1. What is Computer Networking?

Ans. A group of computers which is connected to each other with

the purpose of sharing data is called computer networking.
2. What is networking? Explain different types of networks.
Ans. Network allows computers to connect and communicate with
different computers via. LAN, WAN, PAN these three are the major
types of networks.
LAN: Local area network
PAN: Personal area network
WAN: wide area network
3. Explain server based and peer to peer?
Ans. In general, there are two types of LANs: client/server LANs
and peer-to-peer LANs.

A client/server LAN consists of several devices (the clients)

connected to a central server. The server manages file storage,
application access, device access, and network traffic. A client can
be any connected device that runs or accesses applications or the
Internet. The clients connect to the server either with cables or
through wireless connections.

Typically, suites of applications can be kept on the LAN server.

Users can access databases, email, document sharing, printing,
and other services through applications running on the LAN server,
with read and write access maintained by a network or IT
administrator. Most midsize to large business, government,
research, and education networks are client/server-based LANs.
A peer-to-peer LAN doesn't have a central server and cannot
handle heavy workloads like a client/server LAN can, and so
they're typically smaller. On a peer-to-peer LAN, each device
shares equally in the functioning of the network. The devices
share resources and data through wired or wireless connections to
a switch or router. Most home networks are peer-to-peer.

4.Goals of computer network?

Ans. Goals of Computer Networks: The following are some
important goals of computer networks:

Resource Sharing – Many organization has a substantial number of

computers in operations, which are located apart. Ex. A group of
office workers can share a common printer, fax, modem, scanner,
etc.

High Reliability – If there are alternate sources of supply, all files

could be replicated on two or more machines. If one of them is
not available, due to hardware failure, the other copies could be
used.

Inter-process Communication – Network users, located

geographically apart, may converse in an interactive session
through the network. In order to permit this, the network must
provide almost error-free communications.

Flexible access – Files can be accessed from any computer in the

network. The project can be begun on one computer and finished
on another.
Security– Computer networks must be secure to protect against
unauthorized access, data breaches, and other security threats.
This includes implementing measures such as firewalls, antivirus
software, and encryption to ensure the confidentiality, integrity,
and availability of data.
Performance– Computer networks must provide high performance
and low latency to ensure that applications and services are
responsive and available when needed. This requires optimizing
network infrastructure, bandwidth utilization, and traffic
management.
Scalability- Computer networks must be designed to scale up or
down as needed to accommodate changes in the number of users,
devices, and data traffic. This requires careful planning and
management to ensure the network can meet current and future
needs.
Other goals include Distribution of processing functions,
Centralized management, and allocation of network resources,
Compatibility of dissimilar equipment and software, Good network
performance, Scalability, Saving money, Access to remote
information, Person to person communication, etc.

5.Design issue of layers.

The design issues of the network layer are as follows −

It is the network layer's goals to support logical services to several

users linked to multiple networks. Hence, the services supported
should be autonomous of the basic technology. In this way, the
client's use of the service requires inconvenience with the
network's physical execution to send their messages.
 The transport layer at the host device should not require knowing
how the broadcasting connection with the destination device is
set up.

It must be some uniform addressing design for network location.

6.The IOS reference model.

Ans.

The main functions of each of the layers are as follows −

 Physical Layer − Its function is to transmit individual bits from one node to
another over a physical medium.
 Data Link Layer − It is responsible for the reliable transfer of data frames from
one node to another connected by the physical layer.
 Network Layer − It manages the delivery of individual data packets from source
to destination through appropriate addressing and routing.
 Transport Layer −It is responsible for delivery of the entire message from the
source host to destination host.
  Session Layer − It establishes sessions between users and offers services like
dialog control and synchronization.
 Presentation Layer − It monitors syntax and semantics of transmitted
information through translation, compression, and encryption.
 Application Layer − It provides high-level APIs (application program interface)
to the users.

4. Explian types of address.

Ans. Types of Addressing in Network

1. Physical Address
2. Logical Address
3. Port Address
4. Application-Specific Address

5. Ethernet frame format.