Engineering Materials

Chapter 6
Dr. Amita Chaudhary
 Adhesive

• The material or substance which is capable of uniting

or bonding two other materials(adherends) together by
adhering strongly to the surface of both.

• Example: Glue, gum and cement.

 Characteristics of an ideal adhesive

• Should give a strong bond.

• Should not be affected by air, heat or moisture.

• Should resist chemicals, acids and bases.

• Can be easily spread over the surface.

Quality of an adhesive is evaluated by

Persistence

Strength of bond setting upon drying

Quickness of bonding

Degree of stickiness
 ADHESIVE ACTION
Adhesive action resulting in the bond between adherends by physical or
chemical forces.
Three ways:
I. Specific Adhesion: Physical or Chemical forces are responsible for the
adhesion between the surfaces. Permanent bond is formed when the
interfacial boundary energy of the adhesive and adherent surfaces is lower
than the sum of the surface energies of the adhesive and the surfaces of
adherends.
II. Mechanical Adhesion: When the adhesive simply fills the
voids or pores in the surfaces of the adherends and hold them by
an interlocking action.

III. Fusion Adhesion: When the adhesive or its solvent dissolves

partly the surfaces and hold them together.
 CLASSIFICATION OF ADHESIVES
Adhesives

Based on the composition of the Based on Mechanism of adhesion

principal components

 Epoxy 1. Solvent Responsive

Natural  Phenol 2. Heat sealing
Synthetic
Formaldehyde
 Starch  Malamine 3. Pressure sensitive
 Glues
4. Chemically reactive
Vegetable Animal Casein Blood albumin
 Classification of Adhesives
• Adhesives based on the composition of principal components
1. Adhesive based on naturally occurring materials
Ex. Vegetable gums, starches and animal glues.
2. Adhesive based on synthetic materials
Ex. Phenol formaldehyde, epoxy, polyvinyl acetate(Fevicol)
 Classification of Adhesives
• Adhesives based on their mechanism of adhesion
1. Solvent responsive adhesive – used in the form of solvent
Main component of these adhesives are
 Adhesive bases
Volatile liquid carriers
Plasticizer
Adhesion augmenting resins
Ex. Vinyl polymers, alkaloid resins, natural resins and vegetable gums
2. Heat sealing adhesives
 Inactive solids at room temperature. They can work at high
temperature. Bonding strength depends on temperature,
pressure and time.
Ex. Waxes, cellulose esters, polyvinyl resins, rubber, and its
derivatives.
3. Pressure sensitive adhesive
• Used in the form of adhesive tape.

• Able to provide instantaneous adhesion by applied small pressure and

similarly can be removed from the surface using a small energy.

• Main Components:

a. Tape backing b. Adhesive c.Tackifying resins

d. Plasticisers e. Minerals f. Fillers

g. Antioxidants

Examples: Rubbers, acrylates and silicones.

4. Chemically reactive adhesives

These type of adhesives undergo chemical changes during the

formation of the bond, chemical changes like crosslinking,
condensation or polymerization.

Ex: Phenol formaldehyde, malamine formaldehyde, urea,

epoxy resin etc.
FULLERENES
 The first fullerene was discovered in 1985 by Sir Harold W. Kroto,
Richard E. Smalley and Robert F. Curl.
 Fullerene, also called buckminsterfullerene.
 A closed spherical cage shape – buckyballs
 A cylindrical shape - carbon nanotubes
 A cage like molecules composed of 60 carbon atoms (C60) joined together
by single and double bonds to form a hollow sphere with 12 pentagonal
and 20 hexagonal faces.
 Each C-atom on the cage surface is bonded to three other C-atoms. So,
each C-atom is sp2 hybridized.
 Preparation of Fullerenes
Methods:
Arc Vaporization of Graphite in Kratcshmer-Huffmann
apparatus.
Laser Ablation Method
Other methods include:
i. Hydrocarbon combustion
ii. Low pressure helium sputtering
iii. Electron beam evaporation
iv. Inductively coupled RF evaporation of graphite
 Structure of Fullerene (C60)
• It has truncated icosahedron structure.
• Soccer ball shape.
• An icosahedron is a polygon with 60 vertices and 32 faces (12 –
pentagonal & 20 hexagonal) 90 covalent bonds between them, 60
single bonds and 30 double bonds.
• C-atom is present at each vertex of this structure.
• Aromatic and has resonating structures.
• C60 is also known as bulky ball because it is a spherical cluster of C-
atoms arranged in series of 5- & 6-membered rings)
 Applications of Fullerene
• Use as a lubricant.

• As a superconductor when mixed with alkali metals.

• As a soft Ferro magnets.

• Use in electronic and microelectronic devices.

• Non-linear optical devices.

• Composites.

• Drug delivery.