Thesis Booklet Final

COMPARISON OF POWER SYSTEM
STABILITY ANALYSIS USING VIRTUAL

INERTIA IN MODIFIED IEEE 9 BUS SYSTEM
BY SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS
MD IMRANUL HASAN EMON

S M ARIFUL ISLAM
B.SC. ENGINEERING THESIS
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DHAKA, BANGLADESH
FEBRUARY 2023
EMON• ARIFUL B.SC. ENGINEERING THESIS MIST • EECE• 2023
COMPARISON OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY
ANALYSIS USING VIRTUAL INERTIA IN MODIFIED IEEE
9 BUS SYSTEM BY SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY
ANALYSIS
MD IMRANUL HASAN EMON (SN. 201916046)

S M ARIFUL ISLAM (SN. 201916038)
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical, Electronic and
Communication Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DHAKA, BANGLADESH
FEBRUARY 2023
APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
COMPARISON OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY ANALYSIS USING VIRTUAL

INERTIA IN MODIFIED IEEE 9 BUS SYSTEM BY SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY
ANALYSIS
B.Sc. Engineering Thesis

By
MD Imranul Hasan Emon (SN. 201916046)

S M Ariful Islam (SN. 201916038)
Approved as to style and content by the Examiners in February 2023 :
Hasan Monir Chairman

Assistant Professor (Supervisor)
Department of EECE, MIST, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Captain M S A Al Farook Shiblee, (L), BN Member

Head of the Department (Ex-officio)
Department of EECE, MIST, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering

MIST, Dhaka
i
DECLARATION
COMPARISON OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY ANALYSIS USING VIRTUAL

INERTIA IN MODIFIED IEEE 9 BUS SYSTEM BY SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY
ANALYSIS
We hereby declare that the study reported in this thesis entitled as above is our own original
work and has not been submitted before anywhere for any degree or other purposes. Further,
we certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of our own work and that
all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources have been acknowledged and
cited in the reference section.
MD Imranul Hasan Emon

Student No. 201916046
S M Ariful Islam
Student No. 201916038
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering

MIST, Dhaka
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, We would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Hasan
Monir of the Department of EECE, MIST for the useful comments, remarks and engagement
through the learning process of this master thesis. We always received appropriate guidelines
from my supervisor.
For this opportunity, we would like to express our deep and heartiest appreciation to the Mil-
itary Institute of Science and Technology(MIST). We are also thankful to the faculty of the
Department of Electrical,Electronics,and Communication Engineering (EECE) for allowing
us the opportunity to complete the research. We would also like to extend my heartfelt grati-
tude to our Head of EECE department, Brigadier General A K M Nazrul Islam,PhD and our
department EECE of MIST for giving us this wonderful opportunity to successfully complete
this thesis paper under such a helpful thesis supervisor and enabling us to complete our work.
We are highly obliged to our parents, who had been our support from the stage of our life and
brought us to this level. Hence special thanks are due to them.
Finally, we must express my profound gratitude to almighty Allah.
iii
ABSTRACT
Comparison of Power System Stability Analysis using Virtual Inertia in

Modified IEEE 9 Bus System by small signal stability analysis
The paper investigates the small signal stability of modified IEEE 9 bus power system with
PWM converter. We have conducted modal analysis of power system with dc voltage source
converter controlled as PWM converter. We have done three case study. In the first case study,
we have used Vac-Phi control conditions which is a typical control mode for PV system. The
second control condition is Vac-P control condition which specifies AC-voltage magnitude
and active power. The second case study is mainly active power control method of renewable
energy integration. In the third case study, we have used P-Q control condition which is
actually active and reactive power control method. This method brings greater stability in the
power system and virtual inertia in the system. From these three control conditions, P-Q is
the best control condition which mimic like synchronous machine, acts like synchronverter
and brings virtual inertia in the system.
iv
সারসংক্ষেপ
Comparison of Power System Stability Analysis using Virtual Inertia in Modified IEEE 9 Bus System
by small signal stability analysis
পেোরটি PWM কনভািট ার সহ সংশ াধিত IEEE 9 বাস োওযার ধসশেশের প াি সংশকত স্থাধযশের তদন্ত কশর। আেরা
PWM রূোন্তরকারী ধহসাশব ধনযধিত DC পভাশেজ পসাস ট কনভািট ার সহ োওযার ধসশেশের েশেল ধবশেষণ কশরধ ।
আেরা ধতনটি পকস োধে কশরধ । প্রথে পকস োধেশত, আেরা Vac-Phi ধনযিণ তটগু ধল বযবহার কশরধ যা PV
ধসশেশের জনয একটি সািারণ ধনযিণ পোে। ধিতীয কশরাল কন্ডি ন হল Vac-P কশরাল কন্ডি ন যা AC-পভাশেশজর
োত্রা এবং সন্ডিয ন্ডি ধনধদট ষ্ট কশর। ধিতীয পকস োধে প্রিানত েু ননবীকরণশযাগ্য
ট ন্ডি একীকরণ সন্ডিয ন্ডি ধনযিণ
েদ্ধধত. তৃ তীয পকস োধেশত, আেরা P-Q কশরাল কন্ডি ন বযবহার কশরধ যা আসশল সন্ডিয এবং প্রধতন্ডিযা ীল ন্ডি
ধনযিণ েদ্ধধত। এই েদ্ধধতটি োওযার ধসশেশে বৃহত্তর ধস্থধত ীলতা এবং ধসশেশে ভার্চ ট য াল জড়তা ধনশয আশস। এই
ধতনটি কশরাল কন্ডি ন পথশক, P-Q হল সশব াত্তে ট কশরাল কন্ডি ন যা ধসশরানাস পেধ শনর েশতা অনুকরণ কশর,
ধসশরানভািট াশরর েশতা কাজ কশর এবং ধসশেশে ভার্চ ট যাল জড়তা ধনশয আশস।
v
LIST OF NOTATIONS
A Eigenvalues matrix
B Right hand matrix
E′ ̸ δ Sending end voltage
EB ̸ 0 Voltage of receiving end
LA Current of the system
Te Air gap torque
u Input of the system
x state variable
xd′ Transient reactance
∆δ Change of rotor angle
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Impedance (Z=R+jX) and Admittance (Y = B/2) data for the transmis-
sion lines (per unit values) and two winding transformers of the P.M.
Anderson 9-Bus Test system. Branch data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Table 4.2: Generation and Demand data of the P.M. Anderson 9-Bus Test system 37
Table 4.3: Impedance (Z=R+jX) and Admittance (YB/2) data for the transmis-
sion lines (real values) of the P.M. Anderson 9-Bus . . . . . . . . . . 37
Table 4.4: Generator parameters of the P.M. Anderson 9 BusTest system . . . . . 38
Table 4.5: Two Winding Power Transformer parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Table 4.6: Eigenvalues with normal Vac-Phi control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Table 4.7: Eigenvalues with normal Vac-P control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Table 4.8: Eigenvalue with P-Q Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Classification of Power System Stability[23] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Figure 2.2: Model Small Signal Stability Analysis [25] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Figure 2.3: Schematic Diagram of a simple three phase system . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 2.4: Rotor angle vs time plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Figure 2.5: Flowchart of Vac-phi control condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Figure 2.6: Flowchart of Vac-P control condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Figure 2.7: Flowchart of P-Q control condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Figure 4.1: Modified IEEE 9 Bus System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Figure 4.2: Matrix of participants factors for the system with Vac-phi control con-
ditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Figure 4.3: Matrix of participants factors for the system with Vac-P control conditions 41
Figure 4.4: Matrix of participants factors for the system with P-Q control conditions 43
Figure 4.5: Eigen values of three control conditions (Vac-phi, Vac-P, P-Q) . . . . . 44
Figure 4.6: Eigen values of two control conditions (Vac-phi, Vac-P) . . . . . . . . 44
Figure 4.7: Eigen values of two control conditions (Vac-phi, P-Q) . . . . . . . . . 45
Figure 4.8: Eigen values of two control conditions (Vac-P, P-Q) . . . . . . . . . . 45
Figure 4.9: Rotor angle of third machine reference to first machine with Vac-Phi
control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Figure 4.10:Rotor angle of third machine reference to first machine with Vac-P control 46
Figure 4.11:Rotor angle of third machine reference to first machine with P-Q control 47
viii
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT iv
ABSTRACT (BENGALI) v
LIST OF NOTATIONS vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Research Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Research Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Organization of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
CHAPTER 2 RELATED WORKS 7

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Overview of Power System Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Small Signal Stability Problem in Power System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Case Study of Small Signal Stability Problem in Power System . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 PWM Converter Control Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5.1 Vac-Phi Control Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5.2 Vac-P Control Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.5.3 P-Q Control Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.6 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
CHAPTER 3 PROPOSED SCHEME/METHOD/OWN WORK 23

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2 Small Signal Stability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2.1 Eigenvalue Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2.1.1 QR/QZ Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2.2 Selective Modal Analysis (Arnoldi /Lacnzos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.3 Performance Analysis Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
ix
CONTENTS
3.4 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.1 Modal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.2 Short Circuit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.3 EMT/RMS Simulation Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.5 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 35

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2 Power System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.3 Modal Analysis Result with Vac-Phi control conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.4 Modal Analysis Result with Vac-P control conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.5 Modal Analysis Result with P-Q control conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.6 Eigenvalues plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.7 Short Circuit Result Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.8 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.9 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS 50

5.1 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.1.1 Research outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.1.2 Research significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.2 Future Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 53
REFERENCES 54
APPENDICES 57
APPENDIX A MATLAB CODES 57

A.1 MATLAB Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
A.1.1 MATLAB Function: MyFunction (·) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
x
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Small disturbances like variations in load will have an impact on the stability of power sys-
tems. Small signal stability issues are stability issues brought on by minor perturbations. The
system experiences power fluctuation as a result of the impact of small disturbances. The
ability to oscillate is a crucial factor in determining a power system’s stability[1]. Small sig-
nal disturbances have been a major source of worry for the electrical system for many years.
It may cause the power system to oscillate, which can cause a blackout. the WSCC system
(North American Western Interconnected), where the disaster occurred in 1996System), an
inter-area oscillation with a frequency of 0.23 Hz occurred [2]. Small signal stability analy-
sis can be used to examine a power system’s dynamic behavior in relation to its capacity to
maintain excellent power quality in the context of power quality (PQ) regulation. The study
entails using small signals to represent the perturbations and linearizing the power system’s
nonlinear mathematical models. The system’s reactions are subsequently examined to ascer-
tain its stability limits, natural frequencies, and damping ratios. This data can be utilized to
spot possible power quality-related stability problems, like voltage sags, voltage swells, and
flicker, and to build control strategies that boost the system’s performance and stability.
1.2 Literature Review

The ability of a power system to maintain its stability and recover to its steady-state operating
condition after being subjected to tiny perturbations is considered to be a crucial component
of power system operation. A significant interest in tiny signal stability analysis has emerged
in recent years as a result of the complexity and interconnectedness of power systems, as well
as the demand for a dependable and secure power supply. For the analysis of power systems’
small signal stability, a number of methods have been put forth, such as linearization, eigen-
1
value analysis, modal analysis, and frequency response analysis. It is possible to construct a
linearized model that can be utilized for stability analysis by linearizing the nonlinear equa-
tions of a power system around its operating point. Finding the eigenvalues of the linearized
model’s system matrix, which reveal details about the stability of the system, is the process
of eigenvalue analysis. Finding the system matrix’s eigenvectors, which reveal details about
the system modes’ dynamic behavior, is a step in the modal analysis technique. In order to
increase the system’s stability in the presence of minor disturbances, small signal stability op-
timization is a technique used in power systems. The objective of this strategy is to optimize
the system’s control settings so that it becomes more resistant to minor disturbances and can
quickly resume its steady state following a disturbance. Small signal stability is an important
aspect of power system stability that deals with the ability of the system to maintain steady-
state conditions in the presence of small disturbances. There are various techniques that can
be used to optimize the small signal stability of a power system. One approach involves
linearizing the system around its operating point and performing an eigenvalue analysis to as-
sess the stability margins of the system. Based on the results of this analysis, control settings
can be adjusted to improve the system’s stability[3]. Another technique is H-optimization,
which involves minimizing the maximum singular value of the system’s transfer function to
reduce the size of the system’s response to disturbances[4]. Robust control is another strat-
egy that involves creating a controller that is able to maintain stable operation under a variety
of operating conditions, even in the face of uncertain parameters such as load or generation
variations[5]. The most appropriate strategy will depend on the specific requirements of the
power system in question, as each technique has its own set of advantages and disadvantages.
A power system concept known as virtual inertia refers to the use of sophisticated control
techniques to simulate the mechanical inertia of traditional generators in power systems with
a high penetration of renewable energy sources. Virtual inertia is designed to increase the sys-
tem’s tiny signal stability and keep the power system stable in the event of disturbances. To
increase virtual inertia and improve power system stability, several control strategies can be
2
applied. These include the use of power system stabilizers (PSS) that add additional dampen-
ing to the system to reduce oscillation intensity and enhance stability. PSS can be installed in
the generator or at the point of common coupling (PCC) [6]. Secondary control is another ap-
proach used to maintain frequency and voltage stability during disturbances. This can reduce
oscillation size and increase stability, which enhances the virtual inertia of the system. Model
Predictive Control (MPC) is a mathematical control approach that can anticipate power sys-
tem behavior and increase virtual inertia. By utilizing MPC, the system’s oscillation size can
be reduced, and stability can be increased [7, 8, 9]. Droop control is a strategy that controls
the system’s frequency and voltage to increase virtual inertia, decrease oscillation size, and
improve system stability [10]. The most appropriate control strategy will depend on the spe-
cific requirements of the power system in question. The best control strategy will rely on the
particular needs of the power system being optimized. Each of these control strategies has ad-
vantages and disadvantages of its own. Small signal stability analysis can be used to examine
the system’s stability margins and the effect of the control techniques on the system’s response
to disturbances in order to determine the efficacy of these strategies. Inter-area mode oscilla-
tion impacts generators in one region, whereas local mode oscillation describes the swing of
generators in a single area in relation to one another [11]. High gain automated voltage regula-
tors (AVR) can occasionally result in voltage drops when utilized with synchronous generators
to maintain constant voltage and produces rotor damping torque and LFOs . The system’s ca-
pacity to transport electricity can be compromised if these oscillations last for a longer time.
If there is not enough dampening, the network will fail .To maintain the synchronism of the
generators during disturbances, the power system must therefore minimise these oscillations
[12, 13, 14]. Numerous intelligent design techniques, frequently based on evolutionary and
swarm intelligence theories, have been found in the most recent literature. signals’ oscillations
The genetic algorithm is one of those approaches [15, 16]. Backtracking search algorithms,
bat search algorithms, bacterial foraging algorithms, genetic search algorithms, and others are
among them. Artificial bee colonies, neural networks, and support vector regression are often
3
1.3 Research Motivation
used in the electrical business to adjust the parameters. Among these are backtracking search
algorithms, bat search algorithms [17] ,bacterial foraging algorithms [18], genetic algorithms
[19] , bat search algorithm and others. The electricity industry frequently uses artificial bee
colonies , neural networks[20] and support vector regression[21] to fine-tune the parameters.
Making power plants for renewable energy sources behave like synchronous generators is one
of the most cost-effective approaches to solve the problem of low grid inertia. To do this, a
synchronous generator-like response to disturbances is controlled into the voltage source con-
verter (VSC). There has been a lot of research done in this field, and several control systems
have come out of it. Three PWM converter control conditions are employed in this paper.
Vac-phi control condition is the first. A vector control technique for PWM converters that
enables fine control over voltage and frequency is called vac-phi control. It calculates the
control signals for the converter’s switching devices using feedback signals and employs a
voltage-oriented control method to control the output voltage’s magnitude and phase angle.
In comparison to scalar control methods, the Vac-phi control method offers higher dynamic
performance and enhanced voltage regulation, making it the best choice for applications need-
ing high-quality voltage output. The second one is Vac-P control, a sort of vector control that
operates based on the output waveform’s active power (P) and voltage magnitude (Vac). P-Q
control condition is the third one. P and Q are specified on the AC-side.
1.3 Research Motivation

We have worked in the field of small signal stability of modified IEEE 9 bus system. We are
really interested to made our local power system more stable.Our research motivations are the
followings:
1. Improving virtual inertia of power system
2. Enhancing the stability and reliability of power system
3. Reducing the cost of power system operation
4
1.4 Research Objectives
4. Advancing the integration of renewable energy resources
5. Developing new control strategies for power system
1.4 Research Objectives

The objective of the thesis you mentioned is to compare the performance of a modified IEEE
9-bus system that has a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) converter with different control con-
ditions (Vac-phi, Vac-P, P-Q control) and to evaluate whether virtual inertia can be improved
through small signal stability analysis using eigenvalue analysis. The main objectives can be
summarized as follows:
1. To develop the small signal model for the grid-connected PV system.
2. To build an adequate simulation model in Digsilent PowerFactory for analysis purpose

along with the control architecture.
3. To perform stability analysis on the grid-connected PV system with the proposed control
technique.
Overall, the objective of the thesis is to provide a comprehensive comparison of the perfor-
mance of a modified IEEE 9-bus system with PWM converter under different control condi-
tions with the aim of improving virtual inertia through the use of eigenvalue analysis.
1.5 Organization of the Thesis

The remainder of this thesis is organized as follows.
Chapter 2 captures the general overview of power system stability, small stability theory and
control conditions of PWM converter.
Chapter 3 presents the proposed development of eigenvalue analysis, QR/QZ method, selec-
tive modal analysis, performance analysis methods.
5
1.5 Organization of the Thesis
Chapter 4 presents the evaluation of the proposed scheme for gaining virtual inertia based
on three control conditions of PWM converter.
Chapter 5 presents the conclusion of the thesis with a summary of the original contributions
and future work.
6
CHAPTER 2
RELATED WORKS
2.1 Introduction
This thesis chapter provides an overview of power system stability and focuses on the issue of
small signal stability in power systems. The concept of power system stability is introduced
and the small signal stability problem is defined and described in detail. The chapter then
presents a case study of a small signal stability problem in a power system and highlights
the challenges associated with identifying and mitigating the problem. Finally, the chapter
concludes by discussing the impact of PWM converter control on small signal stability and
the role that it plays in maintaining a stable power system. This chapter provides a compre-
hensive understanding of small signal stability in power systems and the various approaches
that can be taken to address stability issues, making it an essential resource for researchers
and engineers in the field of power systems.
2.2 Overview of Power System Stability

The ability of a power system to maintain normal operation during disturbances is a critical
factor in determining its stability performance. These disturbances can vary in size, with small
disturbances being caused by changes in load, while large disturbances could result from short
circuits on transmission lines or the loss of connectivity between two subsystems. There are
three main types of power system stability problems: rotor angle stability, frequency stability,
and voltage stability. Among these, rotor angle stability encompasses two subcategories:
small signal stability and transient stability, with the latter being the focus of this thesis[21].
7
2.3 Small Signal Stability Problem in Power System

Small signal stability issues have been present in power systems for many years, often result-
ing in oscillations that can range from undamped or growing to a complete system collapse.
This instability can occur in the form of a single generator or a small part of the system op-
erating against the rest of the power grid, referred to as the local mode problem. On the
other hand, the inter-area mode problem refers to unstable oscillations that occur within the
interconnected power system as a whole. This issue is exemplified by the 1996 Western
Interconnected System (WSCC) incident, which resulted in widespread circuit outages and
low-frequency oscillations across the entire power grid. These oscillations ultimately led to a
widespread blackout and the failure of the entire system[22]. Small signal stability refers to
the power system’s ability to remain stable in the face of small disturbances. It examines the
dynamic response of the system to small changes in power generation or load demand, using
mathematical models and simulation tools to identify potential issues and prevent system col-
lapse. The output of the analysis is used to determine stability margins and suggest control
actions to enhance the stability of the system. The stability margins are calculated by analyz-
ing the system’s response to small changes over a short period of time, looking at changes in
frequency, voltage magnitude, and phase angle between the voltage and current waveforms.
The ability of the system to return to normal operation after a disturbance is a key indicator of
its stability. Maintaining small signal stability is crucial, as even minor disturbances can have
serious consequences if left unaddressed. A power system with inadequate small signal stabil-
ity is more susceptible to oscillation and collapse, which can lead to power outages and harm
electrical equipment. The stability issues in rotor angle, which encompass both small signal
stability and transient stability, fall under the categorization of stability problems for power
systems as depicted in Figure 2.1 [23]. The stability challenges in power systems are divided
into three categories: stability of rotor angle, stability of frequency, and stability of voltage.
The study of electromechanical oscillations in power systems falls under the domain of rotor
angle stability problems. This oscillation occurs due to the interrelation of the synchronous
8
Figure 2.1: Classification of Power System Stability[23]
generators’ power output and the variation of rotor angles. The generators’ electromagnetic
torque, being constant and equal to the mechanical power, causes a sudden change in torque
as a result of disturbances such as a line fault. This leads to additional energy being added or
subtracted from the rotor’s motion of the generators, causing some synchronous generators to
lose synchronism. In interconnected generator systems, the slower generator transfers partial
power to the other generators, leading to two kinds of unstable oscillations: one related to
the rotor angle deviation, the other related to rotor speed deviation. The lack of damping is
the main challenge in small signal stability and causes undamped oscillations in the power
system[23]. Under small disturbances, the small signal stability problem can manifest in two
forms: local and global. The local mode refers to rotor oscillations that occur within an in-
dividual generator and are separate from the other generators. On the other hand, the global
mode involves oscillations among a large group of interconnected generators. The frequency
of local mode oscillations typically falls between 1-3 Hz, while global mode oscillations typ-
ically have a frequency range of 0.3-0.8 Hz [21, 24]. The power system is a complex and
9
non-linear dynamic system. The state of the system represents the current information nec-
essary to determine its future behavior, encompassing a combination of various input data.
These states are constantly evolving over time and can be represented by any physical vari-
able. The state-space approach offers a multi-dimensional perspective for understanding the
power system. By using the m-th order nonlinear differential equations provided by:

ẋ = fi x1 , x2 , . . . , xm ; u1 , u2 , . . . , uq ;t (2.1)
Let’s consider the system’s state at different times, represented by the variable ’x’. The input
to the system is represented by ’u’ and time is represented by ’t’. The state variables are
expressed as the differential variables with respect to time. Typically, the state and input are
expressed as vectors, such as:
 
x1
 x2 
x= (2.2)
 
···

 
xm
 
u1
 u2 
u= (2.3)
 
···

 
uq
 
f1
 f2 
f = (2.4)
 

 ... 
fm
10
The stability of the system is determined by analyzing its output. The output, represented by
’y’, is a function of the state and input of the system, and can be expressed as follows:
y = g(x, u) (2.5)
In other words, the output is calculated by combining the information of both the state and
input of the system through the function ’g’. From equation (2.5), y and g are also written as
the vector as:
 
y1
 y2 
y= (2.6)
 
···

 
yj
 
g1
 g2 
g= (2.7)
 
···

 
gj
The function ’g’ represents the relationship between the output ’y’ and the state ’x’ and input
’u’ of the system. It is a vector-valued function that maps the inputs and states to the output.
The form of the function ’g’ depends on the specific system being analyzed, and its properties
determine the output characteristics of the system. The state change is represented by the vari-
able x in equation (2.1). As a result, when a system is said to be in its steady state, there is no
state change. When a system stabilizes, x at any moment equals zero. The equilibrium point
is established to be the situation where x = 0. Due to the nonlinear nature of the power system,
there will be more than one equilibrium point. A single machine connected to an infinite bus
system is used in the model to examine the stability of the power supply. Additionally, to
11
Figure 2.2: Model Small Signal Stability Analysis [25]
make the analysis simpler, all resistances are disregarded. The model is shown in Figure 2.2
[24]. Since all the resistances are neglected, E′ ̸ δ represents the voltage before the transient
reactance Xd′ . The system at receiving end is connected through the reactance of XE and the
voltage at the receiving end is EB ̸ 0. ET is the terminal voltage of the stator ll is the current
of this system. E′ leads EB δ degree. The relationships are presented as follows:
E′ ̸ 0 − EB ̸ δ
Ia = (2.8)
j Xd′ + XE

Assume XA + XE = XT ′ in Equation (2.8), then the power generated from sending end is
expressed as below, l2 ∗ is the conjugate form of I2
E ′ EB sin δ E ′ (E ′ − EB cos δ )
Ss = E ′ Ia∗ = +j (2.9)
XT XT
Since every form of resistance is ignored, we have:
12
E ′ EB sin δ
Te = (2.10)
XT
Tg is the air gap torque of the generator from Equation (2.10). In order to perform small
change of the system. The change of air gap torque is noted as ∆Tω, the initial state of rotor
angle is δ0 . The relation is represented as follow:
∂ Te E ′ EB cos δ0
∆Tε = ∆δ = (∆δ ) (2.11)
∂δ XT
The change of rotor angle, represented by ∆δ , is analyzed using the motion equation to lin-
earize the system around the initial point.
d∆ωr 1
= (T m − Te − Kd∆ωr ) (2.12)
dt 2H
E ′ EB cos δ0
In Equation (2.12), Ks = (2.13)
XT
because of previous derivation. The angle’s position has the relation as below:
dδ
= ω0 ∆ωR (2.14)
dt
Express the Equation (2.13) and (2.14) in matrix form,
" # " #" # " #

∆ω̇ −kD −ks 1
2H 2H
∆ωr 2H
= + ∆T m (2.15)
∆δ̇ ω0 0 ∆δ 0
13
2.4 Case Study of Small Signal Stability Problem in Power System
According to Equation (2.15), which can be expressed as x = Ax + bu, the state of the system
is represented by x and the input is represented by u. In this matrix, the damping ratio relates
to the speed deviation, and the synchronism corresponds to the rotor angle deviation. When
evaluating small signal stability problems in a power system, the damping ratio and synchro-
nism are crucial indices to consider. This model supports the study of how to use the damping
ratio and synchronism indices shown in Equation (2.15) to evaluate the stability of the power
system.
2.4 Case Study of Small Signal Stability Problem in Power System

In the below figure, we have designed a simple three phase power system in Matlab. For small
signal stability purpose, we have designed a three-phase fault in the transmission system.
The fault is designed by a three-phase fault module. The fault time is very small which is
the difference between fault occurring and fault clearing time. In the below graph, we have
plotted generator rotor angle vs time. The plot is more than enough to visualize what is small
signal stability. From the plot, we could see that the rotor angle is becoming stable within a
few cycles. From the above result, we can conclude that small signal stability analysis is a
valuable tool for evaluating the dynamic behavior of a power system following a disturbance.
The rotor angle vs time plot is one way to visualize the system’s response to a three-phase
Figure 2.3: Schematic Diagram of a simple three phase system
14
2.5 PWM Converter Control Conditions
Figure 2.4: Rotor angle vs time plot
fault. The plot helps to identify the system’s ability to return to a stable state after the fault
occurs, and the speed at which it does so. The analysis provides insight into the system’s
behavior under normal operating conditions as well as during a fault, and can be used to
inform design and planning decisions to improve the overall stability of the system. Overall,
the small signal stability analysis with rotor angle vs time plot is a useful tool for ensuring the
reliability and stability of a power system.

2.5.1 Vac-Phi Control Conditions
Vac-Phi control is a control method used in Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) converters to
regulate the output voltage and/or current of the converter. The basic idea of this control
method is to maintain a constant phase difference (phi) between the reference input and the
output of the converter.A flowchart of Vac-phi is given in figure 2.5 . The following are some
of the conditions that need to be satisfied for a successful implementation of Vac-Phi control
in a PWM converter:
15
start
yes Vout No
in
range
No
action Adjustm
Input Vac and phi
ent of D
Calculate Vref
Check phase
yes No angle
Vref>
Vmeasur
No
Duty cycle Duty cycle Yes
In
increase Decrease range
Adjustment
No action of Vref
Measure Vout
Yes
No Problem
No
stop
Figure 2.5: Flowchart of Vac-phi control condition
16
• Input voltage: The input voltage should be within the rated voltage range of the con-
verter.
• Load conditions: The load conditions should be stable and the load should not change
rapidly.
• Loop stability: The control loop should be stable and free from oscillations.
• Control algorithm: The control algorithm should be properly designed and implemented
to ensure accurate control of the output voltage and current.
• Components: All components used in the control circuit should be of good quality and
properly selected to ensure reliability and performance.
• Commissioning and tuning: The converter should be properly commissioned and tuned
to ensure optimal performance.
These are some of the key conditions that need to be satisfied for a successful implementation
of Vac-Phi control in a PWM converter. Adhering to these conditions will ensure that the con-
verter operates effectively and efficiently, delivering the required output voltage and current
to the load.
2.5.2 Vac-P Control Conditions
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) converters employ the Vac-P control mechanism to manage
the converter’s output voltage. The major goal of this control strategy is to keep the average
voltage (Vac) at the converter’s output constant.A flowchart of Vac-P is given in figure 2.6.
Some requirements that must be met in order to successfully apply Vac-P control in a PWM
converter are the ones listed below:
• Input voltage: The converter’s rated voltage range should be met by the input voltage.
• Voltage and current at the output: The output voltage and current must not exceed the
converter’s rated limitations.
17
start
yes No
Pout
in
range
No
action Adjustm
Vin, Pout
ent of D
Calculate Vref
Check Vin
yes No
Vref>
Vmeasur
No
Duty cycle Duty cycle Yes
In
increase Decrease range
Adjustment
No action of Vref
Measure Pout
Yes
No Problem
No
stop
Figure 2.6: Flowchart of Vac-P control condition
18
• Circumstances of the load: The load should not fluctuate significantly and the conditions
should be steady.
• Feedback signal: To regulate the output voltage and current, a trustworthy feedback
signal is required.
• Loop stability: A stable, oscillation-free control loop is ideal.
• Control algorithm: To ensure precise control of the output voltage, the control algorithm
should be well-designed and put into practice.
• Components: To guarantee dependability and performance, all components used in the

control circuit should be of high quality and carefully chosen.
• Commissioning and tuning: To achieve optimum performance, the converter should be

properly commissioned and adjusted.
These are some of the essential requirements that must be met for Vac-P control to be suc-
cessfully implemented in a PWM converter. Following these guidelines will make sure that
the converter performs successfully and efficiently and provides the load with the necessary
output voltage.
2.5.3 P-Q Control Conditions
P-Q control is a control technique applied to Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) converters to
adjust the converter’s output power. The major goal of this control strategy is to maintain
constant reactive power (Q) and output power (P) at the converter’s output.
• For P-Q control to be successfully implemented in a PWM converter, the following

prerequisites must be met:
• Input voltage: The input voltage needs to fall within the converter’s permitted operating
voltage range.
19
• Output voltage and current: The converter’s rated limitations should be respected for
the output voltage and current.
• Conditions of the load: The load conditions should be constant and not fluctuate quickly.
• Signal of feedback: To regulate the output voltage and current, a dependable feedback
signal is required.
• Stability of the control loop: A stable, oscillation-free control loop is ideal.
• Algorithm for controlling power: To ensure precise control of the output power and
reactive power, the algorithm for controlling power must be correctly devised and put
into practice.
• Components: To ensure performance and dependability, every component used in the

control circuit has to be high-quality and carefully chosen.
• Commissioning and tuning: For the converter to work at its best, thorough commission-
ing and tuning are essential.
These are some of the essential prerequisites for a P-Q control implementation in a PWM
converter to be successful. The converter will supply the necessary output power and reactive
power to the load if these requirements are met, resulting in effective and efficient operation.A
flowchart of P-Q is given in figure 2.7.
20
start
Input Vin, Iin , Vout , Iout
Calculate Pref,Qref
Check output
yes No power factor
Reference
value>meas
urement
No
value Yes
In
range
Duty cycle Adjustment of

Duty cycle
Decrease No action Pref, Qref
increase
Measure of
Yes
output power
factor No Problem
No
stop
Figure 2.7: Flowchart of P-Q control condition
21
2.6 Chapter Summary
2.6 Chapter Summary

In shortly, we can summarize the chapter by the following points:
• The thesis chapter provides an in-depth examination of power system stability, with a
focus on small signal stability
• The concept of small signal stability and its impact on power systems is clearly outlined
and illustrated with a case study
• The chapter discusses the role of PWM converter control in maintaining power system
stability
• The information in the chapter is valuable for researchers and professionals in the field
of power systems
• The chapter serves as a solid foundation for further study and has practical implications
for engineers and technicians in the industry
• The chapter synthesizes a range of concepts and information related to power system
stability, shedding light on the complexities involved in maintaining stability and reli-
able power supply
• The chapter provides a comprehensive overview of power system stability and the small
signal stability problem, with a focus on practical applications and implications for
power systems.
22
CHAPTER 3
PROPOSED SCHEME/METHOD/OWN WORK
3.1 Introduction
In this work, modified IEEE standard 9-bus feeder system is used for small signal stability
analysis. IEEE standard 9-bus feeder circuit model is very small and it is very easy to cal-
culate the desired output. The very well-known and popular Western System Coordinated
Council (WSCC) 3- machine, 9-bus system is considered in this document for illustrative pur-
poses. The WSCC 9-bus test system is also known as P.M Anderson 9-bus, this is because
the system took popularity from the analysis presented in the famous P.M. Anderson book ti-
tled “Power System Control and Stability” [25]. In chapter 3, model-based analysis is mainly
presented. Model-based analysis for power system is based upon the mathematical model of
power system, it analyzes power system’s behavior through calculating the eigenvalues of the
system’s model.
3.2 Small Signal Stability Analysis

Model-based analysis is commonly used in small signal stability studies in the power system
engineering field. In this context, the goal is to understand the dynamic behavior of the power
system under small disturbances and to identify any potential stability issues that might arise.
Small signal stability analysis typically involves building a mathematical model of the power
system, including models of the generators, loads, and transmission lines. The model is then
used to perform simulations of the power system’s response to small disturbances, such as
changes in load or generator output. The results of these simulations can provide important
information about the stability of the power system, including the magnitude and frequency
of the oscillations and the stability margins. This information can then be used to identify
potential stability problems and to make design or operational changes to improve the stability
of the system. In some cases, small signal stability analysis is performed using time-domain
23
simulations, where the model is solved numerically over time to obtain the system’s response
to a disturbance. In other cases, frequency-domain analysis is performed, where the response
of the system to a disturbance is analyzed in the frequency domain using techniques such as
transfer functions or Nyquist plots. Overall, model-based analysis is a valuable tool for power
system engineers to ensure the stability and reliability of the electrical grid.
3.2.1 Eigenvalue Analysis
The overall form of the power system mathematical model is linearized for small-signal sta-
bility analysis. Consequently, the model’s linear form is as follows:
∆ẋ = A∆x + B∆v (3.1)
where A is the system matrix relating to device constants, B is the input matrix corresponding
to node voltages, and ∆x is the power system’s state vector. The network’s power flow is
described using algebraic equations.
∆i = yN ∆v (3.2)
where ∆i represents a vector of current injections and YN network admittance matrix. The
following are the devices’ current injections:
∆i = CD ∆x + DD ∆v (3.3)
where the matrices C˙D and D˙D represent the various devices. Algebraic equations can be
made simpler as a result:
24
YN ∆v = CD ∆x + DD ∆v (3.4)
Following is the solution to the voltage vector problem:
∆v = (YN − DD )−1 CD ∆x (3.5)
As a result, the system of differential equations and algebraic equations is reduced to just
differential equations:
∆ẋ = A∆x + B (YN − DD )−1 CD ∆x (3.6)
Asys = A+B (YN − DD )−1 CD is the new system matrix with the simplified algebraic equation.
Finding the eigenvalues of Asys enables analysis of the small-signal stability. Additionally,
the formula shown below may be used to calculate the damping ratio i of each unique eigen-
value:
σi
ζi = q (3.7)
σi2 + w2i
where the ith eigenvalue is expected to have the form λ j = σ j + jω j . Following that, the
stability of the investigated techniques is compared using the eigenvalues of the system ma-
trix that were determined by earlier calculations. Without explicitly addressing differential
equations, the Lyapunov indirect technique enables system may stabilize following a distur-
bance. Additionally, the damping ratio of eigenvalues makes a prediction about whether the
oscillations generated by the eigenvalue only last a brief period of time following disturbance.
The oscillations produced by the complex component of the eigenvalue are fundamentally
25
related to the exponential decline of the amplitude. Aside from that, the authors estimated
the participation factors for each mode as part of the modal analysis. Both Sauer’s book [26]
and Kundur’s book [21] provide a more complete justification. This is how the participation
matrix is determined:

ωk,i vk,i
Pk,i = n (3.8)
Σk=1 ωk,i ∥vk,i
where wki and vk ji are components of left and right eigenvectors corresponding to i th eigen-
value. Inherently the sum of all participation factors for individual modes is equal to unity
[29]. where the left and right eigenvector components of the i-th eigenvalue are denoted by
Wki and Vkj , respectively. The total participation factors for each mode add up to unity by
definition [27].
3.2.1.1 QR/QZ Method
The QR/QZ method is a numerical algorithm used to solve the eigenvalue problem and is an
important component of the selective modal analysis performed in DigSilent PowerFactory.
The QR/QZ algorithm is used to extract the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the system’s
dynamic model, which represent the natural frequencies and modes of vibration of the system,
respectively. Here is a general outline of the QR/QZ algorithm as implemented in DigSilent
PowerFactory:
• Model creation: A detailed dynamic model of the power system, including generators,
transformers, and transmission lines, is created in Digsilent PowerFactory.
• Matrix formation: The system’s dynamic equations are written in matrix form and as-
sembled into a state-space matrix representation of the system.
• QR/QZ decomposition: The state-space matrix is decomposed using the QR/QZ algo-
rithm to extract the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the system.
26
• Eigenvalue sorting: The eigenvalues are sorted based on their damping ratios and fre-
quencies, and the most relevant modes for stability analysis are selected for further
analysis.
• Modal superposition: The selected modes are superposed to form a modal representa-
tion of the system’s response to a disturbance.
• Time-domain simulation: The system’s response to a disturbance is simulated in the

time domain using the modal representation, and the results are analyzed to determine
the stability of the system.
In conclusion, the QR/QZ method is an important part of the selective modal analysis per-
formed in DigSilent PowerFactory, and its implementation provides a reliable and efficient
way to extract the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the system’s dynamic model. These eigen-
values and eigenvectors provide valuable information about the system’s stability and allow
power system engineers to make informed decisions about the design and operation of the
electrical grid.
3.2.2 Selective Modal Analysis (Arnoldi /Lacnzos)
Selective modal analysis is a method used in power system analysis to study the dynamic
behavior of the system. In DigSilent PowerFactory, selective modal analysis is performed
using a specific algorithm that involves the following steps:
• Model creation: A detailed dynamic model of the power system, including generators,
transformers, and transmission lines, is created in DigSilent PowerFactory.
• Modal extraction: The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the system are calculated us-
ing numerical methods such as the QR/QZ algorithm. The eigenvectors represent the
modes of vibration of the system and the eigenvalues represent the natural frequencies
associated with each mode.
27
3.3 Performance Analysis Methods
• Mode selection: The modes with the highest damping ratios and frequencies that are
relevant to the stability of the system are selected for further analysis.
• Modal superposition: The selected modes are superposed to form a modal representa-
tion of the system’s response to a disturbance.
• Time-domain simulation: The system’s response to a disturbance is simulated in the

time domain using the modal representation. The simulation results can be used to ana-
lyze the stability of the system, including the magnitude and frequency of oscillations,
the stability margins, and the response time.
• Results analysis: The results of the selective modal analysis are analyzed and interpreted
to determine the stability of the system and identify any potential stability issues.
In conclusion, selective modal analysis is a useful tool for power system engineers to study the
dynamic behavior of the system and ensure its stability. The algorithm implemented in DigSi-
lent PowerFactory provides a comprehensive and efficient way to perform selective modal
analysis and provides valuable insights into the stability of the power system.
3.3 Performance Analysis Methods

DigSILENT PowerFactory is used in this research for drawing and simulating of power sys-
tem. The following operations have been conducted on the simulation diagrams of the PV
integrated systems:
1. Modal analysis
2. Short circuit analysis
3. EMT/RMS simulation
The methodology is summarized as followed.
28
3.4 Methodology
3.4 Methodology
3.4.1 Modal Analysis
Modal Analysis is a technique used in electrical power systems to determine the dynamic
behavior of the system under normal and abnormal conditions. In DigSILENT PowerFac-
tory, Modal Analysis can be performed to identify the natural frequencies, damping ratios,
and mode shapes of the system. The results of Modal Analysis can be used to evaluate the
system stability, assess the impact of adding or removing components, and determine the sys-
tem response to different disturbances. In a typical modal analysis, the following steps are
followed:
1. Model preparation: Prepare a detailed model of the system, including the components
and their parameters. The model should be based on the actual system configuration
and should accurately reflect the system behavior.
2. Model validation: Validate the model by comparing the results of steady-state analysis
with actual system data. This step is important to ensure that the model is accurate and
can be used for dynamic analysis.
3. Eigenvalue calculation: Run an eigenvalue calculation to determine the natural fre-

quencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes of the system. The results of the eigenvalue
calculation will be used for modal analysis.
4. Mode shape visualization: Visualize the mode shapes of the system to identify the
dominant modes and the mode participation of each component. This information can
be used to determine the impact of individual components on the system stability.
5. Mode shape analysis: Analyze the mode shapes of the system to evaluate the stability
and response of the system to different disturbances. The results of mode shape analysis
can be used to assess the system’s stability and to determine the system’s response to
different disturbances.
29
3.4 Methodology
6. Report generation: Generate a report summarizing the results of the modal analysis,
including the natural frequencies, damping ratios, mode shapes, and mode shape partic-
ipation of each component.
7. Model updating: Based on the results of the modal analysis, update the model to reflect
any changes in the system components or parameters. Repeat the modal analysis until
the desired level of accuracy is achieved.
These steps provide a general outline of the process of modal analysis in DigSILENT Power-
Factory. Depending on the specific requirements of the analysis, additional steps or modifica-
tions to these steps may be necessary.
3.4.2 Short Circuit Analysis
Short Circuit Analysis is a type of analysis performed in electrical power systems to evaluate
the behavior of the system during a short circuit event. In DigSILENT PowerFactory, Short
Circuit Analysis can be performed to determine the fault current magnitude and duration, the
fault location, and the system response during a short circuit. The results of Short Circuit
Analysis can be used to assess the adequacy of protection devices, evaluate the fault-clearing
time, and determine the impact of short circuit events on the system components. The fol-
lowing steps are followed by DigSILENT PowerFactory software to analyses short circuit
analysis.
1. Model preparation: Prepare a detailed model of the system, including the components
and their parameters. The model should be based on the actual system configuration
and should accurately reflect the system behavior.
2. Model validation: Validate the model by comparing the results of steady-state analysis
with actual system data. This step is important to ensure that the model is accurate and
can be used for short circuit analysis.
30
3.4 Methodology
3. Fault definition: Define the fault location, type, and impedance. This information will
be used to determine the fault current magnitude and duration.
4. Time step definition: Define the time step for the simulation. The time step should be
small enough to accurately capture the transient behavior of the system, but not so small
as to significantly increase the computation time.
5. Simulation run: Run the simulation to determine the fault current magnitude and dura-
tion, the fault location, and the system response during a short circuit.
6. Result visualization: Visualize the results of the simulation to determine the fault cur-
rent magnitude and duration, the fault location, and the system response. The results
can be visualized using plots, animations, or other graphical representations.
7. Report generation: Generate a report summarizing the results of the short circuit analy-
sis, including the fault current magnitude and duration, the fault location, and the system
response.
8. Model updating: Based on the results of the short circuit analysis, update the model to
reflect any changes in the system components or parameters. Repeat the short circuit
analysis until the desired level of accuracy is achieved.
These actions give a broad overview of the short circuit analysis procedure in DigSILENT
PowerFactory. Additional stages or changes to these procedures may be required, depending
on the analysis’s particular needs.
3.4.3 EMT/RMS Simulation Analysis
EMT (Electromagnetic Transients) and RMS (Root Mean Square) simulations are two types
of simulations that can be performed using the Digsilent PowerFactory software. EMT
simulations analyze the behavior of electrical power systems during short-duration, high-
magnitude electrical transients such as lightning strikes or switching operations. These sim-
31
3.4 Methodology
ulations are performed in the time domain and can provide information about voltage and
current waveforms, as well as other parameters, during a transient event. RMS simulations,
on the other hand, analyze the steady-state behavior of a power system by calculating root
mean square values for voltage and current, as well as other parameters. RMS simulations
are performed in the frequency domain and can provide information about the stability and
behavior of a power system under normal operating conditions. Both EMT and RMS simula-
tions are important tools for power system engineers and can help ensure the reliable operation
of electrical power systems. Digsilent PowerFactory provides a user-friendly interface and a
wide range of features for performing these simulations, including detailed model libraries,
powerful visualization tools, and advanced analysis capabilities. The following steps are fol-
lowed by DigSILENT PowerFactory software to analyses short circuit analysis.
1. Create a Project: Start by creating a new project in Digsilent PowerFactory and defining
the power system to be simulated.
2. Create a Model: Create a detailed model of the power system, including all relevant
components such as generators, transformers, transmission lines, and loads.
3. Define Input Data: Specify the input data for the simulation, such as the types of tran-
sients to be analyzed or the operating conditions for the RMS simulation.
4. Set up Simulation Settings: Configure the simulation settings, such as the time step size,
the simulation time horizon, and the simulation options.
5. Run the simulation: Run the Simulation: Start the simulation and let it run until com-
pletion.
6. Analyze Results: Analyze the results of the simulation, including voltage and current
waveforms, system stability, and other parameters.
32
3.5 Chapter Summary
7. Visualize Results: Use Digsilent PowerFactory’s powerful visualization tools to view

the results of the simulation and gain deeper insights into the behavior of the power
system.
8. Refine Model: If necessary, refine the model and repeat the simulation process until the
results are satisfactory.
3.5 Chapter Summary

This chapter discusses different methods for analyzing the performance of complex systems,
including eigenvalue analysis, QR/QZ method, selective method analysis, and underperfor-
mance analysis methods such as the theory of modal analysis, algorithm short circuit anal-
ysis, and algorithm EMT/RMS simulation. Eigenvalue analysis is a popular technique used
in structural engineering, control systems, and other fields to study the behavior of systems.
It involves calculating the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix representing the system,
which provide insights into the system’s stability, frequency response, and other important
properties. The QR/QZ method is a numerical algorithm used for solving eigenvalue prob-
lems. It involves decomposing the matrix into an orthogonal matrix and a triangular matrix,
which simplifies the problem of finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Selective method
analysis is another approach for solving large-scale eigenvalue problems. It involves selecting
a small subset of the matrix to solve for, and then using the results to infer properties of the
larger matrix. The theory of modal analysis is a technique for analyzing the dynamic behavior
of structures, including vibrations and other modes of deformation. It involves constructing
a mathematical model of the system based on its physical properties, and then solving for
the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the resulting matrix. Algorithm short circuit analysis is a
method for identifying and diagnosing faults in electrical circuits. It involves simulating the
circuit under different conditions to identify the location and nature of the fault. Algorithm
EMT/RMS simulation is another approach to analyzing electrical systems, particularly power
systems. It involves simulating the system under various conditions to predict its behavior
33
3.5 Chapter Summary
and identify potential problems. Overall, these methods provide powerful tools for analyzing
complex systems, and can help engineers and researchers better understand and optimize their
performance.
34
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Introduction
Eigenvalues and participation factors are important concepts in the field of structural analysis
and vibration engineering. The eigenvalue represents the natural frequency of a system and is
used to determine the stability and dynamic behavior of structures. The participation factor, on
the other hand, provides information about the contribution of each mode of vibration to the
overall response of the system. These concepts are often used in conjunction with EMT/RMS
simulations, which are computer-based models that simulate the behavior of complex sys-
tems under various loading conditions. The results of these simulations can be analyzed to
determine the eigenvalues and participation factors, as well as the dynamic response of the
system under different conditions. This information is valuable in the design and optimiza-
tion of structures and machines, ensuring their reliability and safety. In this research, we have
obtained the result based on three control conditions.
4.2 Power System Design

In this thesis, we have constructed the standard modified IEEE 9 bus system. The IEEE 9-
bus system is a well-known standard test system used in power system analysis and research.
It is a simplified representation of a power system that consists of 9 buses, 7 generators, 5
transmission lines, and 3 transformers. The following is some general information about the
IEEE 9-bus system:
1. Buses: The 9 buses are numbered from 1 to 9, with bus 1 being the reference bus. Buses
1, 2, and 3 are considered as load buses and the remaining buses are generator buses.
2. Generators: The 7 generators are connected to buses 4, 6, 8, and 9, and they are repre-
sented by their equivalent admittance matrices.
35
Figure 4.1: Modified IEEE 9 Bus System
3. Transmission Lines: The 5 transmission lines connect the buses, and their parameters
such as resistance, reactance, and series capacitance are specified.
4. Transformers: The 3 transformers are used to change the voltage level, and their param-
eters such as turns ratio and leakage impedance are also specified.
5. Loads: The loads at the 3 load buses (buses 1, 2, and 3) are specified in terms of active
and reactive power demand.
The IEEE 9-bus system is commonly used in education and research to demonstrate various
power system analysis techniques, such as load flow analysis, voltage stability analysis, and
power system control. The circuit diagram are given in the figure 4.1. The exact system data
are given in the below: The series impedance (Z) and admittances (Y) presented in the above
single line diagram are expressed in per unit. The following table shows the branch data in per
unit on the bases of Sbase = 100 MVA and Vbase = 230 kV in the transmission system[25].
36
Table 4.1: Impedance (Z=R+jX) and Admittance (Y = B/2) data for the transmission lines (per unit
values) and two winding transformers of the P.M. Anderson 9-Bus Test system. Branch
data
Branch resistance Branch reactance

From Bus To bus Line charging B (pu)
R (pu) X (pu)
1 4 0 0.05760 0
2 7 0 0.06250 0
3 9 0 0.05860 0
4 5 0.01000 0.08500 0.17600
5 6 0.01700 0.09200 0.15800
6 7 0.03200 0.16100 0.30600
7 9 0.03900 0.17000 0.14900
8 8 0.00850 0.07200 0.20900
9 9 0.01190 0.10080 0.20900
Table 4.2: Generation and Demand data of the P.M. Anderson 9-Bus Test system
Reactive Nominal
Active Power Power
Power Apparent
Generator Generation Factor
Generation Power
(MW) PF =cos
[Mvar] (MVA)
Gen1 71.6 27 247.5 0.85
Gen2 163.0 6.7 192.0 0.85
Gen3 128.0 -10.9 128.0 0.85
Table 4.3: Impedance (Z=R+jX) and Admittance (YB/2) data for the transmission lines (real values)
of the P.M. Anderson 9-Bus
Branch reactance X Line charging

From Bus To Bus Branch resistance R () Ybase
() B
4 5 5.2900 44.9650 1890.3592 332.7032
4 6 8.9930 48.6680 1890.3592 298.6767
5 7 16.9280 85.1690 1890.3592 578.4499
6 9 20.6310 89.9300 1890.3592 676.7486
7 8 4.4965 38.0880 1890.3592 281.6635
8 9 6.2951 53.3232 1890.3592 395.0851
37
Table 4.4: Generator parameters of the P.M. Anderson 9 BusTest system
Reactive Nominal
Active Power Power
Power Apparent
Generator Generation Factor
Generation Power
(MW) PF =cos
[Mvar] (MVA)
Gen1 71.6 27 247.5 0.85
Gen2 163.0 6.7 192.0 0.85
Gen3 128.0 -10.9 128.0 0.85
Table 4.5: Two Winding Power Transformer parameters
Rated Power Short Circuit

Transformer
(MVA) Voltage uk(%)
T1 250 14.4000
T2 200 12.5000
T3 150 8.79000
38
4.3 Modal Analysis Result with Vac-Phi control conditions
4.3 Modal Analysis Result with Vac-Phi control conditions

In the below table, we have the table of eigenvalues and damping ratio. In the figure, we have
the participation factor matrix.
Table 4.6: Eigenvalues with normal Vac-Phi control
Mode Real part 1/s Imaginary part rad/s Damping Ratio

1 0 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 -0.6149 9.607757 0.06387
4 -0.6149 -9.60776 0.06387
5 -0.51603 6.194726 0.083014
6 -0.51603 -6.19473 0.083014
7 -14.4827 0.500703 0.999403
8 -14.4827 -0.5007 0.999403
9 -15.7949 0.181997 0.999934
10 -15.7949 -0.182 0.999934
11 -15.5665 0 1
12 -15.2784 0 1
13 -0.58536 0 1
14 -0.54894 0 1
15 -0.447 0 1
16 -0.36841 0 1
17 0.063915 0 -1
18 -0.00842 0 1
19 -0.11805 0 1
39
4.4 Modal Analysis Result with Vac-P control conditions
Figure 4.2: Matrix of participants factors for the system with Vac-phi control conditions

40
Table 4.7: Eigenvalues with normal Vac-P control
Mode Real Part 1/s Imaginary part rad/s Damping Ratio

1 0 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 -0.61518 9.589741 0.064018
4 -0.61518 -9.58974 0.064018
5 -0.51456 6.264106 0.081868
6 -0.51456 -6.26411 0.081868
7 -14.4852 0.515128 0.999368
8 -14.4852 -0.51513 0.999368
9 -15.796 0.175598 0.999938
10 -15.796 -0.1756 0.999938
11 -15.2767 0 1
12 -15.5697 0 1
13 -0.60331 0 1
14 -0.54891 0 1
15 -0.4709 0 1
16 -0.36776 0 1
17 0.04924 0 -1
18 -0.03027 0 1
19 -0.11921 0 1
Figure 4.3: Matrix of participants factors for the system with Vac-P control conditions
41
4.5 Modal Analysis Result with P-Q control conditions
4.5 Modal Analysis Result with P-Q control conditions

Table 4.8: Eigenvalue with P-Q Control
Mode Real part 1/s Imaginary part rad/s Damping Ratio

1 0 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 -14.7923 0.668262 0.998981
4 -14.7923 -0.66826 0.998981
5 -15.929 0.259808 0.999867
6 -15.929 -0.25981 0.999867
7 -15.61 0.403707 0.999666
8 -15.61 -0.40371 0.999666
9 -0.43144 5.832487 0.07377
10 -0.43144 -5.83249 0.07377
11 -0.36633 5.418155 0.067458
12 -0.36633 -5.41816 0.067458
13 0.003098 0 -1
14 -0.04996 0 1
15 -0.17956 0 1
16 -0.61723 0 1
17 -0.44402 0 1
18 -0.49624 0 1
19 -0.54716 0 1
42
4.6 Eigenvalues plot
Figure 4.4: Matrix of participants factors for the system with P-Q control conditions

In the below eigenvalues plot, we have shown that different eigenvalue plot based on different
combination.
43
Figure 4.5: Eigen values of three control conditions (Vac-phi, Vac-P, P-Q)
Figure 4.6: Eigen values of two control conditions (Vac-phi, Vac-P)
44
Figure 4.7: Eigen values of two control conditions (Vac-phi, P-Q)
Figure 4.8: Eigen values of two control conditions (Vac-P, P-Q)
45
4.7 Short Circuit Result Analysis
4.7 Short Circuit Result Analysis

The most severe disturbance that occurs in power system is a three-phase fault. Therefore, we
ran a simulation with the following scenario. The three-phase fault occurred on line 8-9. After
the fault was cleared, the fault line was disconnected. Clearing time tc = 0.1s. The simulation
result for rotor angle of third machine with respect to first machine is given in the below:
Figure 4.9: Rotor angle of third machine reference to first machine with Vac-Phi control
Figure 4.10: Rotor angle of third machine reference to first machine with Vac-P control
46
4.8 Performance Analysis
Figure 4.11: Rotor angle of third machine reference to first machine with P-Q control

The eigenvalues in the table represent the dynamic behavior of the system, and the damping
ratio indicates the stability of the system. In the virtual inertia concept, virtual inertia is
added to the system to improve its stability. For the Vac-phi control condition, modes 3, 4,
5, and 6 have damping ratios between 0.06 and 0.08, which are relatively low. This suggests
that these modes have low stability and may result in significant oscillations in the system.
However, modes 7, 8, 9, and 10 have high damping ratios close to 1, which indicates that these
modes are highly damped and contribute to the stability of the system. For the Vac-P control
condition, modes 3, 4, 5, and 6 have damping ratios between 0.06 and 0.08, which again
suggests that these modes have low stability and may result in significant oscillations in the
system. However, modes 7, 8, 9, and 10 have high damping ratios close to 1, which indicates
that these modes are highly damped and contribute to the stability of the system. For the P-Q
control condition, modes 9, 10, 11, and 12 have low damping ratios between 0.07 and 0.07,
which suggests that these modes have low stability and may result in significant oscillations
47
in the system. However, modes 7 and 8 have high damping ratios close to 1, which indicates
that these modes are highly damped and contribute to the stability of the system. Overall, it is
important to note that the damping ratio should not be the only criterion for stability analysis.
The real part of the eigenvalue is also important and it indicates the frequency of oscillation of
the system. If the real part is negative, the system is stable, and if the real part is positive, the
system is unstable. For the P-Q control condition of the PWM converter, the eigenvalues can
be used to analyze the stability and dynamic performance of the system. Out of the 19 modes,
2 modes have eigenvalues with zero real parts and zero imaginary parts, which indicate that
these modes are stationary and do not contribute to the dynamic behavior of the system. The
remaining modes have non-zero real parts, which suggest that these modes have a damping
effect on the system. The damping ratio of these modes ranges from 0.067 to 0.998, which
indicates that the majority of the modes have a moderate to high damping effect. Modes 3,
4, 5, and 6 have a damping ratio of approximately 0.999, which is close to 1, meaning that
these modes have a highly damped response. This results in a fast decay of the oscillations
in these modes, and the system is less likely to exhibit overshoot or ringing. Modes 9, 10,
11, and 12 have a damping ratio of around 0.07, which indicates a moderate damping effect.
The system is likely to exhibit some overshoot or ringing in these modes. Finally, modes 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 have a damping ratio of either 1 or -1. This suggests that these
modes are critically damped, and the system will have a fast decay of the oscillations with no
overshoot or ringing. In conclusion, the virtual inertia concept for the P-Q control condition of
the PWM converter results in a system with good stability and dynamic performance. Most of
the modes have a high to moderate damping effect, which results in fast decay of oscillations
and prevents the system from exhibiting overshoot or ringing.
From the figure 6-9, we have plotted the eigenvalues with different combinations. From these
figures, we can visualize the left shifting of real part of eigenvalues from Vac-phi to Vac-P
control and Vac-P to P-Q control. We have also seen the imaginary part comes nearer to real
axis.
48
4.9 Chapter Summary
From figures 10-12, we have seen that the matrices of participation factors of three different
control conditions are different. That’s mean in every mode there is different dominant vari-
able in every control conditions. From figures 1-2, we have seen the rotor angle stability with
different three control conditions. We cannot predict any major difference in the above three
figures.
4.9 Chapter Summary

As a chapter summary, we can tell briefly by the following points:
1. The paper analyzes the stability of the IEEE-9 BUS system with three different control
conditions of the PWM converter.
2. The results show a partial shift of the eigenvalues to the left from Vac-Phi control to
Vac-P control, but a great shift is observed to the left when using P-Q control.
3. The P-Q control condition results in greater damping of the eigenvalues, leading to a
faster return to steady state after a disturbance.
4. The eigenvalues for different control conditions are plotted and show the shift of the
real part of the eigenvalues towards the left and the imaginary part towards the real axis.
5. The matrices of participation factors for each control condition are different, indicating
that different variables are dominant in different modes.
6. The research outcomes suggest that the P-Q control condition is the best control strategy
for ensuring stability in the IEEE-9 BUS system.
49
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS
5.1 Conclusions
We have used there modified IEEE 9 bus system. We have used DigSILENT PowerFactory to
implement and simulate the circuit which was our second objective. We have used constant
voltage source module as PV source and integrated with PWM converter in the grid. This
was our second objective. We have done modal analysis with DigSILENT PowerFactory. By
doing modal analysis, we have gained eigenvalues and small signal stability related data. By
analyzing eigenvalues and damping ratio, we have evaluated the system stability. We have
also done EMT/RMS simulation by occurring three-phase fault on the line and analyzed the
system stability. In our PWM converter, we have applied three control techniques such as Vac-
phi, Vac-P, P-Q control technique. From which P-Q control technique is the best technique.
That’s how we have achieved our third and last objective. Our research contributes to the
development of renewable energy generation and promotes sustainability in the current energy
crisis era. We recommend further exploration of P-Q control strategies in grid-connected PV
systems to improve their stability and efficiency.
5.1.1 Research outcomes
The results show that the P−Q control condition works best in controlling the transient condi-
tion and has the maximum real part of the eigenvalue (max(Re(λ ))) and the highest damping
ratio. This means that when a fau7t occurs, the system can quickly return to a steady state
condition. In conclusion, the findings of the study suggest that P-Q control is the best control
strategy for increasing the system stability and mitigating potential system instability. This is
particularly important in the current energy crisis era where there is a need to rely less on fos-
sil fuels and move towards more renewable energy sources. The research work has significant
implications for the power industry and highlights the importance of careful system control
50
5.2 Future Works
strategies in ensuring a stable and reliable power grid.
5.1.2 Research significance
Small signal stability analysis is a crucial aspect of power system analysis and design, as it
determines the ability of the system to return to a steady state after a disturbance. The results
of this analysis have significant implications for the reliability and stability of the power grid.
The study of the small signal stability of the IEEE-9 BUS system based on three different
control conditions of the PWM converter (Vac-Phi, Vac-P, and P-Q control conditions) is im-
portant because it provides valuable insights into the impact of different control strategies on
the stability of the system. The results of the study highlight the importance of choosing the
right control strategy for ensuring the stability of the system. The findings suggest that the
P-Q control condition is the best control strategy for ensuring stability in the IEEE-9 BUS
system, as it results in a greater damping of the eigenvalues and a faster return to steady state
after a disturbance. This information can be used by power system engineers and operators to
make informed decisions about the control strategies to be used in real-world power systems.
In addition, the results of this study provide a foundation for further research on the optimiza-
tion of control strategies for ensuring stability in power systems. This is particularly important
in the current energy crisis era, where there is a need to move towards more renewable en-
ergy sources and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The research outcomes can be used to
improve the design and operation of power grids, leading to a more reliable and sustainable
energy future. In conclusion, the significance of this research lies in its contribution to the
advancement of knowledge in the field of power systems and its potential to inform the design
and operation of power grids, leading to a more reliable and sustainable energy future.
5.2 Future Works

In the context of renewable energy sources, the dynamic behavior of PV systems is an impor-
tant consideration in the stability analysis of the power grid. The stability of PV systems can
be affected by factors such as changes in solar irradiance, temperature, and voltage, which
51
5.2 Future Works
can lead to fluctuations in the power output of PV systems. This can have a significant impact
on the stability of the power grid, especially in situations where a large portion of the energy
generation is provided by PV systems. Therefore, future work could focus on the small signal
stability analysis of PV-based grids and the impact of dynamic behavior on the stability of the
system. This could involve modeling the dynamic behavior of PV systems and incorporating
it into the stability analysis of the power grid. The results of this analysis could provide valu-
able insights into the stability of PV-based grids and inform the design and operation of such
systems. In addition, future work could also focus on the optimization of control strategies
for ensuring stability in PV-based grids. This could involve the development of control strate-
gies that are specifically designed for PV-based grids and the analysis of their impact on the
stability of the system. In conclusion, future work in the area of small signal stability and the
dynamic behavior of PV-based grids has the potential to make significant contributions to the
field of power systems and to inform the design and operation of more sustainable and reliable
energy systems.
52
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
53
REFERENCES
[1] V. Venkatasubramanian, X. Liu, G. Liu, Q. Zhang, and M. Sherwood, “Overview of wide-area

stability monitoring algorithms in power systems using synchrophasors,” in Proceedings of the
2011 American Control Conference.
[2] B. Pal and B. Chaudhuri, Robust control in power systems. Springer Science & Business Media,
2006.
[3] S. Maity and R. Ramya, “A comprehensive review of damping of low frequency oscillations in
power systems,” Int. J. Innov. Technol. Explor. Eng, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 133–138, 2019.
[4] Y. Peng, H. Nouri, and Q. M. Zhu, “Robust power system stabilizers for multi-machine systems
with large wind parks,” in 2012 47th International Universities Power Engineering Conference
(UPEC). IEEE, 2012, pp. 1–6.
[5] T. Jyothsna and K. Vaisakh, “Improving multi-machine transient stability using a non-linear
power system stabilizer under different operating conditions,” in 15th National Power System
Conference, 2008, pp. 16–18.
[6] V. Vittal, J. D. McCalley, P. M. Anderson, and A. Fouad, Power system control and stability.
John Wiley & Sons, 2019.
[7] B. Mayer, M. Killian, and M. Kozek, “Hierarchical model predictive control for sustainable build-
ing automation,” Sustainability, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 264, 2017.
[8] X. Kong, X. Liu, and K. Y. Lee, “An effective nonlinear multivariable hmpc for usc power plant
incorporating nfn-based modeling,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 12, no. 2,
pp. 555–566, 2016.
[9] Y. Kwang et al., “Nonlinear multivariable hierarchical model predictive control for boiler-turbine
system,” Energy, 2015.
[10] K. Hu and J. Yuan, “Multi-model predictive control method for nuclear steam generator water
level,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1167–1174, 2008.
[11] D. Sambariya and R. Prasad, “Design of pss for smib system using robust fast output sampling
feedback technique,” in 2013 7th international conference on intelligent systems and control
(ISCO). IEEE, 2013, pp. 166–171.
[12] W. Liu, G. K. Venayagamoorthy, and D. C. Wunsch, “A heuristic-dynamic-programming-based

power system stabilizer for a turbogenerator in a single-machine power system,” IEEE transac-
tions on industry applications, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1377–1385, 2005.
54
REFERENCES
[13] M. Mahmud, “An alternative lqr-based excitation controller design for power systems to enhance
small-signal stability,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 63, pp.
1–7, 2014.
[14] M. Shafiullah, M. S. Alam, M. I. Hossain, and M. N. Hasan, “Transient performance improve-

ment of power system by optimal design of svc controller employing genetic algorithm,” in 8th
International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. IEEE, 2014, pp. 540–543.
[15] M. S. Alam, M. Shafiullah, M. I. Hossain, and M. N. Hasan, “Enhancement of power system

damping employing tcsc with genetic algorithm based controller design,” in 2015 International
Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Communication Technology (ICEEICT).
IEEE, 2015, pp. 1–5.
[16] E. Ali, “Optimization of power system stabilizers using bat search algorithm,” International Jour-
nal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 61, pp. 683–690, 2014.
[17] S. Abd-Elazim and E. Ali, “A hybrid particle swarm optimization and bacterial foraging for
optimal power system stabilizers design,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy
Systems, vol. 46, pp. 334–341, 2013.
[18] B. S. Theja, A. Rajasekhar, D. Kothari, and S. Das, “Design of pid controller based power system
stabilizer using modified philip-heffron’s model: An artificial bee colony approach,” in 2013
IEEE Symposium on Swarm Intelligence (SIS). IEEE, 2013, pp. 228–234.
[19] M. J. Rana, M. S. Shahriar, and M. Shafiullah, “Levenberg–marquardt neural network to estimate

upfc-coordinated pss parameters to enhance power system stability,” Neural Computing and Ap-
plications, vol. 31, pp. 1237–1248, 2019.
[20] M. S. Shahriar, M. Shafiullah, and M. J. Rana, “Stability enhancement of pss-upfc installed power
system by support vector regression,” Electrical Engineering, vol. 100, pp. 1601–1612, 2018.
[21] R. Shankar and P. Kundur, “Power system stability and control ii,” New York, McGraw-Hill Books
pp581, 1994.
[22] P. Kundur and L. Wang, “Small signal stability analysis: experiences, achievements, and chal-
lenges,” in Proceedings. International Conference on Power System Technology, vol. 1. IEEE,
2002, pp. 6–12.
[23] P. Kundur, J. Paserba, V. Ajjarapu, G. Andersson, A. Bose, C. Canizares, N. Hatziargyriou,

D. Hill, A. Stankovic, C. Taylor et al., “Definition and classification of power system stability
ieee/cigre joint task force on stability terms and definitions,” IEEE transactions on Power Sys-
tems, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1387–1401, 2004.
55
REFERENCES
[24] M. Pai, D. S. Gupta, and K. Padiyar, Small signal analysis of power systems. Alpha Science
Int’l Ltd., 2004.
[25] F. Gonzalez-Longatt, “Section 4. create a project and build a power system using digsilent pow-
erfactory.”
[26] P. Sauer and M. Pai, “Power system dynamics and stability, prentice-hall,” New Jersey, 1998.
[27] L. Vetoshkin and Z. Müller, “A comparative analysis of a power system stability with virtual
inertia,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 11, p. 3277, 2021.
56
APPENDIX A
MATLAB CODES
A.1 MATLAB Script

1 clc
2 clear all
3 close all
4 % real part of eigenvalue of Vac-Phi control
5 x1 = [0,0,-0.61490151,-0.61490151,-0.516032736,
6 -0.516032736,-14.48274673,-14.48274673,-15.79489102,
7 -15.79489102,-15.56654117,-15.27842391,-0.585360038,
8 -0.548938055,-0.446995017,-0.36840994,0.063914928,-0.008422925,-0.118053943]
9 % imaginary part of eigenvalue of Vac-Phi control
10 y1 = [0,0,9.607756781,-9.607756781,6.194725987,
11 -6.194725987,0.500702523,-0.500702523,
12 0.181996783,-0.181996783,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
13 % real part of eigenvalue of Vac-P control
14 x2 = [0,0,-0.61517919,-0.61517919,-0.514555204,
15 -0.514555204,-14.48518608,-14.48518608,-15.79595663,
16 -15.79595663,-15.27670831,-15.56969389,-0.60331305,
17 -0.548910452,-0.470897048,-0.367763039,0.049240352,-0.030270054,-0.119213702]
18 % imaginary part of eigenvalue of Vac-P control
19 y2 = [0,0,9.58974112,-9.58974112,6.264106289,-6.264106289,
20 0.515127813,-0.515127813,0.175598343,
21 -0.175598343,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
22 % real part of eigenvalue of P-Q control
23 x3 = [0,0,-14.7922872,-14.7922872,-15.92902737,-15.92902737,-15.61004201,
24 -15.61004201,-0.431437643,-0.431437643,-0.366331017,-0.366331017,
25 0.00309789,-0.049960045,-0.179557831,-0.617233662,-0.444022815,
26 -0.496237225,-0.547161753]
27 % imaginary part of eigenvalue of P-Q control
28 y3 = [0,0,0.668261746,-0.668261746,0.259807872,-0.259807872,
29 0.403707239,-0.403707239,5.83248658,
30 -5.83248658,5.418155047,-5.418155047,
31 0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
32 figure(1)
33 % visualizing eigenvalues of Vac-Phi control
34 plot(x1,y1,'*r')
35 xlabel('Real Part 1/s')
36 ylabel('Imaginary part rad/s')
37 hold on
38 % visualizing eigenvalues of Vac-P control
39 plot(x2,y2,'*g')
40 hold on
41 % visualizing eigenvalues of P-Q control
42 plot(x3,y3,'*b')
43 xlabel('Real Part 1/s')
44 ylabel('Imaginary part rad/s')
57
A.1 MATLAB Script
A.1.1 MATLAB Function: MyFunction (·)

1 function [eig_val, eig_vec] = power_method(A, max_iter, tol)
2 % A is the input matrix
3 % max_iter is the maximum number of iterations
4 % tol is the tolerance for convergence
5
6 % Set initial guess for eigenvector

7 n = size(A, 1);
8 eig_vec = ones(n, 1);
9 eig_vec = eig_vec / norm(eig_vec);
10
11 % Iterate until convergence or max_iter reached

12 for i = 1:max_iter
13 % Apply matrix to eigenvector
14 eig_vec = A * eig_vec;
15
16 % Normalize eigenvector
17 eig_vec = eig_vec / norm(eig_vec);
18
19 % Calculate new eigenvalue

20 eig_val = eig_vec' * A * eig_vec;
21
22 % Check for convergence

23 if abs(eig_vec' * A * eig_vec - eig_val) < tol
24 break;
25 end
26 end
58

Thesis Booklet Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thesis Booklet Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

COMPARISON OF POWER SYSTEM

STABILITY ANALYSIS USING VIRTUAL

MD IMRANUL HASAN EMON

B.SC. ENGINEERING THESIS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND

MD IMRANUL HASAN EMON (SN. 201916046)

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND

COMPARISON OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY ANALYSIS USING VIRTUAL

B.Sc. Engineering Thesis

MD Imranul Hasan Emon (SN. 201916046)

Approved as to style and content by the Examiners in February 2023 :

Hasan Monir Chairman

Captain M S A Al Farook Shiblee, (L), BN Member

Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering

COMPARISON OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY ANALYSIS USING VIRTUAL

MD Imranul Hasan Emon

Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering

Finally, we must express my profound gratitude to almighty Allah.

Comparison of Power System Stability Analysis using Virtual Inertia in

Figure 2.1: Classification of Power System Stability[23] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Figure 4.1: Modified IEEE 9 Bus System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF FIGURES viii

CHAPTER 2 RELATED WORKS 7

CHAPTER 3 PROPOSED SCHEME/METHOD/OWN WORK 23

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 35

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS 50

APPENDIX A MATLAB CODES 57

1.2 Literature Review

1.3 Research Motivation

1. Improving virtual inertia of power system

2. Enhancing the stability and reliability of power system

3. Reducing the cost of power system operation

4. Advancing the integration of renewable energy resources

5. Developing new control strategies for power system

1.4 Research Objectives

1. To develop the small signal model for the grid-connected PV system.

2. To build an adequate simulation model in Digsilent PowerFactory for analysis purpose

1.5 Organization of the Thesis

2.2 Overview of Power System Stability

2.3 Small Signal Stability Problem in Power System

Figure 2.1: Classification of Power System Stability[23]

Figure 2.2: Model Small Signal Stability Analysis [25]

Since every form of resistance is ignored, we have:

Express the Equation (2.13) and (2.14) in matrix form,

" # " #" # " #

2.4 Case Study of Small Signal Stability Problem in Power System

Figure 2.3: Schematic Diagram of a simple three phase system

Figure 2.4: Rotor angle vs time plot

2.5 PWM Converter Control Conditions

Figure 2.5: Flowchart of Vac-phi control condition

2.5.2 Vac-P Control Conditions

Figure 2.6: Flowchart of Vac-P control condition

• Loop stability: A stable, oscillation-free control loop is ideal.

• Components: To guarantee dependability and performance, all components used in the

• Commissioning and tuning: To achieve optimum performance, the converter should be

2.5.3 P-Q Control Conditions

• For P-Q control to be successfully implemented in a PWM converter, the following

• Stability of the control loop: A stable, oscillation-free control loop is ideal.

• Components: To ensure performance and dependability, every component used in the

Input Vin, Iin , Vout , Iout