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Transformer Pasar Am I PDF Free
Transformer Pasar Am I PDF Free
PROBLEM 06 – 0200:
PROBLEM 06 – 0194: The low-voltage secondary winding of a 100-kva 60 ∼ 12,000 :
(i) A transformer with 200 turns on the H winding is to be 2,400-volt distribution transformer is supplying its rated kilovolt-
wound to step the voltage down from 240 to 120 volts. Find the amperes at rated secondary voltage to an inductive load of
number of turns Tx on the X winding. 0.80 power factor. Determine the primary current, primary
(ii) A transformer supplies a load with 30 amp at 240 volts. If voltage, and primary power factor using exact vector relations.
the primary voltage is 2,400 volts, find The resistances and leakage reactances of the windings are
(a) the secondary volt-amperes, R1 = 7.0 ohms R2 = 0.30 ohm
(b) the primary volt-amperes, and Xℓ1 = 19.0 ohms Xℓ2 = 0.75 ohm
(c) the primary current. The tabulated results of an open-circuit test, taken on the low-
(iii) What is the rated kilowatt output of a 5-kva [(2,400) / (120)] voltage side, are
-volt transformer at
(a) 100 per cent, Applied voltage Exciting current Core loss
(b) 80 per cent, and in volts in amperes in watts
(c) 30 per cent power factor? 2,400 1.50 940
(d) What is the rated current output? . 2,500 1.67 1,020
2,600 1.87 1,110
PROBLEM 06 – 0195:
A 10-kva single-phase transformer designed for [(2,000) /
PROBLEM 06 – 0201:
(400)] volts has the following constants: R1 = 5.5; R2 = 0.2; Two transformers are V-connected in accordance with Fig. 1.
X1 = 12; X2 = 0.45. Calculate the approximate value of the
They supply a balanced three-phase load of 100 kVA at a line
secondary terminal voltage at full load, 80 percent power factor
voltage of 220 volts and a lagging power factor of 0.8. The
(lagging), when the primary supply voltage is 2,000 volts.
phase sequence is a-b-c. (This information is pertinent
because the transformer circuit, in contrast to the load, is
unbalanced.) Find all secondary voltage and current phasors.
PROBLEM 06 – 0202:
A 2400-volt, 100-kva transformer has an equivalent impedance
of 0.708 + j0.92 ohms. Determine the base values for the per-
unit system, the per-unit equivalent impedance, and the
equivalent IZ voltage at one-half rated current.
PROBLEM 06 – 0208:
PROBLEM 06 – 0203: A 200-kva, [(13,200) / (2,200)]-volt, 60-cps, single-phase
A 100-kva, 12,000 : 2,400-volt, 60 ∼ distribution transformer is transformer has the following test data:
connected to a single-phase bus of voltage VB (nominally
12,000 volts) through a high-voltage line of impedance 15.1 + Volts Amp Watts Frequency Volts
j64.0 ohms, and supplies power to an inductive load through a Open circuit 2,200 3.1 1550 60 cps 12,800
low-voltage line of impedance 1.27 + j1.76 ohms, as shown in Short circuit 210 90.9 2500 60 cps
Fig. 1. Determine the bus voltage necessary to maintain 2,300
volts at the load when the load takes the rated current of the Determine the parameters of the T-equivalent circuit when
transformer at 0.8 power factor. The data obtained from a referred to the low voltage winding.
short-circuit test in which the measurements were made on the
low-voltage side of the transformer are: PROBLEM 06 – 0209:
V = 123 volts I = 41.7 amperes P = 1.05 kw. (1) An open-circuit test on the 240-V winding of the transformer
in the figure yielded the following data, corrected for instrument
PROBLEM 06 – 0204: losses:
A 50-kva 2,400 : 240-volt 60-cps distribution transformer has a
leakage impedance of 0.72 + j0.92 ohm in the high-voltage Volts Amperes Watts
winding and 0.0070 + j0.0090 ohm in the low-voltage winding. 240 16.75 580
At rated voltage and frequency the admittance Yɸ of the shunt
branch accounting for the exciting current is (0.324 – j2.24) × Calculate the exciting admittance, conductance, and
10–2 mho when viewed from the low-voltage side. This susceptance. The following data were obtained in a short-
transformer is used to step down the voltage at the load end of circuit test of the transformer in the figure, with its low-voltage
a feeder whose impedance is 0.30 + j1.60 ohms. The voltage winding short-circuited.
Vs at the sending end of the feeder is 2,400 volts. Find the
voltage at the secondary terminals of the transformer when the Volts Amperes Watts
load connected to its secondary draws rated current from the 63.0 62.5 1660
transformer and the power factor of the load is 0.80 lagging.
Neglect the voltage drops in the transformer and feeder caused Calculate:
by the exciting current. (a) the equivalent primary impedance,
(b) the equivalent primary reactance, and
PROBLEM 06 – 0205: (c) the equivalent primary resistance.
A 2,000-kw 750-volt d-c six-phase synchronous converter is
fed by a bank of transformers connected in delta on the PROBLEM 06 – 0210:
primary side and diametrical on the secondary side. The three- The short-circuit and open-circuit tests on a power transformer
phase primary line voltage is 13,200 volts. Assume that the rated 60 cycles, 12,000 kva, [(132) / 22] kv are as follows:
machine operates at full load at an efficiency of 96 per cent
and a power factor of 0.95, and calculate: Short-Circuit Open-Circuit
(a) the direct-current output; Voltage, primary 10,900 132,000
(b) the six-phase voltage between adjacent slip rings; Voltage, secondary 0 22,020
(c) the voltage of each transformer secondary; Current, primary 90.9 0.95
(d) the ratio of transformation of each transformer; Current, secondary 545.5 0
(e) the alternating current delivered by each of the transformer Kw, input 71.4 54.5
secondaries;
(f) the current in each of the transformer primary coils; The primary and secondary d-c resistances at 75°C are: r1 =
(g) the current in each of the line wires on the primary side. 4.11, r2 = 0.0975 ohms. Find the transformer constants.
PROBLEM 06 – 0206:
Refer to Fig. 1. The magnitude of the three-phase line voltages
is 220 volts; that of the two-phase voltages is 120 volts for
each phase. Consider the transformers to be ideal.
(a) Find the turns ratios.
(b) Connect a load consuming 12 kw at unity power factor
across terminals a and b. Leave terminals c and d open. Find
all currents.
(c) Reconnect the same load to the teaser terminals c and d.
Leave terminals a and b open. Find all currents.
(d) Each transformer secondary is supplying a unity- power-
factor load of 12 kw. (This constitutes a balanced two-phase
load.) Find all currents.
PROBLEM 06 – 0230:
A 25-kva, 2200- to 110-volt, 60-cycle distribution transformer is
tested for losses and ratio. With connections as in Fig. 1, the
high-tension winding being open, the wattmeter read 185
watts, the ammeter 5.2 amperes, and primary voltmeter 110
volts. With connections as in Fig. 2, the low-tension winding
being short-circuited, the primary voltage was adjusted until
rated' secondary current of [(25,000) / (110)] = 227.2 amperes
was flowing. The primary wattmeter then read 500 watts, and
PROBLEM 06 – 0224: the primary voltmeter 190 volts. Find the losses and equivalent
A 10-kva 2,400 : 240-volt 60-cycle transformer has the resistances of the transformer.
following data:
R1 = 5.2 ohms R2 = 0.052 ohm PROBLEM 06 – 0231:
X1 = 7.6 ohms X2 = 0.076 ohm Number 29 gage sheet steel designated as U.S.S. Transformer
Assume it is operating at rated full load, 0.8 power factor 52 yields the following data:
lagging, with rated output voltage, and with input voltage
adjusted to give rated output voltage under this condition of
Frequency Flux density, Core loss,
load. Determine (a) the input voltage E1, (b) the generated
kilogauss watts per 1b
voltage E2g' (c) regulation (i) at 0.8 power factor lagging, (ii) at
unity power factor and (iii) at 0.8 power factor leading. 30 8 0.135
60 12 0.76
30 12 0.31
PROBLEM 06 – 0232:
A transformer has the following losses corresponding to three
conditions:
B1 = 25,800 lines per sq in., f1 = 30, P1 = 270
B2 = 64,500 lines per sq in., f2 = 60, P2 = 2920
B3 = 64,500 lines per sq in., f3 = 30, P3 = 1250
Find the total core loss
PROBLEM 06 – 0233: PROBLEM 06 – 0238:
The following data were obtained when a short-circuit test was Compute the regulation and efficiency at full load, 80 power
performed upon a 100-kva [(2,400) / (240)]-volt distribution factor, lagging current, of the 15-kva, 2,400: 240-volt, 60 -
transformer: ESC = 72 volts; ISC = 41.6 amp; PSC = 1,180 watts. distribution transformer to which the following data apply.
All instruments high side, and the low side was short-circuited. (Subscript H means high-voltage, subscript X means low-
(1) Calculate: (a) the equivalent resistance, impedance, and voltage winding.
reactance; (b) the per cent regulation at a power factor of 0.75
lagging. Short-circuit test Open-circuit test
(2) Calculate the copper losses when the load is (a) 125 kva, VH = 74.5 v VX = 240 v
(b) 75 kva, (c) 85 kw at a power factor of 0.772. IH = 6.25 amp IX = 1.70 amp
PH = 237 watts PX = 84 watts
PROBLEM 06 – 0234: Frequency = 60 Frequency = 60 ∼
Test data for a 10-kva, 2,300/230-volt, 60-cycle-per- second θ = 25 C
distribution transformer are as follows: open- circuit test, with
input to low side, 230 volts, 0.62 amp, 69 watts? short-circuit Direct-current resistances measured at 25° C; RdcH = 2.80
test, with input to high side, 127 volts, 4.9 amp, 263 watts? ohms RdcX = 0,0276 ohm. The data given above have been
ohmic resistance test with input to low side 1.89 volts (d – c), corrected for instrument losses where this correction was
41.0 amp (d – c), and with input to high side, 23.4 volts (d – c), necessary.
aV2 = 2,300 volts, I2'rated = 4.35 amp,
Re1 = 10.9 ohms, and Pc = 69 watts. PROBLEM 06 – 0239:
For the above transformer, find the efficiency when it is A 100-kva, 2200/220-volt, 60-cycle transformer is tested on
operated at rated frequency and rated voltage for: (a) rated kva open-circuit at no-load and short-circuit at 25°C and the
at pf = 1; (b) one half of rated kva at pf = 0.6 lead. following readings are recorded:
PROBLEM 06 – 0251:
(i) A 60-eyele-per-second, two-winding transformer is rated 3
kva, 220/110 volts. This transformer is reconnected as a step-
Autotransformers And Multicircuit up autotransformer to deliver 330 volts to a resistive load when
Transformers the input is from a 220-volt source. Assume that the
transformer is ideal. Find (a) the value of the load resistance
for which rated current will flow in each winding, (b) the load
PROBLEM 06 – 0246:
power for the condition of (a), (c) the power delivered by
A 100-kva, 2300- to -230- volt, 60-cycle, 2-winding transformer
transformer action and the power delivered by conduction, (d)
is used as an autotransformer having a single winding in order
the input impedance looking into the low side.
to step up the voltage of a 2300-volt line by 10%. If the
(ii) A 60-cycle-per-second, two-winding transformer is rated 3
transformer has 2% losses, a 2.2% regulation, and a 3.3%
kva, 220/110 volts. This transformer is connected as a step-
impedance (Ze) as a 2-winding transformer, find its
down autotransformer to deliver 110 volts to a load impedance
characteristics as a 2300/2530-volt autotransformer.
of (3 + j2) ohms when the input is from a 330-volt source.
Assume that the transformer is ideal. Find (a) the load current,
PROBLEM 06 – 0247:
the input current, and the current in each winding, (b) the load
A 10-kva 2,300/230 volt two-winding transformer is connected
power, (c) the power delivered by transformer action and the
as an autotransformer with the L.T. winding additively in series
power delivered by conduction, (d) the input impedance looking
with the H.T. winding as in the figure. A potential difference of
into the high side.
2,530 volts is impressed upon terminals ac, and a load is
connected to terminals ab so that the current in winding be is
equal to the rated current of the L.T. winding. Compare the
volt-ampere rating of the auto-transformer with that of the same
transformer when connected as a simple two- winding
transformer.
PROBLEM 06 – 0248:
A 20-kva load is to be supplied at 500 v. An ideal step-up
autotransformer is used to connect this load to a 400-v source.
Find (a) the voltage and current of the series winding, (b) the
voltage and current of the common winding, (c) the kva rating
of this transformer if it were used as a two-winding transformer.
PROBLEM 06 – 0252:
A two-winding transformer is rated 2.2 kva, 220/110 volts, 60
cycles per second. Winding A is the 220-volt winding and has
an impedance of 0.24 + j0.40 ohms. Winding B is the 110-volt
winding and has an impedance of 0.05 + j0.09 ohms. The core
loss is 28 watts for rated voltage and frequency. The
transformer is connected as an autotransformer to supply a
load at 220 volts from a source of 330 volts. For a load current
of 30 amp at 0.9 pf lagging, find: (a) the voltage regulation; (b)
the efficiency.
PROBLEM 06 – 0253:
The results of three short-circuit tests on a 7,960s , 2,400:600-
volt 60-cps single-phase transformer are as follows:
Test Winding Winding Applied Current excited Parallel And Polyphase Operation Of
excited short voltage, winding, amp Transformers
circuited volts
1 1 2 252 62.7
2 1 3 770 62.7 PROBLEM 06 – 0255:
3 2 3 217 208 A 500 kVA 1-ph transformer with 0.010 p.u. resistance and
0.05 p.u. leakage reactance is to share a load of 750 kVA at
Resistances may be neglected. The rating of the 7,960- volt p.f. 0.80 lagging with a 250 kVA transformer with per-unit
primary winding is 1,000 kva, of the 2,400-volt secondary is resistance and reactance of 0.015Ω and 0.04Ω. Find the load
500 kva, and of the 600-volt tertiary is 500 kva. (a) Compute on each transformer (a) when both secondary voltages are 400
the per-unit values of the equivalent- circuit impedances of this V, and (b) when the open-circuit secondary voltages are
transformer on a 1,000-kva rated-voltage base. (b) Three of respectively 405 V and 415 V.
these transformers are used in a 3,000- kva Y-Δ-Δ 3-phase
bank to supply 2,400-volt and 600-volt auxiliary power circuits PROBLEM 06 – 0256:
in a generating station. The Y-connected primaries are Two 50-kva, single-phase transformers are connected in
connected to the 13,800-volt main bus. Compute the per-unit parallel on both the high- and low-tension sides. Their
values of the steady- state short-circuit currents and of the constants are given in the following tabulation:
voltage at the terminals of the secondary windings if a 3-phase
short circuit occurs at the terminals of the tertiary windings with Open-circuit Resista React
13,800 volts maintained at the primary line terminals. Use a Voltages nce ance
3,000-kva 3-phase rated-voltage base. Unit High- Low- High- Low- High- Low-
tension tension tension tension tensio tension
n
1 22,500 2,310 61.6 0.661 110 1.16
2 22,400 2,320 61.6 0.661 110 1.16
PROBLEM 06 – 0257:
PROBLEM 06 – 0254: Two 10-kva transformers A and B are operated in parallel to
Given a single–phase three–winding transformer with the supply a 20-kva load. The per-unit values of internal
following characteristics: impedance (on a 10-kva base) are
RA = 0.0181
Ratings: XA = 0.0264
Coil 1, 1000 kva at 6600 volts (151.5 amperes at full load) ZA➙ = 0.0181 + j0.0264
Coil 2, 1000 kva at 1100 volts (909 amperes at full load) = 0.032 /55.6
Coil 3, 500 kva at 220 volts (2273 amperes at full load) RB = 0.015
Combined open– and short–circuit test: XB = 0.036
Coil 3 open, reactance from coil 1 to 2 = 0.11 per unit (based ZB➙ = 0.015 + j0. 036
on 1000 kva) = 0.039 /67.4
Coil 2 open, reactance from coil 1 to 3 = 0.10 per unit (based The total current is I = 2.0
on 500 kva) (a) Determine the current in each transformer.
Coil 1 open, reactance from coil 2 to 3 = 0.07 per unit (based (b) Determine the maximum kva of the load that can be
on 500 kva) supplied by these transformers without overloading either of
Copper loss with coil 3 open = 8 kw the transformers.
Copper loss with coil 2 open = 5.5 kw
Copper loss with coil 1 open = 6.6 kw
PROBLEM 06 – 0258:
Two transformers, connected in parallel on both the high-and
(a) When coil 1 is used as primary, if the load on coil 2 is 500
low-voltage sides, are characterized by the following data,
amperes at 0.8 power factor (lagging current) and the load on
where the impedances and resistances are given in terms of
coil 3 is 600 amperes at 0.9 power factor (leading current),
the low-voltage sides:
using primary voltage as reference, what is the kva load and
power factor of coil 1?
(b) If rated voltage is applied to coil 1, what are the voltages of Unit Kva rating Voltage
coils 2 and 3 when the two secondary coils are loaded in this
manner? A 100 [(4,600) / (230)]
(c) With 6600 volts applied to coil 1, what is the open–circuit B 200 [(4,610) / (225)]
voltage of coil 3 when 2 is short–circuited?
(d) With 6600 volts applied to coil 1, what current will flow in The load, connected to the low-voltage side, takes 150 kw at a
coil 1 when coils 2 and 3 are both short–circuited? What is the lagging power factor of 0.85, and the terminal voltage is 235
value of the current in coil 2 and in coil 3 under these volts. Find the primary voltage and the current supplied by
conditions? each transformer.
PROBLEM 06 – 0259: PROBLEM 06 – 0264:
Two 10-kva 2,200/220-volt transformers each has an Three identical transformers are connected in Y on both H.T.
impedance Z➙ = R + jX = 8 + j12 ohms. They are connected in and L.T. sides. Each transformer is rated at 100 kva,
open A to a noninductive load as in Fig. 1, where Zℓ➙ = + j0 = 11,500/230 volts, 60 cycles. On open-circuit test, each unit
500 ohms, all quantities being expressed in terms of the consumes 560 watts at a power factor of 0.155. On short-
primary. Find the current in each branch of the circuit. circuit test, 217.5 volts impressed upon the H.T. winding
circulates 8.7 amp, and the power consumed is 1,135 watts. A
PROBLEM 06 – 0260: balanced three-phase voltage of 15,000 volts, line to line, is
What should be the ratings and turns ratio of a three- phase impressed upon the H.T. side of the Y-connected group. The
transformer to transform 10,000 KVA from 230 KV to. 4160 V' if L.T. terminals are connected to a star-connected set of three
the transformer is to be connected (a) Y – Δ, (b) Δ – Y, (c) Δ – reactors, each having an impedance of 0.6 ohm, but one of
Δ? them is noninductive, another has a lagging power factor of
0.866, and the third a leading power factor of 0.500. Find the
PROBLEM 06 – 0261: current and voltage in each branch of the load.
A 5,000-kva 3-phase 60 ∼ 3-winding 14,400 : 2, 400 : 575- volt
transformer is to be used as a station-service transformer to
supply turbine and boiler auxiliaries in a generating station. The Transformer Design
14,400-volt winding is rated 5,000 kva? the 2,400- and 575-volt
windings are each rated 2,500 kva. All three windings are Δ- PROBLEM 06 – 0265:
connected. To avoid excessive interrupting duty on the 575-volt Determine the core dimensions for a core-type 2-kVA, 220:55-
switchgear, the transformer is designed so that a solid, V, 60-Hz transformer of the configuration shown in the figure.
symmetrical, three-phase short circuit directly at the terminals Assume the following parameters:
of the 575-volt winding, with rated voltage sustained on the Permissible peak core flux density, B = 1T
14,400-volt winding, will cause steady- state currents limited to Stacking factor, ki = 0.9
25,000 amperes in the lines emanating from the terminals of Winding space factor, kw = 0.25
the 575-volt winding. When the transformer is designed to Permissible rms current density J = 2 × 106 A/m2.
meet these requirements, the short-circuit reactance of the Volts/turn, Vt = 1 V.
14,400 : 2,400- volt windings is found to be 6.0 per cent on a The core should be square in cross section. The window
5,000- kva base, and the short-circuit reactance of the 2,400 : should be approximately twice as high as it is wide. The
575-volt windings is 10.0 per cent on a 2,500-kva base. transformer is to be air-cooled by convection.
Winding resistances are small enough to be neglected. Under
these special conditions, determine the full-load voltages of the
575- and 2,400-volt buses. These voltages are to be computed
for 2,500-kva loads at 0.85 power factor, lagging, on each bus
and with rated voltage impressed on the 14,400-volt winding.
PROBLEM 06 – 0262:
Consider the circuit shown in the schematic diagram of Fig. 1,
comprising a Y-Δ bank of three 1,000-kva 63,500: 33,000-volt
single-phase transformers connected on their primary sides to
a balanced three-phase source (the 110,000-volt bus in a
substation). The secondaries of this bank supply power to a Δ-
Δ bank of three 1,000- kva 33,000:13,200-volt transformers
through a three- phase transmission line. Determine what
voltage is required at the substation bus in order to maintain
the rated line-to-line voltage of 13,200 volts at the secondary
terminals of the Δ-Δ bank when this bank supplies a balanced
three-phase load of 3,000 kva at unity power factor. Data: The
impedance of the 33,000-volt transmission line is Zline➙ = 7.3 +
j18.2 ohms per phase. The equivalent impedance ZR➙ of each
of the Δ-Δ transformers at the receiving end of the line is ZR➙ =
1.71 + j9.33 ohms referred to the low-voltage side. Their core
loss is Pc = 5.6 kw, each transformer, and their magnetizing
reactive kva is (VI)mag = 51 kvar, each transformer, The
average results of single-phase open-circuit and short-circuit
tests taken on the sending-end transformers are:
Open-circuit test Short-circuit test
V = 33000 v V = 2,640 v
I = 1.24 amp I = 30.3 amp
P = 5.30 kw P = 9.81 kw
In both these tests, the measurements were made on the low-
voltage (33,000-volt) sides at rated frequency (60 cycles per
second).
PROBLEM 06 – 0263:
Three 10-kVA, 1330 : 230-V, 60-Hz transformers are
connected wye-delta to supply at 230 volts line-to-line a
heating load of 2 kW per phase and a three-phase induction-
motor load of 21 kVA. The power factor of the induction-motor
load is 0.8. In this system the loads are connected to the
transformers by means of a common three-phase feeder
whose impedance is 0.003 + j0.010 ft per phase. The
transformers themselves are supplied from a constant-potential
source by means of a three-phase feeder whose impedance is
0.75 + j5.0 Ω per phase. The equivalent impedance of one
transformer referred to the low-potential side is 0.118 + j0.238
Ω. Determine the required source potential difference if that at
the load is to be 230 V.