Armenian medieval architecture

Farid Forooghi
4th Course

Ms. Sona Poghpatyan

Introduction:
 Background information on Armenian medieval architecture
Armenian medieval architecture is a unique form of architecture that emerged in Armenia during
the Middle Ages. It is characterized by its use of local materials, such as tufa stone and volcanic
basalt, and its incorporation of symbolic and religious elements into design. Armenian medieval
architecture is considered an important aspect of Armenian cultural heritage, and has had a
significant impact on the development of architecture in the region.

 Importance of Armenian medieval architecture

The importance of Armenian medieval architecture lies in its significant impact on the cultural
heritage of Armenia, as well as its influence on the development of architecture in the region.
Armenian medieval architecture is characterized by unique designs and materials that reflect the
artistic and technical skills of the Armenian people. The architecture is often associated with
religious buildings, such as churches and monasteries, and has played a vital role in shaping the
religious and cultural identity of Armenia.
Moreover, Armenian medieval architecture has had a lasting impact on the development of
architecture in the region, influencing the design and construction of buildings across the
Caucasus, the Middle East, and beyond. Its use of local materials and incorporation of symbolic
and religious elements into design are seen as important contributions to the development of
architectural styles in the region.
Furthermore, the preservation and restoration of Armenian medieval architecture has become
an important aspect of Armenian cultural heritage, helping to promote and celebrate the unique
architectural styles and designs of the region. By preserving these structures, future generations
will be able to appreciate the unique cultural and architectural heritage of Armenia, and will have
the opportunity to study and learn from these historic buildings.

History of Armenian Medieval Architecture

 Overview of the timeline of Armenian medieval architecture
Armenian medieval architecture emerged in the 4th century, with the adoption of Christianity as
the state religion of Armenia. The earliest examples of Armenian medieval architecture are the
simple basilicas and chapels that were constructed in the early Christian period.
During the 9th to 11th centuries, Armenian architecture underwent a period of significant growth
and development, with the construction of many notable religious buildings, including the
Haghpat and Sanahin monasteries. This period is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of
Armenian architecture.
In the 12th and 13th centuries, the architecture of Armenia continued to develop and evolve,
with the emergence of new styles and designs. During this period, many of the more elaborate
and complex religious buildings, such as the Tatev Monastery and the Noravank Monastery, were
constructed.
In the 14th and 15th centuries, Armenian architecture was influenced by the Timurid Empire, and
the architecture of the region underwent significant changes. Many of the more elaborate
architectural designs of this period were characterized by their intricate carvings and decorations,
reflecting the influence of Islamic art and design.
Overall, Armenian medieval architecture has evolved and developed over the centuries,
reflecting the changing political and cultural influences of the region. Despite these changes, the
unique designs and styles of Armenian medieval architecture have remained an important aspect
of Armenian cultural heritage.

 Influence of various empires and cultures on Armenian architecture

Armenian medieval architecture has been shaped and influenced by various empires and cultures
over the centuries. Some of the key influences on Armenian architecture include:
Roman Empire: The adoption of Christianity in Armenia during the 4th century brought with it
the influence of Roman architecture, which is reflected in the early Christian basilicas and chapels
that were constructed in Armenia.
Byzantine Empire: During the 6th and 7th centuries, the Byzantine Empire had a significant
influence on Armenian architecture, as seen in the use of domes and Byzantine-style mosaics in
many Armenian churches and monasteries.
Persian Empire: The Persian Empire had a significant impact on Armenian architecture during the
17th and 18th centuries, with the emergence of Persian-style carvings and decorations in
Armenian religious buildings.
Islamic Empire: The Islamic Empire had a significant influence on Armenian architecture during
the 14th and 15th centuries, as seen in the incorporation of Islamic-style designs and carvings in
many Armenian religious buildings.
Ottoman Empire: During the 16th to 19th centuries, the Ottoman Empire had a significant impact
on Armenian architecture, as seen in the use of Ottoman-style arches and domes in many
Armenian religious buildings.
Russian Empire: The Russian Empire had a significant impact on Armenian architecture during
the 19th century, with the construction of many Russian-style buildings in Armenia, including
churches and government buildings.
Despite these various cultural and political influences, Armenian medieval architecture has
maintained its unique style and design, characterized by its use of local materials and
incorporation of symbolic and religious elements into design.

 Examples of notable Armenian medieval architecture, including churches, monasteries,

and fortresses
Armenian medieval architecture is known for its unique style and design, characterized by the
use of local materials and the incorporation of symbolic and religious elements into design. Here
are some examples of notable Armenian medieval architecture:
Etchmiadzin Cathedral: Located in the town of Vagharshapat, this is one of the oldest churches
in the world, dating back to the 4th century. It is the main cathedral of the Armenian Apostolic
Church and is considered a holy site for Armenians.
Haghpat Monastery: This monastery complex is located in the Lori Province of Armenia and was
built in the 10th century. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is known for its unique
architectural style, which blends Armenian and Byzantine influences.
Geghard Monastery: Located in the Kotayk Province of Armenia, this monastery complex was
built in the 4th century and expanded in the 12th and 13th centuries. It is known for its intricate
carvings and its unique location, partly carved out of a mountain.
Tatev Monastery: Located in the Syunik Province of Armenia, this monastery complex was built
in the 9th century and is known for its impressive location on a high plateau overlooking the
Vorotan River.
Amberd Fortress: Located in the Aragatsotn Province of Armenia, this fortress dates back to the
7th century and is known for its well-preserved walls and towers.
Sanahin Monastery: Located in the Lori Province of Armenia, this monastery complex was built
in the 10th century and is known for its impressive architecture, including its unique khachkars
(Armenian cross-stones).
These are just a few examples of the many notable examples of Armenian medieval architecture
found throughout Armenia and the surrounding regions. Each building reflects the unique
cultural and historical influences that have shaped Armenian architecture over the centuries.

Characteristics of Armenian Medieval Architecture

Armenian medieval architecture is characterized by its unique designs and styles, which reflect
the cultural and religious traditions of the Armenian people. Some of the key characteristics of
Armenian medieval architecture include:
A. Unique designs and styles, including the use of khachkars (cross-stones): Armenian
architecture is known for its intricate carvings and designs, which often incorporate symbolic and
religious elements. One of the most distinctive features of Armenian architecture is the use of
khachkars, which are intricately carved cross-stones that are often found in cemeteries and other
religious sites.
B. Use of local materials, such as tufa stone and volcanic basalt: Armenian architects have
traditionally used local materials in their designs, such as tufa stone and volcanic basalt, which
are both readily available in Armenia.
C. Emphasis on functionality and durability in design: Armenian medieval architecture is
designed to be functional and durable, with structures built to withstand earthquakes and other
natural disasters.
D. Incorporation of symbolic and religious elements into design: Armenian architects often
incorporate symbolic and religious elements into their designs, such as crosses, angels, and other
religious motifs. This reflects the deep connection between Armenian culture and the Armenian
Apostolic Church, which has played a central role in shaping Armenian architectural traditions.

Overall, Armenian medieval architecture is known for its unique style and design, which reflect
the cultural and religious traditions of the Armenian people. From the intricate carvings of
khachkars to the use of local materials and the emphasis on functionality and durability,
Armenian architecture is a testament to the ingenuity and creativity of the Armenian people.