3 Tabular and Graphical Presentation of Data PDF

Mathematics 101:
Tabular and Graphical Presentation of Data
Olive R. Cawiding
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
University of the Philippines Baguio
Textual Presentation of Data Tabular Presentation of Data Graphical Presentation of Data The Frequency Distribution Table
Overview
Textual Presentation of Data
Tabular Presentation of Data
Graphical Presentation of Data
The Frequency Distribution Table

Data can be presented by incorporating it to a paragraph of text.

Examples:
“The Philippines’ annual inflation rate rose to 5.7 percent in July of
2018 from 5.2 percent in the previous month, above market estimates
of 5.5 percent. It is the highest reading since March 2009. On a
monthly basis, consumer prices went up 0.5 percent, after a 0.6
percent rise in June.” -Trading Economics
“Employment rate in Philippines decreased to 94.50 percent in the
second quarter of 2018 from 94.70 percent in the first quarter of 2018.
Employment Rate in Philippines averaged 91.22 percent from 1991
until 2018, reaching an all time high of 95.30 percent in the fourth
quarter of 2016 and a record low of 85.60 percent in the second
quarter of 1991.”-Trading Economics
Important Questions.
1. When is it appropriate to use textual presentation of data?
2. What are possible disadvantages of textual presentation of
data?
Overview

Data can also be presented by means of tables. This is a

systematic organization of data using columns and rows.
What are its advantages over a textual presentation of data?


Parts of a Formal Statistical Table
1. Heading - consists of a table number, title, and headnote.

• The title is a brief statement of the nature, classification and
time reference of the information presented and the area to
which the statistics refer.
• The headnote is a statement enclosed in brackets between the
table title and the top rule of the table that provides additional
title information.
2. Box Head - the portion of the table that contains the
column heads and spanner heads
• The column heads describe the data in each column, together
with the necessary and qualifying spanner heads.
3. Stub - the portion of the table usually comprising the first

column on the left, in which the stubhead and row
captions, together with the needed classifying and
qualifying centerhead and subheads are located.
• The stubhead describes the stub listing as a whole in terms of
the classification presented.
• The row caption is a descriptive title of the data on the given
line.
4. Field - main part of the table; contains the substance or the
figures of one’s data.
5. Source Data - an exact citation of the source of data

presented in the table (should always be placed when
figures are not original)
6. Footnote - any statement or note inserted at the bottom of
the table
What should be taken note of when creating a statistical table?

Overview

A graph or chart is a device for showing numerical values or

relationships in pictorial form.

Qualities of a Good Graph

1. Accuracy
2. Clarity
3. Simplicity
4. Appearance
Common Types of Graphs: Line Chart
A line chart is a graphical presentation of data especially useful

for showing trends over a period of time.
Common Types of Graphs: Bar Chart

A bar chart consists of a series of rectangular bars where the
length of the bar represents the quantity of frequency for each
category if the bars are arranged horizontally. If the bars are
arranged vertically, the height of the bar represents the quantity.
Common Types of Graphs: Bar Chart

Common Types of Graphs: Pie Chart
A pie chart a circular graph that is useful in showing how a

total quantity is distributed among a group of categories. The
“pieces of pie” represent the proportions of the total that fall
into each category.


Pictorial Unit Chart

A pictorial unit chart is a chart in which each symbol
represents a definite and uniform value.
Overview

Definition.
The raw data is the set of data in its original form.
Example: The final grades of Math 101 students are as follows.

Definition.
An array is an arrangement of observations according to their
magnitude, either in increasing or decreasing order.
Example: The final grades (in an array) of Math 101 students
are as follows.
50 57 63 69 72 74 77 80 82 84 87
50 59 65 69 72 75 77 80 82 84 87
50 59 66 69 72 75 77 80 82 85 88
50 60 66 69 72 75 77 81 83 85 89
50 60 68 70 73 75 78 81 83 86 89
50 60 68 71 73 75 79 81 84 86 91
51 62 68 71 73 76 79 81 84 87 92
52 62 68 71 73 76 79 82 84 87 94
53 62 68 71 74 76 79 82 84 87 94
53 62 69 72 74 76 79 82 84 87 96
A frequency distribution is the organization of raw data in table

form, using classes and frequencies. The frequency
distribution table shows the number of items falling into each
group.
Class Freq. LCB UCB CM RF RFP < CF > CF

50 − 54 10 49.5 54.5 52 0.09 9 10 110
55 − 59 3 54.5 59.5 57 0.03 3 13 100
60 − 64 8 59.5 64.5 62 0.07 7 21 97
65 − 69 13 64.5 69.5 67 0.12 12 34 89
70 − 74 17 69.5 74.5 72 0.15 15 51 76
75 − 79 19 74.5 79.5 77 0.17 17 70 59
80 − 84 22 79.5 84.5 82 0.20 20 92 40
85 − 89 13 84.5 89.5 87 0.12 12 105 18
90 − 94 4 89.5 94.5 92 0.04 4 109 5
95 − 99 1 94.5 99.5 97 0.01 1 110 1
Definition of terms.
1. Class frequency - the number of observations falling in the
class.
2. Class interval - the numbers defining the class
3. Class limits - the end numbers of the class
4. Class boundaries - the true class limits
• The lower class boundary (LCB) is usually defined as halfway
between the lower class limit of the class and the upper class
limit of the preceding class.
• The upper class boundary (UCB) is usually defined as halfway
between the upper class limit of the class and the lower class
limit of the next class
Definition of terms.
4. Class size - the difference between the upper class
boundaries of the class and the preceding class; can also be
computed as the difference between the lower class
boundaries of the current class and the next class; can also
be computed by using the respective class limits instead of
the class boundaries
5. Class mark (CM) - midpoint of a class interval
6. Open-end class - class that has no lower limit or upper
limit
Steps in Constructing a Frequency Distribution Table
1. Determine the number of classes. Two of the most common

ways of determining this are:
• Sturges’ Formula. The approximate number K of classes is
given by
K = 1 + 3.322 log n
where n is the number of observations.
√
• K = number of observations
2. Determine the approximate class size. The following steps can

be used to determine the class size.
(a) Solve for the range, R = max − min
(b) Compute C0 = R ÷ K.
(c) Round off C0 to C which has the same number of decimal
places as the original data set. Use C as the class size.
3. Determine the lower class limit. The first class must include
the smallest value in the data set and must agree with the
number of decimal places in the data set.
4. Determine all class limits, by adding the class size C, to the
limit of the previous class.
5. Tally the frequencies for each class. Sum the frequencies and
check against the total number of observations.
Variations of the Frequency Distribution
1. Relative Frequency (RF) and Relative Frequency

Percentage
RF = class frequency ÷ no. of observations
RFP = RF ∗ 100
2. Cumulative Frequency Distribution (CFD) shows the
accumulated frequencies of successive classes, beginning
at either end of the distribution.
> CFD shows the number of observations greater than the
LCB.
< CFD shows the number of observations less than the
UCB.
Graphical Presentation of the Frequency

Distribution Table
The frequency histogram is a bar graph that displays the classes on
the horizontal axis and the frequencies of the classes on the vertical
axis; the vertical lines of the bars are erected at the class boundaries
and the height of the bars correspond to the class frequency.

Distribution Table
The frequency polygon is a line chart that is constructed by plotting
the frequencies at the class marks and connecting the plotted points
by means of straight lines; the polygon is closed by considering an
additional class at each end and the ends of the lines are brought
down to the horizontal axis at the midpoints of the additional classes.

Distribution Table
Ogives are graphs of the cumulative frequency distribution

(a) < ogive - the < CF is plotted against the UCB
(b) > ogive - the > CF is plotted against the LCB

Distribution Table: <Ogive

Distribution Table: >Ogive

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Mathematics 101:

Tabular and Graphical Presentation of Data

Textual Presentation of Data

Tabular Presentation of Data

Graphical Presentation of Data

The Frequency Distribution Table

Textual Presentation of Data

Data can be presented by incorporating it to a paragraph of text.

Textual Presentation of Data

Textual Presentation of Data

Tabular Presentation of Data

Graphical Presentation of Data

The Frequency Distribution Table

Tabular Presentation of Data

Data can also be presented by means of tables. This is a

What are its advantages over a textual presentation of data?

Tabular Presentation of Data

Parts of a Formal Statistical Table

1. Heading - consists of a table number, title, and headnote.

Parts of a Formal Statistical Table

3. Stub - the portion of the table usually comprising the first

Parts of a Formal Statistical Table

5. Source Data - an exact citation of the source of data

What should be taken note of when creating a statistical table?

Textual Presentation of Data

Tabular Presentation of Data

Graphical Presentation of Data

The Frequency Distribution Table

Graphical Presentation of Data

A graph or chart is a device for showing numerical values or

Graphical Presentation of Data

Graphical Presentation of Data

Qualities of a Good Graph

Common Types of Graphs: Line Chart

A line chart is a graphical presentation of data especially useful

Common Types of Graphs: Bar Chart

Common Types of Graphs: Bar Chart

Common Types of Graphs: Pie Chart

A pie chart a circular graph that is useful in showing how a

Common Types of Graphs: Pie Chart

Common Types of Graphs: Pie Chart

Pictorial Unit Chart

Textual Presentation of Data

Tabular Presentation of Data

Graphical Presentation of Data

The Frequency Distribution Table

The Frequency Distribution Table

The Frequency Distribution Table

The Frequency Distribution Table

A frequency distribution is the organization of raw data in table

The Frequency Distribution Table

Class Freq. LCB UCB CM RF RFP < CF > CF

The Frequency Distribution Table

The Frequency Distribution Table

Steps in Constructing a Frequency Distribution Table

1. Determine the number of classes. Two of the most common

Steps in Constructing a Frequency Distribution Table

2. Determine the approximate class size. The following steps can

Steps in Constructing a Frequency Distribution Table

Variations of the Frequency Distribution

1. Relative Frequency (RF) and Relative Frequency

Graphical Presentation of the Frequency