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Report on 220 KV GSS I.G Nagar Jaipur

Technical Report · January 2022

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11704.01282

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 An
Industrial Training Report
on

“220 KV GSS I.G Nagar”

Submitted for partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in

Electrical Engineering

Session: 2021-22

Submitted to: - Submitted by: -

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Tanishk Jharwal

Department of Electrical Engineering

Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan,
Ramnagariya, Jagatpura, Jaipur (RAJ.)
 Acknowledgement
I would like to show gratitude towards my teachers and the Training organizers for the opportunity
given and help to complete my training within the time allotted. This Course would not have been
completed without the support of my teachers and parents. Therefore, I would like to thank our
Industrial Training Coordinators, Dr. Sarfaraz Nawaz & Smriti Jain for extending their cordial support
throughout the course completion. I would also like to thank my HOD of Electrical Department, Dr.
Dhanraj Chitara for giving me enough time to complete the Training. Our efforts made together led to
the effective completion of the training. This report is made with utmost care, interest and
effectiveness, but imperfections are the basic beauty of any work. The suggestions and guidance of my
teachers are the basic priority and therefore I shall extend my apologies and work on my mistakes
regarding this report and course, leading to effectiveness and perfection.
Tanishk Jharwal
7-EE-B

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page ii

 CONTENTS
Main Page i
Certificate I ii
Acknowledgement iii
Contents iv
List of Figures vi
List of Tables vii
Abstract ix

S. No. Chapter Name Page

No.
Chapter 1 220 KV GSS 1
1.1 Introduction to 220 KV GSS I.G Nagar 1
1.2 About 220 KV GSS 2
1.3 Salient Features of GSS 4
1.4 Line Diagram of 220 KV 5
1.5 Working of GSS and its Type 9

Chapter 2 Substation components 16

2.1 Lightning Arrestors 16
17
2.2 Busbar
18
2.3 Insulators
19
2.4 Isolators
21
2.5 Circuit Breakers
24
2.6 Protective Relays
26
2.7 Power Transformer
29
2.8 Current Transformer
30
2.9 Potential Transformer
32
2.10 Capacitive Voltage Transformer

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page v

 2.11 Capacitor Bank 32
2.12 Earthing of the System 33

Chapter 3 Substation Control room and Communication 35

3.1 Control room 35
3.2 Power Line Carrier Communication 38
3.3 Battery Room 39
Chapter 4 GIS (Gas Insulated Substation)
4.1 GIS 41
4.2 Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) 42
4.3 GIS Components 44
4.4 Gas Density Control 46
Chapter 5 Ratings of Equipments 47

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………51

References………………………………………………………………………………52

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page v

 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

1.1 220 KV GSS IGN 2
1.2 Single Line Diagram of 220KV 5
GSS I.G Nagar
1.3 Single Line Diagram of 220KV 6
GSS I.G Nagar(Right Section)
1.4 Single Line Diagram of 220KV 7
GSS I.G Nagar(Left Section)
1.5 Single Line Diagram of 220KV 8
GSS I.G Nagar
1.6 Single Line Diagram of 132KV 8
GSS I.G Nagar
1.7 Single Line Diagram of 33KV 9
GSS I.G Nagar
1.8 Typical Substation 10
1.9 Step-up AC transmission 11
substation
1.10 Step-up transmission substation 11
to AC transmission lines
1.11 Step-down transmission 11
substation
1.12 Step-down power transformer 12
1.13 Distribution substation 12
1.14 Underground Distribution 13
Substation
2.1 Lightning arrestor 16
2.2 Suspension type insulator 19
2.3 (a) Pin type insulator 19
(b) Strain type insulator
2.4 Isolators 20
2.5 SF6 circuit breaker 22
2.6 Air Blast Circuit Breaker 22
2.7 (a) Oil Circuit Breaker 24
(b) Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker
(c) Minimum oil Circuit
Breaker
2.8 Relays 25
2.9 Power Transformer 26
2.10 Radiator With Fan 27
2.11 Buchholz Relay 28
2.12 Winding and Oil Temperature 28
Indicator

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page vi

 2.13 Silica Gel Breather 29
2.14 Conservator with Buchholz 29
relay and tank
2.15 Current Transformer 30
2.16 Potential Transformer 31
2.17 Capacitive Voltage Transformer 32
2.18 Capacitive Bank 33
3.1 Control Panel 38
3.2 Wave Trap 39
3.3 Battery Room 40
4.1 GIS Components 42
4.2 Single Line Diagram of a 42
Double Bis Bar Arrangement
4.3 PASS(Plug and Switch System) 43
4.4 PASS(1) 44
4.5 PASS(2) 46

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page vii

 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TABLE NAME PAGE NO.

TABLE 1 TRANSFORMERS 47
SPECIFICATIONS
(MANUFACTURER)
TABLE 2 TRANSFORMERS 48
SPECIFICATIONS (TYPE OF
COOLING)
TABLE 3 TRANSFORMERS 48
SPECIFICATIONS
(IMPEDENCE VOLTAGE)
TABLE 4 TRANSFORMERS 48
SPECIFICATIONS
(TEMPARATURE)
TABLE 5 TRANSFORMERS 48
SPECIFICATIONS (LOAD
LOSSES)
TABLE 6 TRANSFORMERS 49
SPECIFICATIONS(TAP
POSITIONING)
TABLE 7 CURRENT TRANSFORMER 50
RATING
TABLE 8 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER 50
RATING

TABLE 9 BATTERY 50
CHARGER(RATING &
MANUFACTURER)

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page viii

vii
 ABSTRACT

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission,

and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the

reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating

station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different

voltage levels. A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels

between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the

interconnection of two different transmission voltages.

Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a

large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying

on SCADA for remote supervision and control.

The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became

a grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were

converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant

instead of using their own generators. The first substations were connected to only

one power station, where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that

powerstation

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page ix

 CHAPTER 1

Introduction to 220 KV GSS I.G Nagar

1.1) INTRODUCTION
I. Training details
• Name of Training – Industrial Training
• offering institute – 220 KV GSS, RRVPN, I.G Nagar, Jaipur
• Duration of course- 30 Days

II. Brief Introduction

Electrical power is generated, transmitted in the form of alternating current. The

electric power produced at the power stations is delivered to the consumers through a
large network of transmission & distribution. The transmission network is inevitable
long and high power lines are necessary to maintain a huge block of power source of
generation to the load centers to inter connected. Power house for increased reliability
of supply greater.
The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. voltage, ac to dc,
frequency, power factor etc.) of electric supply keeping the power constant is called a
substation.
An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission
and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse
using transformers. Electric power may flow through several substations between
generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps.

Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited (RRVPNL) a company under

the Companies Act, 1956 and registered with Registrar of Companies as
"RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LIMITED" vide No. 17-
016485 of 2000-2001 with its Registered Office at VIDYUT BHAWAN, JYOTI
NAGAR, JAIPUR-302005 has been established on 19 July, 2000 by Govt. of
Rajasthan under the provisions of the Rajasthan Power Sector Reform act 1999 as the
successor company of RSEB. The RERC has granted RRVPNL a license for
transmission and bulk supply vide RERC/Transmission and Bulk Supply License
4/2001 dated 30.
Our aim is to provide reliable electric transmission service to these customers. As a
public utility whose infrastructure serves as the link in transporting electricity to
millions of electricity users, RRVPNL has following duties and responsibilities:
Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 1
 ➢ Intra state transmission of electricity through Intra-State Transmission System.
➢ Ensuring development of an efficient, coordinated and economical system of intra-
state transmission of electricity from generating stations to Load Centers.
➢ Non-discriminatory Open Access to its transmission system on payment of
transmission charges
➢ Complying with the directions of RLDC and SLDC, operating SLDC until any
other authority is established by the State Govt.
➢ Now RRVPNL is "An ISO 9001:2000 Certified Company".

Fig.1.1 - 220 KV GSS IGN

Substations have switching, protection and control equipment and one or more
transformers. In a large substation, circuit breaker are used to interrupt any short-
circuits or overload currents that may occur on the network.

Depending on the constructional feature, the high voltage substations may be

further subdivided:
➢ Outdoor substation
➢ Indoor substation
➢ Base or Underground substation
1.2) 220KV Grid Substation, Indira Gandhi Nagar:
Its part of RRVPNL. It is situated about 8km away from Jaipur. The power mainly
comes from two incoming feeders of 220KV (Heerapura) & 220KV (Bassi). The
substation is equipped with various equipments and there are various arrangements for
Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 2
 the protection purpose. The equipments in the GSS are listed previously. At this
substation following feeders are established.
1. TIE FEEDERS
2. RADIAL FEEDERS
220KV GSS INDIRA GANDHI NAGAR is an outdoor type primary substation and
distribution as well it has not only step down but the distribution work
The electrical work in a substation comprises to:
1. Choice of bus bar arrangement layout.
2. Selection of rating of isolator.
3. Selection of rating of instrument transformer.
4. Selection of rating of C.B.
5. Selection of lighting arrester [LA]
6. Selection of rating of power transformer
7. Selection of protective relaying scheme, control and relay boards.
8. Selection of voltage regulator equipment.
9. Design a layout of earthing grids and protection against lightening stockes.
A) INCOMING FEEDERS:
1. 220KV Heerapura
2. 220KV Bassi
3. 220 KV Puranaghat (Dead)
B) OUTGOING FEEDERS:
The outgoing feeders of 132KV are:
1. PURANAGHAT
2. SITAPURA
3. MNIT (Future Line- under construction)
The outgoing feeders of 33KV are:
1. JAGATPURA
2. MAHEL
3. INDIRA GANDHI NAGAR
4. BISALPUR
Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 3
 5. PRADHAN MARG
6. S/S SUPPLY
7. DEAD

1.3) Salient Features of 220 KV GSS I.G Nagar

➢ 220kv IGN s/s is a conventional, hybrid substation.
➢ It is part of transmission system.
➢ 33kv substation is gas insulated substation which is inside the control room.
➢ for communication purpose PLCC is used.
➢ Transformers =5
220/132 kv……………………………………………………….2
132/33 kv……………………………………………………….2
LT Transformer……………………………………………...33/0.4 kv

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 4

 1.4) Line Diagram of 220 KV GSS I.G Nagar

Fig 1.2 Single Line Diagram of 220KV GSS I.G Nagar

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 5

 Fig 1.3 Single Line Diagram of 220KV GSS I.G Nagar(Right Section)

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 6

 Fig 1.4 Single Line Diagram of 220KV GSS I.G Nagar(Left Section)

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 7

 Fig 1.5 Single Line Diagram of 220KV GSS I.G Nagar

Fig 1.6 Single Line Diagram of 132KV GSS I.G Nagar

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 8

 Fig 1.7 Single Line Diagram of 33KV GSS I.G Nagar

1.5) Working of Generating Substation

A substation is a high-voltage electric system facility. It is used to switch generators,
equipment, and circuits or lines in and out of a system. It also is used to change AC
voltages from one level to another, and/or change alternating current to direct current
or direct current to alternating current. Some substations are small with little more than
a transformer and associated switches. Others are very large with several transformers
and dozens of switches and other equipment. There are three aspects to substations:
Substation Types: Although, there are generally four types of substations there are
substations that are a combination of two or more types.
o Step-up Transmission Substation
o Step-down Transmission Substation
o Distribution Substation
o Underground Distribution Substation
o Substation Functions

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 9

 Figure 1.8 Typical substation

A) step-up transmission substation

receives electric power from a nearby generating facility and uses a large power
transformer to increase the voltage for transmission to distant locations. A
transmission bus is used to distribute electric power to one or more transmission lines.
There can also be a tap on the incoming power feed from the generation plant to
provide electric power to operate equipment in the generation plant.
A substation can have circuit breakers that are used to switch generation and
transmission circuits in and out of service as needed or for emergencies requiring shut-
down of power to a circuit or redirection of power.
The specific voltages leaving a step-up transmission substation are determined by the
customer needs of the utility supplying power and to the requirements of any
connections to regional grids. Typical voltages are:
▪ High voltage (HV) ac: 69 kV, 115 kV, 138 kV, 161 kV, 230 kV
▪ Extra-high voltage (EHV) ac: 345 kV, 500 kV, 765 kV
▪ Ultra-high voltage (UHV) ac: 1100 kV, 1500 kV
▪ Direct-current high voltage (dc HV): ±250 kV, ±400 kV, ±500 kV
Direct current voltage is either positive or negative polarity. A DC line has two
conductors, so one would be positive and the other negative.

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 10

 Figure 1.9 Step-up AC transmission substation

Figure 1.10 Step-up transmission substation to AC transmission lines

B) Step-down transmission substations

are located at switching points in an electrical grid. They connect different parts of a
grid and are a source for subtransmission lines or distribution lines. The step-down
substation can change the transmission voltage to a subtransmission voltage, usually
69 kV. The subtransmission voltage lines can then serve as a source to distribution
substations. Sometimes, power is tapped from the subtransmission line for use in an
industrial facility along the way. Otherwise, the power goes to a distribution
substation.

Fig 1.11 Step-down transmission substation

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 11

 Fig 1.12 Step-down power transformer

C) Distribution substations
are located near to the end-users. Distribution substation transformers change the
transmission or subtransmission voltage to lower levels for use by end-users. Typical
distribution voltages vary from 34,500Y/19,920 volts to 4,160Y/2400 volts.
34,500Y/19,920 volts is interpreted as a three-phase circuit with a grounded neutral
source. This would have three high-voltage conductors or wires and one grounded
neutral conductor, a total of four wires. The voltage between the three phase
conductors or wires would be 34,500 volts and the voltage between one phase
conductor and the neutral ground would be 19,920 volts.
From here the power is distributed to industrial, commercial, and residential
customers.

Fig 1.13 Distribution substation

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 12

 D) Underground distribution substations
are also located near to the end-users. Distribution substation transformers change the
subtransmission voltage to lower levels for use by end-users. Typical distribution
voltages vary from 34,500Y/19,920 volts to 4,160Y/2400 volts.
An underground system may consist of these parts:

Figure 1.14 Underground Distribution Substation

▪ Conduits
▪ Duct Runs
▪ Manholes
▪ High-Voltage Underground Cables
▪ Transformer Vault
▪ Riser
▪ Transformers
From here the power is distributed to industrial, commercial, and residential
customers.
E) Substation Functions
Substations are designed to accomplish the following functions, although not all
substations have all these functions:
▪ Change voltage from one level to another
▪ Regulate voltage to compensate for system voltage changes
▪ Switch transmission and distribution circuits into and out of the grid system
▪ Measure electric power qualities flowing in the circuits
▪ Connect communication signals to the circuits
▪ Eliminate lightning and other electrical surges from the system
Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 13
 ▪ Connect electric generation plants to the system
▪ Make interconnections between the electric systems of more than one utility
▪ Control reactive kilovolt-amperes supplied to and the flow of reactive kilovolt-
amperes in the circuits
F) Substation Components
The major components of a typical substation are:
▪ Air Circuit Breaker
▪ Batteries
▪ Bus Support Insulators
▪ Capacitor Bank
▪ Circuit Switchers
▪ Concrete Foundation
▪ Conduits
▪ Control House
▪ Control Panels
▪ Control Wires
▪ Converter Stations
▪ Coupling Capacitors
▪ Current Transformers
▪ Disconnect Switches
▪ Distribution Bus
▪ Duct Runs
▪ Frequency Changers
▪ Grounding Resistors
▪ Grounding Transformers
▪ High-Voltage Underground Cables
▪ High-Voltage Fuses
▪ Lightning Arresters
▪ Manholes
▪ Metal-clad Switchgear

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 14

 ▪ Meters
▪ Microwave
▪ Oil Circuit Breakers
▪ Potential Transformers
▪ Potheads
▪ Power-line Carrier
▪ Power Transformers
▪ Rectifiers
▪ Relays
▪ SF6 Circuit Breakers
▪ Shunt Reactors
▪ Steel Superstructures
▪ Supervisory Control
▪ Suspension Insulators
▪ Synchronous Condensers
▪ Transmission Bus
▪ Vacuum Circuit Breakers

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 15

 CHAPTER 2

SUBSTATION COMPONENTS

2.1) LIGHTNING ARRESTER

Fig. 2.1- Lightning arrester

A lightning arrester (also known as surge diverter) is a device connected between line
and earth i.e. in parallel with the over headline, HV equipments and substation to be
protected. It is a safety valve which limits the magnitude of lightning and switching
over voltages at the substations, over headlines and HV equipments and provides a low
resistance path for the surge current to flow to the ground. The practice is also to
install lightning arresters at the incoming terminals of the line.
All the electrical equipments must be protected from the severe damages of lightning
strokes. The techniques can be studied under:-
• Protection of transmission line from direct stroke.
• Protection of power station and sub-station from direct stroke.

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 16

 • Protection of electrical equipments from travelling waves.

A) Types of Arrestors:-
i) Rod/sphere gap:- It is a very simple protective device i.e. gap is provided across the
stack of Insulators to permit flash-over when undesirable voltages are
impressed of the system.
ii)Expulsion type LA:- It have two electrodes at each end and consists of a fiber tube
capable of producing a gas when is produced. The gas so evolved blows the arc
through the bottom electrode.
iii) Valve type LA:- It consists of a divided spark-gap in series will a non linear
resistor. The divided spark gap consists of a no. of similar elements, each of it two
electrode across which are connected high resistor.
2.2) BUS BARS
Bus Bars are the common electrical component through which a large no of feeders
operating at same voltage have to be connected. If the bus bars are of rigid type
(Aluminum types) the structure height are low and minimum clearance is required.
While in case of strain type of bus bars suitable ACSR conductor are strung/tensioned
by tension insulators discs according to system voltages. In the widely used strain type
bus bars stringing tension is about 500-900 Kg depending upon the size of conductor
used.
Here proper clearance would be achieved only if require tension is achieved. Loose
bus bars would effect the clearances when it swings while over tensioning may
damage insulators. Clamps or even effect the supporting structures in low temperature
conditions.
The clamping should be proper, as loose clamp would spark under in full load
condition damaging the bus bars itself.

A) BUS BAR ARRENGEMENT MAY BE OF FOLLOWING

TYPE
WHICH IS BEING ADOPTED BY R.R.V.P.N.L.:-
i) Single bus bar arrangement
ii) Double bus bar arrangement
a) Main bus with transformer bus
b) Main bus-I with main bus-II
iii) Double bus bar arrangement with auxiliary bus.

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 17

 i) SINGLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT :
This arrangement is simplest and cheapest. It suffers, however, from major defects.
1. Maintenance without interruption is not possible.
2. Extension of the sub-station without a shutdown is not possible.
ii) DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT :
1. Each load may be fed from either bus.
2. The load circuit may be divided in to two separate groups if needed from
operational consideration. Two supplies from different sources can be put on each
bus separately.
3. Either bus bar may be taken out from maintenance of insulators.The normal bus
selection insulators cannot be used for breaking load currents. The
arrangement does not permit breaker maintenance without causing stoppage of
supply.

iii) DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENTS CONTAINS MAIN BUS

WITH AUXILARY BUS :
The double bus bar arrangement provides facility to change over to either bus to carry
out maintenance on the other but provide no facility to carry over breaker
maintenance. The main and transfer bus works the other way round. It provides facility
for carrying out breaker maintenance but does not permit bus maintenance. Whenever
maintenance is required on any breaker the circuit is changed over to the transfer bus
and is controlled through bus coupler breaker.
2.3) INSULATOR
The insulator for the overhead lines provides insulation to the power conductors from
the ground so that currents from conductors do not flow to earth through supports. The
insulators are connected to the cross arm of supporting structure and the power
conductor passes through the clamp of the insulator. The insulators provide necessary
insulation between line conductors and supports and thus prevent any leakage current
from conductors to earth. In general, the insulator should have the following desirable
properties:
• High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind load etc.
• High electrical resistance of insulator material in order to avoid leakage currents to
earth.
• High relative permittivity of insulator material in order that dielectric strength is
high.
• High ratio of puncture strength to flash over.

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 18

 These insulators are generally made of glazed porcelain or toughened glass. Poly come
type insulator [solid core] are also being supplied in place of hast insulators if
available indigenously. The design of the insulator is such that the stress due to
contraction and expansion in any part of the insulator does not lead to any defect. It is
desirable not to allow porcelain to come in direct contact with a hard metal screw
thread.

Fig.2.2-Suspension type insulator

A) TYPE OF INSULATORS:
1. Pin type
2. Suspension type
3. Strain insulator
Insulators, generally used in GSS, is suspension type insulator.
SUSPENSION TYPE: Suspension type insulators consist of a number of porcelain
disc connected in series by metal links in the form of a string. Its working voltage is
66KV. Each disc is designed for low voltage for 11KV.

(a) (b)
Fig.2.3 (a)pin type insulator (b) Strain type insulator

2.4) ISOLATORS
“Isolator" is one, which can break and make an electric circuit in no load condition.
These are normally used in various circuits for the purposes of Isolation of a certain

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 19

 portion when required for maintenance etc. Isolation of a certain portion when
required for maintenance etc. "Switching Isolators" are capable of
• Interrupting transformer magnetized currents
• Interrupting line charging current
• Load transfer switching

Fig.2.4- Isolators
Its main application is in connection with transformer feeder as this unit makes it
possible to switch out one transformer, while the other is still on load. The most
common type of isolators is the rotating centre pots type in which each phase has three
insulator post, with the outer posts carrying fixed contacts and connections while the
centre post having contact arm which is arranged to move through 90` on its axis.
The following interlocks are provided with isolator:
a) Bus 1 and2 isolators cannot be closed simultaneously.
b) Isolator cannot operate unless the breaker is open.
c) Only one bay can be taken on bypass bus.
d) No isolator can operate when corresponding earth switch is on breaker.

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 20

 2.5) CIRCUIT BREAKER
The function of relays and circuit breakers in the operation of a power system is to
prevent or limit damage during faults or overloads, and to minimize their effect on the
remainder of the system. This is accomplished by dividing the system into protective
zones separated by circuit breakers. During a fault, the zone which includes the faulted
apparatus is de-energized and disconnected from the system. In addition to its
protective function, a circuit breaker is also used for circuit switching under normal
conditions.
Each having its protective relays for determining the existence of a fault in that zone
and having circuit breakers for disconnecting that zone from the system. It is desirable
to restrict the amount of system disconnected by a given fault; as for example to a
single transformer, line section, machine, or bus section. However, economic
considerations frequently limit the number of circuit breakers to those required for
normal operation and some compromises result in the relay protection.
Some of the manufacturers are ABB, AREVA, Cutler-Hammer (Eaton), Mitsubishi
Electric, Pennsylvania Breaker, Schneider Electric, Siemens, Toshiba, Končar HVS
and others.
Circuit breaker can be classified as "live tank", where the enclosure that contains the
breaking mechanism is at line potential, or dead tank with the enclosure at earth
potential. High-voltage AC circuit breakers are routinely available with ratings up to
765,000 volts.
A) Various types of circuit breakers:-
i) SF6 Circuit Breaker
ii) Air Blast Circuit Breaker
iii) Oil Circuit Breaker
vi) Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker (BOCB)
v) Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker

*Circuit Breakers, generally used in GSS, are SF6 and Air blast circuit
breaker.
i) SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:-
Sulphur hexafluoride has proved its-self as an excellent insulating and arc quenching
medium. It has been extensively used during the last 30 years in circuit breakers, gas-
insulated switchgear (GIS), high voltage capacitors, bushings, and gas insulated
transmission lines. In SF6 breakers the contacts are surrounded by low pressure SF6
gas. At the moment the contacts are opened, a small amount of gas is compressed and
forced through the arc to extinguish it.

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 21

 Fig.2.5-SF6 Circuit Breaker
ii) AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER:
The principle of arc interruption in air blast circuit breakers is to direct a blast of air, at
high pressure and velocity, to the arc. Fresh and dry air of the air blast will replace the
ionized hot gases within the arc zone and the arc length is considerably increased.
Consequently the arc may be interrupted at the first natural current zero. In this type of
breaker, the contacts are surrounded by compressed air. When the contacts are opened
the compressed air is released in forced blast through the arc to the atmosphere
extinguishing the arc in the process.

Fig.2.6-Air Blast Circuit Breaker

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 22
 Advantages:
An air blast circuit breaker has the following advantages over an oil circuit breaker:
• The risk of fire is eliminated
• The arcing products are completely removed by the blast whereas the oil
deteriorates with successive operations; the expense of regular oil is replacement is
avoided
• The growth of dielectric strength is so rapid that final contact gap needed for arc
extinction is very small. this reduces the size of device
• The arcing time is very small due to the rapid build up of dielectric strength
between contacts. Therefore, the arc energy is only a fraction that in oil circuit
breakers, thus resulting in less burning of contacts
• Due to lesser arc energy, air blast circuit breakers are very suitable for conditions
where frequent operation is required
• The energy supplied for arc extinction is obtained from high pressure air and is
independent of the current to be interrupted.

Disadvantages:
Air has relatively inferior arc extinguishing properties.
• Air blast circuit breakers are very sensitive to the variations in the rate of restriking
voltage.
• Considerable maintenance is required for the compressor plant which supplies the
air blast
• Air blast circuit breakers are finding wide applications in high voltage installations.
Majority of circuit breakers for voltages beyond 110 kV are of this type.

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 23

 (a) (b)

(c)
Fig.2.7 (a)oil circuit breaker (b)bulk oil circuit breaker (c)minimum oil circuit breaker

2.6) PROTECTIVE RELAYS

Relays must be able to evaluate a wide variety of parameters to establish that
corrective action is required. Obviously, a relay cannot prevent the fault. Its primary
purpose is to detect the fault and take the necessary action to minimize the damage to
the equipment or to the system. The most common parameters which reflect the
presence of a fault are the voltages and currents at the terminals of the protected
apparatus or at the appropriate zone boundaries. The fundamental problem in power
system protection is to define the quantities that can differentiate between normal and
abnormal conditions. This problem is compounded by the fact that “normal” in the

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 present sense means outside the zone of protection. This aspect, which is of the
greatest significance in designing a secure relaying system, dominates the design of all
protection systems.

Fig.2.8 -Relays

A) Distance Relays:
Distance relays respond to the voltage and current, i.e., the impedance, at the relay
location. The impedance per mile is fairly constant so these relays respond to the
distance between the relay location and the fault location. As the power systems
become more complex and the fault current varies with changes in generation and
system configuration, directional over current relays become difficult to apply and to
set for all contingencies, whereas the distance relay setting is constant for a wide
variety of changes external to the protected line.
i) Types of Distance relay:-
a) Impedance Relay:
The impedance relay has a circular characteristic centred. It is non directional and is
used primarily as a fault detector.
b) Admittance Relay:
The admittance relay is the most commonly used distance relay. It is the tripping relay
in pilot schemes and as the backup relay in step distance schemes. In the
electromechanical design it is circular, and in the solid state design, it can be shaped to
correspond to the transmission line impedance.

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 c) Reactance Relay:
The reactance relay is a straight-line characteristic that responds only to the reactance
of the protected line. It is non directional and is used to supplement the admittance
relay as a tripping relay
to make the overall protection independent of resistance. It is particularly useful on
short lines where the fault arc resistance is the same order of magnitude as the line
length.
2.7) POWER TRANSFORMER
For stepping up or down the system voltage, power transformers are used in the
substations. At generating end, the voltage is only stepped up for transmission of
power while at all the subsequent substations the voltage is gradually stepped down to
reach finally to working voltage level. General natural cooled, oil immersed, two
winding, three phase transformers upto the rating of 10 MVA are installed upon length
of rails fixed on concrete slabs having foundations 1 to 15m deep . For more than 10
MVA ratings, forced oil, water cooling and air blast cooling type may be used. The tap
changers are used for regulating the voltage of transformers.
A) Windings:
Winding shall be of electrolytic grade copper free from scales & burrs. Windings shall
be made in dust proof and conditioned atmosphere. Coils shall be insulated that
impulse and power frequency voltage stresses are minimum. Coils assembly shall be
suitably supported between adjacent sections by insulating spacers and barriers.
Bracing and other insulation used in assembly of the winding shall be arranged to
ensure a free circulation of the oil and to reduce the hot spot of the winding. All
windings of the transformers having voltage less than 66 kV shall be fully insulated.
Tapping shall be so arranged as to preserve the magnetic balance of the transformer at
all voltage ratio. All leads from the windings to the terminal board and bushing shall
be rigidly supported to prevent injury from vibration short circuit stresses.

Fig.2.9 Power Transformer

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 B)Tanks and fittings:
Tank shall be of welded construction & fabricated from tested quality low carbon steel
of adequate thickness. After completion of welding, all joints shall be subjected to dye
penetration testing.
At least two adequately sized inspection openings one at each end of the tank shall be
provided for easy access to bushing & earth connections. Turrets & other parts
surrounding the conductor of individual phase shall be non-magnetic. The main tank
body including tap changing compartment, radiators shall be capable of withstanding
full vacuum.
C) Cooling Equipments:
FACTS AND IMPORTANCE OF TRANSFORMER COOLING
∙ Needed to maintain and regulate the proper cooling for the core and coil assembly of
the transformer.
∙ Heat is directly related to moisture
∙ Paper insulation is destroyed by heat and moisture
∙ The life expectancy of a transformer is largely based on moisture and heat
management.
Cooling equipment shall conform to the requirement stipulated below:
(a.) Each radiator bank shall have its own cooling fans, shut off valves at the top and
bottom (80mm size) lifting lugs, top and bottom oil filling valves, air release plug at
the top, a drain and sampling valve and thermometer pocket fitted with captive screw
cap on the inlet and outlet.
(b.) Cooling fans shall not be directly mounted on radiator bank which may cause
undue vibration. These shall be located so as to prevent ingress of rain water. Each fan
shall be suitably protected by galvanized wire guard.

Fig.2.10-Radiator with fan

D)Transformer Accessories:
i) Buchholz Relay:
This has two Floats, one of them with surge catching baffle and gas collecting space at

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 top. This is mounted in the connecting pipe line between conservator and main tank.
This is the most dependable protection for a given transformer.
Gas evolution at a slow rate that is associated with minor faults inside the transformers
gives rise to the operation or top float whose contacts are wired for alarm. There is a
glass window with marking to read the volume of gas collected in the relay. Any major
fault in transformer creates a surge and the surge element in the relay trips the
transformer. Size of the relay varies with oil volume in the transformer and the
mounting angle also is specified for proper operation of the relay.

Fig.2.11-Buchholz Relay
ii) Temperature Indicators:
Most of the transformer (small transformers have only OTI) are provided with
indicators that displace oil temperature and winding temperature. There are
thermometers pockets provided in the tank top cover which hold the sensing bulls in
them. Oil temperature measured is that of the top oil, where as the winding
temperature measurement is indirect. This is done by adding the temperature rise due
to the heat produced in a heater coil (known as image coil) when a current proportional
to that flowing in windings is passed in it to that or top oil. For proper functioning or
OTI & WTI it is essential to keep the thermometers pocket clean and filled with oil.

Fig.2.12-Winding and oil temperature indicator

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 iii) Silica Gel Breather:
Both transformer oil and cellulosic paper are highly hygroscopic. Paper being more
hygroscopic than the mineral oil The moisture, if not excluded from the oil surface in
conservator, thus will find its way finally into the paper insulation and causes
reduction insulation strength of transformer. To minimize this conservator is allowed
to breathe only through the silica gel column, which absorbs the moisture in air before
it enters the conservator air surface.

Fig.2.13-Silica gel Breather

iv) Conservator:
With the variation of temperature there is corresponding variation in the oil volume.
To account for this, an expansion vessel called conservator is added to the transformer
with a connecting pipe to the main tank. In smaller transformers this vessel is open to
atmosphere through dehydrating breathers (to keep the air dry). In larger transformers,
an air bag is mounted inside the conservator with the inside of bag open to atmosphere
through the breathers and the outside surface of the bag in contact with the oil surface.

Fig.2.14-Conservator with Buchholz relay and tank

2.8) CURRENT TRANSFORMER

As you all know this is the device which provides the pre-decoded fraction of the
primary current passing through the line/bus main circuit. Such as primary current
60A, 75A, 150A, 240A, 300A, 400A, to the secondary output of 1A to 5A.
Now a day mostly separate current transformer units are used instead of bushing
mounting CT’s on leveled structure they should be for oil level indication and base
should be earthed properly. Care should be taken so that there should be no strain as

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 the terminals.
When connecting the jumpers, mostly secondary connections is taken to three unction
boxes where star delta formation is connected for three phase and final leads taken to
protection /metering scheme. There should be no chance of secondary circuit
remaining opens as it leads to extremely high voltage which ultimately damages the
CT itself

Fig.2.15-Current Transformers

It can be used to supply information for measuring power flows and the electrical
inputs for the operation of protective relays associated with the transmission and
distribution circuit or for power transformer. These current transformers have the
primary winding connected in series with the conductor carrying the current to be
measured or controlled. The secondary winding is thus insulated from the high voltage
and can then be connected to low voltage metering circuits.
2.9) POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
A potential transformer (PT) is used to transform the high voltage of a power line to a
lower value, which is in the range of an ac voltmeter or the potential coil of an ac
voltmeter.

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 Fig.2.16.-Potential Transformer

The voltage transformers are classified as under:

• Capacitive voltage transformer or capacitive type
• Electromagnetic type.
Capacitive voltage transformer is being used more and more for voltage measurement
in high voltage transmission network, particularly for systems voltage of 132KV and
above where it becomes increasingly more economical. It enables measurement of the
line to earth voltage to be made with simultaneous provision for carrier frequency
coupling, which has reached wide application in modern high voltage network for tele-
metering remote control and telephone communication purpose.
The capacitance type voltage transformers are of twp type:
• Coupling Capacitor type
• Pushing Type
The performance of CVT is affected by the supply frequency switching transient and
magnitude of connected Burdon. The CVT is more economical than an
electromagnetic voltage transformer when the nominal supply voltage increases above
66KV.
The carrier current equipment can be connected via the capacitor of the CVT. There by
there is no need of separate coupling capacitor. The capacitor connected in series act
like potential dividers, provided, the current taken by burden is negligible compared
with current passing through the series connected capacitor.
CVT as coupling capacitor for carrier current application:

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 The carrier current equipments is connected to the power line via coupling capacitor.
The coupling CVT combines the function of coupling and voltage transformer.
2.10) CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-
down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for
measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists
of three parts: two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive
element used to tune the device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to
isolate and further step-down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay.
The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the
high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for
connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase
devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use
of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C , is 1

often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large

voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a
comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor, C , and hence the
2

secondary terminals.

Fig.2.17. Capacitive Voltage Transformer

The porcelain in multi unit stack, all the potentials points are electrically tied and
suitably shielded to overcome the effect of corona RIV etc. Capacitive voltage
transformers are available for system voltage.
2.11) CAPACITOR BANK
The capacitor bank provides reactive power at grid substation. The voltage regulation
problem frequently reduces so of circulation of reactive power.
Unlike the active power, reactive power can be produced, transmitted and absorbed of
course with in the certain limit, which have always to be workout. At any point in the
system shunt capacitor are commonly used in all voltage and in all size.

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 Fig.2.18.-Capacitor Bank

Benefits of using the capacitor bank are many and the reason is that capacitor reduces
the reactive current flowing in the whole system from generator to the point of
installation.
1 .Increased voltage level at the load
2. Reduced system losses
3. Increase power factor of loading current
2.12) EARTHING OF THE SYSTEM
The provision of an earthing system for an electric system is necessary by the
following reason.
• In the event of over voltage on the system due to lightening discharge or other
system fault. These parts of equipment, which are normally dead, as for as voltage,
are concerned do not attain dangerously high potential.
• In a three phase, circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabilize the
potential of circuit with respect to earth.

The resistance of earthing system is depending on:

• Shape and material of earth electrode used.
• Depth in the soil.

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 Specific resistance of soil surrounding in the neighbourhood of system electrodes.
A) PROCEDURE OF EARTHING:
Technical consideration the current carrying path should have enough capacity to deal
with more faults current. The resistance of earth and current path should be low
enough to prevent voltage rise between earth and neutral. The earth electrode must be
driven in to the ground to a sufficient depth to as to obtain lower value of earth
resistance. To sufficient lowered earth resistance a number of electrodes are inserted in
the earth to a depth, they are connected together to form a mesh. The resistance of
earth should be for the mesh in generally inserted in the earth at 0.5m depth the several
point of mesh then connected to earth electrode or ground conduction. The earth
electrode is metal plate copper is used for earth plate.
B) NEUTRAL EARTHING:
Neutral earthing of power transformer all power system operates with grounded
neutral. Grounding of neutral offers several advantages the neutral point of generator
transformer is connected to earth directly or through a reactance in some cases the
neutral point is earthed through an adjustable reactor of reactance matched with the
line.

The earth fault protection is based on the method of neutral earthing.

The neutral earthing is associated switchgear.The neutral earthing is provided for the
purpose of protection arcing grounds unbalanced voltages with respect to protection
from lightening and for improvement of the system.

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 CHAPTER 3

SUBSTATION CONTROL ROOM & COMMUNICATION

3.1) CONTROL ROOM
In IGN GSS not only remote control carry the appropriate mean by which circuit
breaker may be open or close but also indicating device, indicating lamps ,isolating
switches, protective relays, secondary circuit and wires are located here and most
important ”no load tap changer” for transformer is available. There is a panel for
synchronizing. Different panel are located at different stages and on each control panel
switch is provided on the board .Colors of signals are synchronized as follows:
1 Red - For circuit breaker or isolator switch is in closed position.
2 Green - For circuit breaker is in open condition.

There are different relays located.

A. ANNOUNCING SECTION
This section is always checked by shift incharge. If any faults or any relays moves
from L.T. alarms swings and type of fault is indicated on the announcing box. The
most important section is indicated by announcing box. The most important section is
transformer controller section, winding temperature indicator, tap position selector is
situated on control panel. A control engineer controls loading of various lines,
outgoing feeders, synchronizing the indicating lines with bus bar.

B. CONTROL & RELAY PANEL

The arrangement of control and relay power is such that the indicating apparatus is
clearly visible from control panel. These respective panels are provided for control and
indicating equipment. Relay and recording equipment, the synchronizing switch is put
to auto position when condition of synchronism is satisfied. The white lamp on the top
indicating ”synchronizing relay operated” glow and C.B. is auto automatically closed
when bus bar is dead there is no need of synchronizing in that case line is directly
connected to bus bar by pulling a switch marked dead bus to ON position.

C. EVENT LOGGER
To work in control room contain work are automated with computer based control
system .By facilitate the operator locating identification and reporting fault
information is required.

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 D. SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA AQUISITION
SYSTEM (SCADA)
For power system operation and control includes
∙ Data collection system
∙ Data transmission telemetric equipment
∙ Data monitoring equipment
∙ Main machine interface
Data collection equipment as data logger collects the primary data from source and
converts it into suitable form of information and then transmitting and processing data
logger records and rating from different location in this plant. Data logger is designed
for plant performance computation for logical analysis of alarm condition, thus
minimizing possible confusion during emergency.
The intervals of recording are selected by letters of a deal of a push button on the data
logger, which is 1 hour. The input scanner is an automatic sequence switch, which
select each signal in turn transducers are used to converts original signal into suitable
electric form for the input of scanner. It is converted into high signals.

E) SCANNING AND INDICATION

The automatic control necessities a series and checks at regular intervals, which
provided indications whether and when appropriate action is to be indicated. The
scanning gives necessary data regarding the values of various input variables. The
decision regarding follow up section is taken according to the program.

F) CRT DISPLAY
The operation in the control room needs information regarding parameters and
configuration according to the feeders. It Is divided into many parts.
1. Indication system
2. Control switches
3. Relay section
4. Meter section
5. Announcing section
6. DC supply system
7. Transformer control unit

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 G) INDICATING SYSTEM
It is used to indicate total load, bus bar voltage, indication of C.B., isolator position
lever type arrangement for opening and closing of C.B. and isolator. A relay indicates
position of C.B. close or open.
H) RELAY SECTION
This section indicates the position of different relay at different feeders. Fault in any
feeder is denoted by corresponding relay that gives alarm signals.
I) MASTER RELAY
This relay gives the signal to the trip coil of C.B. and thus faults feeder is disconnected
from supply.

J) METER SECTION
This includes a different type of meter .One network CRT display provides operator
with following information whenever he works. Two type of display includes
∙ Tabulated values of parameter
∙ Measured values and computed characteristic symbolic representation of equipment
states usually in the forms of diagram of substation.

K) MEASURING INSTRUMENT USED:

➢ i) ENERGY METER: To measure the energy transmitted, energy meters are

fitted to the panel to different feeders the energy transmitted is recorded after
one hour regularly for it MWHr, meter is provided

➢ ii) WATTMETERS: It is attached to each feeder to record the power exported

from GSS.

➢ iii) FREQUENCY METER: To measure the frequency at each feeder there is the
provision of analog or digital frequency meter.

➢ iv) VOLTMETER: It is provided to measure the phase to phase voltage .It is also
available in both the analog and digital frequency meter.

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 ➢ v) AMETER: It is provided to measure the line current. It is also available in both
the forms analog as well as digital.

➢ vi) MAXIMUM DEMAND INDICATOR: There are also mounted the control
panel to record the average power over successive predetermined period.

➢ vii) MVAR METER: It measures the reactive power of the circuit.

Fig.3.1. Control Panel

3.2) POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

As electronics plays a vital role in the industrial growth, communication is also a
backbone of any power stations. Communication between various generating and
receiving station is very essential for proper operation of power system. This is more
in case of large interconnected system where a control leads dispatch station has to co-
ordinate the working of various unit to see that the system is maintained in the
optimum working condition, power line communication is most economic and reliable
method of communication for medium and long distance in power network.
A) Wave Trap:
Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency
communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them

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 to the telecom/teleprotection panel in the substation control room (through coupling
capacitor and LMU).

Fig.3.2.-Wave Trap

This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for

communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom
company network. The signals are primarily teleprotection signals and in addition,
voice and data communication signals.

The Line trap OFFERS HIGH IMPEDANCE TO THE HIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATION
SIGNALS thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation bus bars. If there
were not to be there, then signal loss is more and communication will be
ineffective/probably impossible.

3.3) BATTERY ROOM

In a GSS, separate dc supply is maintained for signalling remote position control,
alarm circuit etc. Direct current can be obtained from 440volt 3 phase ac supply via
rectifier and in event of ac failure, from the fixed batteries, which are kept, charged in
normal condition by rectifier supply.

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 Fig.3.3.-Battery Room
Battery System:
The batteries used are lead acid type having a solution of sulphuric acid and
distilled water as electrolytes. In charged state, it has a specific gravity of 1.2 at
temperature of 30C.In the battery room batteries are mounted on wooden stand. The
cells are installed stand by porcelain.
Following precautions are taken in a battery room:
• The conductor connecting the cells are greased and coated with electrolyte
resisting varnish.
• Proper care is taken so that acid vapours do not accumulate in the room to avoid
risk of explosion, smoking, winding etc.
• The windows of battery are of forested glass to avoid the batteries from direct
action of sun light.

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 CHAPTER 4

GIS (Gas Insulated Substation)

The increasing demand of electrical power in cities and industrial centers necessitates
the installation of a compact and efficient distribution and transmission network. High
voltage gas insulated switchgear (GIS) is ideal for such applications.
The range of application of SF₆ Gas Insulated Switchgear extends from voltage ratings
of 72.5 kV up to 800 kV with breaking currents of up to 63 kA, and in special cases up
to 80 kA. Both small transformer substations and large load-center substations can be
designed with GIS technology. The distinctive advantages of SF₆ Gas Insulated
Switchgear are: compact, low weight, high reliability, safety against touch contact, low
maintenance and long life. Extensive in-plant preassembly and testing of large units
and complete bays reduces assembly and commissioning time on the construction site.
GIS equipment is usually of modular construction. All components such as bus-bars,
disconnectors, circuit-breakers, instrument transformers, cable terminations and joints
are contained in earthed enclosures filled with sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF₆).

4.1) Sulfur hexaflouride (SF6)

It is an inert, nontoxic, colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonflammable gas consisting
of a sulfur atom surrounded by and tightly bonded to six flourine atoms. It is about
five times as dense as air. SF6 is used in GIS at pressures from 400 to 600 kPa
absolute. The pressure is chosen so that the SF6 will not condense into a liquid at the
lowest temperatures the equipment experiences. SF6 has two to three times the
insulating ability of air at the same pressure. SF6 is about 100 times better than air for
interrupting arcs. It is the universally used interrupting medium for high voltage circuit
breakers, replacing the older mediums of oil and air. SF6 decomposes in the high
temperature of an electric arc, but the decomposed gas recombines back into SF6 so
well that it is not necessary to replenish the SF6 in GIS.

ADVANTAGES:
Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) that uses compresses sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas
overcomes many of the limitations of the conventional open type AIS, as it offers the
following advantages:
(1)The space occupied by the switchgear is greatly reduced
(2) It is totally unaffected by atmospherically conditions such as polluted or saline air
in industrial and coastal areas, or desert climates.
(3) It possesses a high degree of operational reliability and safety to personal.
(4) It is easier to install in difficult site conditions ( e.g. on unstable ground or in
Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 41
 seismically active areas)
(5) In addition to having a dielectric strength much greater than that of air, SF6 has the
advantages of being nontoxic and non flammable.
4.2) GIS COMPONENTS:

Fig.4.1 Gis Components

In GIS all live parts are enclosed in compressed gas system which is divided into a
number of compartments. This division enables the isolation of one compartment for
maintenance or repair purpose while the other compartments remain pressurized. In
figure below the single-line diagram of a double bus-bar arrangement is shown.

Fig.4.2 single-line diagram of a double bus-bar arrangement

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 In figure below the diagram shows a typical gas GIS circuit breaker Bay. Basic
components that make up any one GIS bay are as follow:
1. Circuit Breaker
2. Disconnectors
3. Earthing Switch
4. Current Transformer
5. Voltage Transformers
6. Cables Compartment
7. Control Cubical

Fig.4.3 PASS(Plug and switch system)

The term “Hybrid” refers to the combination of both conventional air insulated
switchgear (AIS) and the newer SF6 metal-clad insulated switchgear (GIS), which
takes advantage of the two different technologies. The Hybrid switchgear solution uses
already existing, tried-and-tested gas insulated switching components but also a
conventional and very reliable AIS bus to connect the various hybrid modules. All the
functions (except the ring type current transformers) are sealed in a single SF6 gas
insulated housing:
∙ Circuit Breaker
∙ Disconnectors
∙ Earth switches
∙ Cable sealing ends
∙ Fast earthing switches
∙ SF6 VTs or voltage sensor
∙ Control and protection cabinet

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 PASS could also be called “Performance and Save Space” as any substation layout can
be obtained by making efficient use of the available space.

Fig.4.4 PASS

4.3) ADVANTAGES
PASS combines all the typical functions of a complete AIS bay for electrical
substations with voltage ratings of up to 245 kV in a unit whose volume is comparable
to that of a conventional circuit-breaker of equal class. It takes advantage and widens
the scope of the operating philosophy of the PASS series whose dominating factors,
those that have dictated the product‟s success with more than 2000 systems sold
throughout the world, is briefly outlined below:
1. Relatively inexpensive AIS bus bar.
∙ Yet traditionally highly reliable.

2. All live contacts in SF6.

∙ Experience has shown that AIS disconnector switch contacts require relatively
high levels of maintenance whereas the experience with GIS has been exactly the
opposite.
∙ SF6 technology means less ongoing maintenance.
∙ Highly reliable equipment leading to a lower global life cycle cost.

3. Fewer switching elements.

∙ Use of highly reliable GIS style switches allows the switching elements to be
rationalized.

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 4. Per-tested in Factory also for earthquake.

5. Competitive installation cost.

∙ time on site minimized
∙ less risk of delay due to adverse site conditions
∙ less demand for skilled resources at site

6. High degree of factory assembly.

∙ Higher quality finished bay than if it was assembled under site conditions

7. Facilitates monitoring / on-line diagnostics

∙ Integrated nature of the plant facilitates the introduction of electronic monitoring
and on- line remote diagnostic analysis

8. Modularization of the substations.

∙ savings during the design and construction phases
∙ minimal variations using standardized components
∙ less risk of design errors
∙ higher confidence in project estimation as costs are predictable
That means:
∙ Very high reliability and availability of the substation
∙ Drastic reductions in the time needed to install the equipment
∙ Much less space required
∙ Simplified substation layout
∙ Less maintenance required (maintenance on demand)
∙ Very good cost performance for purchasing, maintenance, operation, outage and
relocation
∙ Environmentally friendly: recycling / disposal at end of life

4.4) Gas Density Control

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 Each PASS pole has a single gas compartment. Since the dielectric strength of the
switchgear and the breaking capacity of the SF6 circuit-breaker depend on the density
of the SF6 gas, a gas density relay is installed to control gas density and detect
leakage.

Fig.4.5 PASS(2)

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 CHAPTER 5

RATINGS OF EQUIPMENTS

17.1) TRANSFORMER:
Total No. of transformers = 4 No. of
transformers

220/132 KV------------------------------------ 100MVA 2

132/33 KV--------------------------------------50MVA 2
MANUFACTURER
MAKE Company
220/133 KV, 100MVA X-Mer 1----------------------------------- TELK
220/133KV, 100 MVA X-Mer 2----------------------------------
ALSTOM
132/33 KV, 20/25 MVA X-Mer 1---------------------------------- TELK
132/33 KV, 40/50 MVA X-Mer 3-----------------------------------T&R
TABLE 1.TRANSFORMERS SPECIFICATIONS (MANUFACTURER)

For 220KV/132KV, 100MVA ,3-PHASE,50HZ,AUTO-TRANSFORMER

Type of cooling ONAN ONAF ODAF

Rated power 50 70 100

HV,IV&LV M 16.66 23.33 33.33
V
A

Rated Voltage HV 200

IV 132

LV K 11
V

Rated line HV 131.37 183.92 262.74

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 47

current IV 218.95 306.53 437.90

HV 875.45 1225.96 1751.44

A
TABLE 2.TRANSFORMERS SPECIFICATIONS (TYPE OF COOLING)

Impedance Voltage HV-IV 12.17

(Normal Tap) HV-LV % 37.04
At 100MVA IV-LV 22.70

TABLE 3.TRANSFORMERS SPECIFICATIONS (IMPEDENCE VOLTAGE)

No. of phases 3
Max. Temp. ‘C 40
Ambient of 50’C Top oil avg. wdg 55
TABLE 4.TRANSFORMERS SPECIFICATIONS (TEMPARATURE)

Load AT TAP AT TAP AT TAP 21

Loss KW 1 9
173.4 154.9 232.7
TABLE 5.TRANSFORMERS SPECIFICATIONS (LOAD LOSSES)

OLTC HV side IV side

TAP Connect Line Line current (A) Line Line Current (A)
Positio 3T 15T voltage(K ONA ONA ODAF Volta ONA ONA ODAF
n O O V) N F 100M ge N F 100M
50MV 70MV VA (KV) 50MV 70MV VA
A A A A
1Max 4 14 242.00 119.4 167.2 238.86
3 0
2 13 239.25
3 12 236.50
4 11 233.75
5 10 231.00
6 9 228.25
7 8 225.50

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 48

8 7 222.75
9NOR 6 220.00
10 5 217.25
132.0 218.9 306.5 407.90
11 4 214.50 0 5 3
11a 14 3 214.50
11b 14 214.50
11c 13 211.75
12 12 209.00
13 11 206.25
14 10 203.50
15 9 200.75
16 8 198.00
17 7 195.25
18 6 192.50
19 5 189.75
MIN 4 187
TABLE 6.TRANSFORMERS SPECIFICATIONS(TAP POSITIONING)

CURRENT TRANSFORMER RATING

Ratio
Acc. Burden Knee Exciting Max. Sec. Purpose
Class (VA) Point Current Resistance
Voltage ATVK(mA) 75’C(ohms)
1VCT - 5 R.E.F.
CORE1 600/1 PS 1000 60 Protection
1VCT1

- 5 Differential
CORE2 600/1 PS 1000 60 Protection
1WCT
1VCT2 309/2 3 30 - - - WTI
2VCT - 5 R.E.F.
CORE1 600/1 PS 1000 60 Protection
2VCT1

- 5 Differential
CORE2 600/1 PS 1000 60 Protection
2WCT
2VCT2 438/2 3 30 - - - WTI
NVCT - 5 R.E.F.
CORE1 600/1 PS 1000 60 Protection
NVCT1

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 49

 - 5 Differential
CORE2 600/1 PS 1000 60 Protection
NWCT
NCT CORE1 600/1 PS - 1000 60 5 R.E.F.
Protection
CORE2 600/1 PS - 1000 60 5 Differential
Protection
TABLE 7. CURRENT TRANSFORMER RATING

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
Secondary V/R(KV) VA Class Primary Secondary Purpose
Winding Terminals Terminals
I 11/0.110 50 0.5/3P A2B2C2N a2b2c2 Measurement
II 11/0.110 50 3P - da2-dn Protection
TABLE 8. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER RATING

BATTERY CHARGER

220AH VDC HBL NIFE LTD.

440AH VDC HBL NIFE LTD.
TABLE 9. BATTERY CHARGER(RATING & MANUFACTURER)

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 50

 CONCLUSION

Training at 220KV GSS IG Nagar, Jaipur gives the insight of the real instruments

used. There are many instruments like transformer, CT, PT, CVT, LA, relay, PLCC,

bus bars, capacitor bank, insulator, isolators, control room, Battery room etc.

What is the various problem seen in substation while handling this instruments.

There are various occasion when relay operate and circuit breaker open, load shedding,

shut down, which has been heard previously. To get insight of the substation, how

things operate, how things manage all is learned there. Practical training as a whole

proved to be extremely informative and experience building and the things learnt at it

would definitely help a lot in snapping the future ahead a better way.

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 51

 REFERENCES

➢ B.R.GUPTA (2005), “POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN”

➢ P122, P123, S.Chand & Company Ltd.

➢ ASHFAQ HUSSAIN (2005), “ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM” P79, P501,

P516,

➢ CBS publisher and distributors.

➢ V.K.MEHTA (2002), “POWER SYSTEM” P447, P483, P507, P527, P555,

➢ S.chand & company Ltd.

➢ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/63/cvt.png

➢ http://images.google.co.in/(Equipment’s name)

➢ www.browzen.com/relay

➢ www.electrical-engineering-portal.com

Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT M&G, Jaipur Page 52

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