic waste
into solid, liquid and gas fuel, biomass generates power at a much lower
economic and environmental cost.

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Solar Photovoltaic System

The scope of solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems has grown exponentially over the past few
years. A PV system comprises of semiconducting materials that convert sunlight into
electricity. As a result, PV systems are widely being used for solar applications. Based on the
functional and operational specifications, the way a solar PV system is connected to
other power sources, and their component configurations.

There are Three Prominent Types of Solar PV Systems:

Grid Connected or Utility-Interactive Systems
Stand-alone Systems
Hybrid Systems

1. Grid-Connected System

Grid-connected PV systems do not need battery storage. However, it’s always possible to
add a battery to a grid-connected solar system.

a) Grid-Connected PV Systems without Battery

A grid-connected system is a basic installation that uses a grid-tied inverter. It’s ideal for
those who wish to opt for solar installation for residential use. Consumers can benefit
from net metering. Net metering allows us to redirect any surplus energy to the grid. In
this way, customers have to pay only for the difference in energy that they use. A
grid- connected system has solar panels that absorb solar radiation, which is then
transformed into direct current (DC). The DC is then used by the solar system’s inverter that
converts the DC energy to alternating current (AC). The AC can be then used by household
devices in the same way they rely on a grid system.
The main advantage of using a grid-connected system is that it is less expensive
than other types of solar PV systems. Further, it offers design flexibility as the system
need not power all of the household’s loads. The key drawback of a grid-connected
system is that it does not offer any outage protection.

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 Fig. 1. Gri d-connected solar PV system without battery

b) Grid-Connected PV Systems with Battery: Including a battery in a grid PV system offers

more energy independence to the household. It leads to reduced reliance on grid
electricity and energy retailers along with the assurance that electricity can be drawn from
the grid in case the solar system is not generating enough energy.

Fig. 2. Grid-connected solar PV system with battery

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2. Standalone Systems

A standalone PV system (also called off-grid solar system) is not connected to the grid. Thus,
it requires a battery storage solution. Standalone PV systems are useful for rural regions
that have difficulty in connecting to the grid system. Since, these systems don’t rely
on electrical energy storage; they are suitable for powering applications such as water
pumps, ventilation fans, and solar thermal heating systems. It’s essential to consider
a reputed company if you are planning to go for a standalone PV system. This is
because an established firm will cover warranties for a longer period. However, if
standalone systems are considered for household use, they will have to be designed in
such a way that they can address the household’s energy needs as well as the battery
charging requirements. Some standalone PV systems also have backup generators
installed as an extra layer. However, such an arrangement can be expensive to set up and
maintain. An overhead associated with standalone solar PV systems is that they require
constant check against terminal corrosion and battery electrolyte levels.

Fig. 2. Stand-alone solar PV system

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3. Hybrid PV Systems

A hybrid PV system is a combination of multiple sources of power to enhance the availability

and usage of power. Such a system can leverage energy from sources such as wind, sun, or
even hydrocarbons. Furthermore, hybrid PV systems are often backed up with a battery
to maximize the efficiency of the system. There are various advantages of using a
hybrid system. Multiple sources of energy mean that the system is not dependent on any
particular energy source. For instance, if the weather is not conducive to generating
enough solar energy, the PV array can charge the battery. Similarly, if it’s windy or
cloudy, a wind turbine can address the charging requirements of the battery. Hybrid PV
systems are best suited for isolated places with limited grid connection. Despite the above
advantages, there are a few challenges associated with a hybrid system. For instance, it
involves a complex design and installation process. Moreover, multiple sources of energy
can increase the upfront costs.

Fig. 4. Hybrid renewable energy system

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