Studies of Osteology and Myology” of the Beaver (Castor canadensis) F. w. YOUNG AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE OF Agriculture and Applied Science SECTION OF ANATOMY East LansingCONTENTS Plate of the Teeth. ee 3 Plates of the Vertebrae . eveaees fe 10, ‘The Muscles of the Head and Neck 3 Muscles of the Ear as ‘ 4 Muscies of Mastication A. ae ’ 34 Muscles of the Tongue mn ceiay 36, Suprahyoid Muscles one 86 Infrahyoid Muscles » Be oot ae Lateral Gervied Muscles 12702000700 3 ‘The Muscles of the Trunk and Tail Deep Muscles of the Back Postoceipital Muscles Muscles of the Thorax’ . Muscles of the Muscles of the Muscles of the The Muscles of the Pelvic Limb Muscles of the Lumbo-iliae Region Muscles of the Lateral Ilio-femoral Region Muscles of the Thigh i 3 Muscles of the Leg... a : 8 Museles of the Foor... Oe 65 The Alseles of the Peetoral Lin Ssles ofthe Shouhier Gide... Aol ofthe Shonier a0" a Males Sf the Arm ane a Muscles of the Forearm — 75 Muscles of the Hand nee Bibliography Sewhipe Gy Es wet, ss St Studies of Osteology and Myology of the Beaver (Castor canadensis) FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS During the last decade great interest in wild life and conservation has developed in Michigan, One of the North American mammals which natural ists find most interesting, and one around which an abundance of romantic fales have been woven, is the beaver (Castor canadensis). Despite the interest and the economic importance of it as a fur-bearer, this animal is probably the least understood of any member of our wild hos. The heaver, in addition to being of general interest, is a typical rodent and large enough to be handled conveniently for dissection. It is upon the Insis of a further study of the anatomy of the Order Rodentia that the writer places the value of the following work. His observation of the literature on anatomy leads him to believe that, until recently the rodents have never been carefully studied anatomically. Domesticated. animals ave been exhaustively studied by Sisson, MeFadyean, and others, but inasmuch 8 no rodent is in this group no member of this class is included. ‘The material used_in this investigation was obtained irom the Game Division of the Michigan State Conservation Department. 1¢ consisted. of four living beavers whieh the writer killed and embalmed Vefore dissection, and some dozen or more carcasses with the pelts removed that had been obtained by trapping during the open season, or by government trappers invan effor to remove the animal fom some lotion where thei. aetiv- ties had. been sufficiently destructive to make them be considered of negative economic importance. These carcasses were frozen solid to be shipped and upon receiving them the writer, after making incisions into the abdominal and thoracic cavities, submerged the carcasses. in 10. per cent formalin solution and found that this preservation was quite satisfactory ; During the progress of this study, material aid has been received from various sources. T wish to express my appreciation to Dr. F. W. Cham- berlain, “Professor of Comparative “Anatomy, for his assistance in the anatomical development of this work. ‘To H. D. Rub, in charge of the Game Division of the Michigan State Conservation Department, and G. W. Bradt, of the Zoology Department at Michigan State College, | am grateful for their efforts and cooperation in helping me obtain the specimens upon which this work was done. I also appreciate the interest and attention Messrs J. H. Pratt and W. E, Layeodk showed in preparing the photographs which ‘occur in this thesis, W. Youne.MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER Ee Orbit proces g ‘OnaMICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 78 MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOSY OF THE BEAVER 9STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 4STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 13, MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATIONMICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY-OF THE BEAVER416 MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 17 Rosen view of ft uns :18 MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 1920 MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 21 Ti surlace of left inmoasinateSTUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE REAVER MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATIONSTUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION SRE a ave Sear ¥ “Few eign Rnb —Ardeulr oiENT STATION MICHIGAN STATE EOLIGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 27aw MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION THE MUSCULATURE OF THE BEAVER The Cutaneus Muscle of the Beaver Musculus ctaneus: is a thin muscular layer developed in the superficial fascia. It is imimately adherent to the skin, having little direct attachment to the skeleton. Tt covers the greater part of the body and may be divided to facial, cervical, omobrachial, and abdominal parts. he facial part presents two muscles (A and B). A. Musculus eutaneus faciei: (plate 1 and 2) consists of a thin muscular layer extending from the median raphe just behind the body of the mandible upward and slightly forward over the masseter and zygomaticus to the fascia about 174 em, below the facil rest Be B. Musculus cutanens labiorum: (Platysma) (plate 1 and 2) is a thin uuscular sheet in which the fibers extend from the lateral surface of the body of the mandible and the angle of the mouth where they mingle with the fibers of the orbicularis oris, backward under the musculus cutaneus colli to the antero-lateral aspect of the ned C. | Musculus cutancus colli: (plate 1 and 2) is situated on the ventro- lateral aspect of the neck. It is divisible into two parts. The superficial part ARISES from the median raphe from the sternum to the mandibular sme Physis, The cranial fibers extend lateralward and upward, covering the Ventral aspect of the neck. ‘The caudal fhers extend lateralward and backs ward ending in the fascia of the medial. side of the forearm. ‘The middle fiber-bundles terminate in the aponeurosis covering the deltoideus and the point of the shoulder. The deep portion ARISES from the median raphe deeply related to the superficial part, extending a little beyond the super. ficial origin both anteriorly and posteriorly. ‘The muscle-bundles. extend laterally, converging to form a wide muscular band which extends upward, passing under the slip from the omobrachial portion to terminate in the skin and fascia caudo-superior to the ear D. Musculus cutancus omobrachialis: (plate 1 and 2) is a relatively thick muscle which covers the back, shoulder, and arm, It ARISES by fascia from the lumbosacral region and along the thoracic spines. Its fibers extend obliquely forward and lateralward, It is aponeurotic ait from which it gradually becomes thicker. ‘Its lower limit is ona line from the hip joint to the elbow. Its dorsal init is from the first thoracie spate to the base of the ear, this line being formed by a slip which terminates in the fascia just below’ the concha. ‘The fibers covering the shoulder are largely INSERTED into the scapular spine and to the fascia over. this. Dorsal to the arm the brachial part is thickest (I cm.). Here it divides, folding the arm. ‘The deep layer extends anteroventrally to he INSERTE by two heads, the proximal into the greater tuberosity and shait of tie humerus with the pectoral muscles, the distal into the posterior surface of the shaft of the humerus behind the teres tubercle, The superficial part. of this portion terminates in the skin of the lower part of the arm ona line extending roughly from the acromian to the elbow, E. Musculus cutaneus trunci: (plate 1 and 2) covers the thoracic, aixdominal, and pelvic regions. Laterally the fiber-bundles blend with the ventral margin of the musculus eataneus omobrachialis, from whieh they tsiin abruptly to-astransverse direction passing medially ‘across the chest ard STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF Gris Natwat Sie) VENTRAL VI ‘THE BE. A Musciles ctaneos facie fe ites 1h-Pectrais pe ta tod maeile AVER »0 MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION SOLS uA T™ torme $ OF OSTEOLOGY ND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 2 posterior muscle fibers ARISE from the lumbosacral fasc and from the skin and fascia covering the thigh and leg. From here t fiber-bundles pass medially in a transverse direction, the caudal fibers tur ing backward terminating in the fascia covering the inguinal region, pas ing backward slightly onto the genital pouches. Covering the thoracie at abdominal regions the two muscles are widely separated ventrally, ei continued to the mid-line by an aponeurotic sheet. Caudally the muscl are closely adherent, being separated only by the median fibrous raphe. MYOLOGY ‘The Muscles of the Head and Neck Muscles of the Pace: Orbicularis oris Levator nasolabialis Zygomaticus Buccinator Dilator navis Depressor labii inferioris Lateralis nasi ‘Quadratus labii superioris anterior xdratus labii superioris posterior Grbicuaris oul ‘Muscles of the ear Cervico-auricutaris Mandibulo-auricularis Mase ‘of mastication: —‘Temporalis Masseter Pterygoideus lateralis Prerygoideus: medialis Muscles of the tongue: — Genioglossus Stylogiossus Hyogiossus Suprahyoid muscles; Mylohysdens Digastrca Genichyoideus Siyiohyoideus Infrahyoid muscles: Onvohyoiteus Stermo-thyro-hyoidews Tiyrokyaidens Lateral cervieal am Sterno-occipitalis, Cleido-oceipitalis Sealenus, Ventral cervical muscles: Longus colli Longus capipis Reetus capitis lateralis Rectus capitis: ventralis2 MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION ‘The Muscles of the Head and Neck ‘THE FACIAL MUSCLES Orbieularis oris Depressor tabit injerioris Levator nasolabialis Dilator naris Zygomations Lateralis nasi Buccinator Ouadratus labii superioris anterior Quatratus tabi supertoris posterior Orbicularis oculi . 151. Orbieularis oris: is a paired muscle, being sphincter in tendency. It is attached to the kuteral surface of the body of the mandible and the ‘mental fascia, from which the fibers extend upward and forward surround- ing the mouth, terminating in the skin of the margins of the Tips. 152, Levalor nasolabialis: (Plate 3) is a thin fan-shaped muscle situated lateral to the anterior part of the face, It ARISES from the frontal bone, from the antero-superior aspect of the tubercle located on the antero-medial margin of the orbit. ts fibers spread divergently forward and downward from this origin. Passing over the front of the masseter the muscle becomes fibrous, this fibrous tissue mingling with the fibro-clastic tisste surrounding the tactile hairs of the upper lip, then through this INSERTING into the front of the upper lip and wing of the nostril, ‘The levator nasolabialis merges with the dilator naris at the point where it becomes fibrous. 153, Zygomaticus: lies under the skin in the lateral facial region. Tt ARISES from the fascia over the Masseter below the facial erest. It passes forward to be INSERTED into the angle of the mouth blending with the orbieulatis oris 154. Buccinator: (Plate 3) forms the muscular portion of the lateral wall of the mouth. It ARISES from the lateral surface of the maxilla above its interalveolar portion and the premolar. The fibers pass downward terminating in the skin and fascia opposite the diastinum of the mandible. 155. Depressor labii inforioris: (Plate 3) lies along the lateral surface ‘of the body of the mandible, [t ARISES from the ventro-lateral surface ‘of the hody of the mandible. “Its fibers pass forward and upward INSERT- ING into the heavy fascia and skin of the lower lip. 156, Dilator naris: (Plate 3) is an ill-defined muscle situated above aud anterior 10 the buccinator. IU ARISES from the maxillary part of the crest which forms the anterior margin of the maxillary fossa, and from 4 small tubercle on the inferior part of this crest. Its fiber-bundies diverge Toosely through the fibro-elastic pad which supports the tactile hairs of the upper lip. 157. Lateralis nasi: (Plate 4) shares the origin. with the preceding imisclé, ARISING from the anterior erest of the maxillary fossa. Tt passes forward under the hbrolastic paid, becomes. tendinous about midway in its course and by means of the tendon INSERTS into the lateral margin of the lateral alar cartilage 158. Quadratus labii superioris anterior: (Plate 4) is 2 sheet-tike muscle, quadrilageral in outline, Tt ARISES from the lateral surface of the pre Shits in front and a Title below the origin of the quadratus lait superoris STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVERa MICHIGAN STAT EXPERIMENT STATION posterior. Its fibers pass downward and slightly forward INSERTING into the upper lip anterior to the insertion of the posterior muscle, and into the mucous membrane covering the front part of the hard palate 159. Quadratus labii superioris posterior: (Plate 4) is also. sheet-lke, deeply located in the lateral facial’ region. It ARISES from the. lateral surface of the premaxilla anterior to the upper part of the maxillary fossa, and from the upper part of the anterior erest of the fossa. ‘The fibers pass downward and slightly backward 19 INSERT into the posterior part of the pper tip. Some fers also end in the mucous membrane covering the hard palate 160. Orbicularis oculi: is a sphincter musele situated in the skin of the eyelid. It completely surrounds the optical opening, THE MUSCLES OF THE EAR Cervico-auricularis Mandibuto-auricularis 161. Cervico-auricwlaris: is a small muscular slip which ARISES in the faseia of the neck posterior to the nuchal erest. Its fibers extend antero- laterally to be INSERTED into the dorsal aspect of the conchal cartilage of the ear 162, Mandibuto auricutaris: (Plate 4) is small eylindnical nmscte extending from the mandible to the base of the ear, It ARISES from the ‘medial surface of the prominent angle of the mandible above the insertion of the pterygoideus lateralis, and is INSERTED into the hnteral surface ‘of the conch of the ear, ‘THE MUSCLES OF MASTICATION Temporatis Puerygoidieus lateralis Masseter Plerygoideus medialis 163. Temporatis: (Plate 3 and 4) is a well-developed muscle. Tt is readily divided into two parts, deep and superficial, The superficial part ARISES from the entire suriace of the temporal fossa of the eranium, and the anterior surface of the prominent nuchal crest, ‘The muscle fibers’ con- verging to pass under the zygomatic arch into which a few fibers, which passed ‘over the lacrimal gland, terminate. It is INSERTED onto the coronoid process of the mandible which it embraces, and passes over the process to INSERT into the lateral surface of the ramus to inchide a deep, well-defined fossa that lies ventral to the articular process, ‘The deep part ARISES from the roughened postero-medial margin of the orbit. Tt passes Yentro-laterally a short distance to INSERT into the flattened area on the ‘medial surface of the coronoid process and articular process of the mandible. 164. Masseter: (Plates 3, 4, 5, 18, 19) is a massive muscle situated on the lateral surface of the face. “It is partially divisible into deep and superficial parts, It ARISES by fleshy fibers from the posterior border and lateral stirface of the ramus of the mandible, and by a rounded tendon from a tubercle of the mandible near the front of the muscle. ‘The super- ficial part ARISES from the nosterior border of the mandible, ‘The musele STUDIES OF OSTE LOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE AVER ie egies38 MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION fibers pass forward slowly converging onto an aponeurotic sheet which passes ‘over the anterior part of the deep portion merging with it and affecting bony INSERTION onto the anterior border of the groove that lodges the deep portion. ‘The deep part ARISES from the lateral surface of the mandible, ‘The posterior fibers pass directly upward and slightly forward to INSERT on the Tatero-inferior margin of the zygomatic arch. The anterior fibers pass forward in an elongated portion which occupies the groove anterior to the zygomatic process of the maxilla, the maxillary fossa, to be IN- SERTED by fleshy fibers to the maxilla abd premaxilla in this groove, 165. Pterygoideus lateralis: (Plate 4) is a short, heavy muscle, It on the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate. Its fibers pass outward and backward to be INSERTED ‘into the medial surface of the prominent angle of the mandible, 166. Plerygoideus medialis: (Plate 4) is a larger muscle than the pre- ceding and lies mostly below it, It ARISES from the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and the posterior grooved surface of the palatine bone. Tis fibers’ pass downward, lateralward, and backward to INSERT Into the ‘medial surface of the postero-medial part of the ramus of the THE MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE Genioglossus Hyglossus Styloglossus ea 167, Genioglossus: (Plate 4) is a fattened, fan-shaped muscle lying ventral to the tongue, and separated from its fellow hy a quantity of fat and Toose.comective tissue.” Te ARISES from the ‘upper part of the, medial surface of the ramus of the mandible behind the bady. From its origin the anterior fibers pass upward. and forward ito the tip of the tongue, the middie fibers pass upward. nto: the dorsim, and the" posterior ‘hers pass tupward and backward into the base ofthe tongue, ‘The most posterior fers Fass almost directly backward to INSERT into the lingual process of tte hyoid bone : goss: {Pate 4) isan conga, nrc nue tend erally, lying in its aiterior part Tateral to. the genioglossus. It through an aponedrtie sheet fromthe myoid“provess oF the temporal bone, It passes at frst downvvard and forward, then turns straight forward, its fibers ramifying in the tip of the tongue with its fellow of the opposite side 169. Hyoglossus: (Plate 4) in its posterior part lies medial to the pr ceding muscle. Tt-ARISES fromthe body and’ great comnua of the hyord ioe, and irom a second slip Trom the siyloiyoid ligament at the junction of the ligamentous and osseous parts. The muscle passes forward termina. ing in the hase and dorsi of the tongue THE SUPRAHYOID MUSCLES Mytohyoideus Geniohyoideus Digastricus Stylohyoidens 170. Mylohyoideus: (Plate 4) is a relatively extensive, flattened muscle. It ARISES from the medial surface of the alveolar border of the mandible STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER ANB tlio RSs Secentes ta f aCHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT rATION ers extend downward and backward 10 be und. great ite the molar teeth, Its fil ERTED into the median raphe, the lingual process, body corua of the hyoid Done, I71, Digastricus: (Plates 3, 4, 5) consists of two well developed bellies terminating in an intermediate tendon, ‘The posterior belly ARISES from the jugular process of the occipital bone and_pass forward into a rounded tendon. The anterior belly ARISES from the posterior border of the body of the mandible including the mental spine, nd anterior part of the inferior horder of the rams of the mandible, The mterior belly passes backward, the medial fibers pass directly to the body of the hyoid bone to which they are INSERTED by short tendinows fibers the more lateral fibers terminate in a rounded tendon identical with that of the posterior belly. This tendon is attached to the body of the hyoid by a short aponeurosis, Geniohyoideus: (Plate 4) is a spindle-shaped muscle deeply related, woidens and in contact medially with its fellow of the opposite side, Tt ARISES from a depression on the posterior border of the mandible just lateral to the mental spine. ‘The muscle passes backward to its IN- SERTION on the body of the hyoid. cs medial to the posterior belly of the digastriens aponeurosis tat exists between the epibyal and the hhyoid process of the temporal hone, ‘The muscle passes downward ending in a short rounded tendon which is INSERTED into the great cornua of the hyoid bone. ‘THE INFRAHYOID MUSCLES Omvhyoideus Thyrohyoideus Sterno-thyro-hyoideus 174. Omohyoideus: (Plate 5) is a relatively strong muscle situated. lateral to the sterno-thyro-hyoideus, It ARISES by fleshy fibers from the distal one-third of the cranial border of the scapula, The muscle passes forward in the ventro-lateral aspect of the neck to INSERT into the body and great comua of the hyoid bone. 175. Sterno-thyro-hyoideus: (Plate 5) is a two-bellied muscle situated ventral to the trachea, Tt ARISES from the dorsal surface of the first segmentation of the sternum and from the cartilage of the first rib. The minscle passes cephalad, dividing to insert by two heads. ‘The superficial head is INSERTED into the body of the hyoid; the deep into the caudal part of the ventral surface of the thyroid cartilage 176, the ventral aspect of the exterior of the larynx. It ARTS| lateral surface of the thyroid cartilage and is INSERTI the Iriel rohyoitens: lies deeply under the Omohyoidews and against from the ventro- D into the body of OF OSTEOLOGY AND NYOLOGY OF 71 E REAVER 39 LATERAL CERVICAL MUSCLES Storno-occipitalis Sealenus Cleido-oecipitalis Sterno-vecipitatis: (Plates 5, 18) lies in the ventro- and cervical regions. It ARISES hy fleshy fibers from the cranial half of the ventral surface of the sternum, The ‘muscle passes forward, slightly Jateralward, and deeply under cover of the parotid gland, the muscle bers cending in a short tendon which appears on the ventral iave of the eranial half of the muscle, The tendon is INSERTED into the jugular process ‘of the occipital bone. 178. Cleido-occipitatis: (Plates 5, 18, 19) is an elongated muscle in the lateral cervical region. It ARISES from the anterior surface of the medial ‘one-half of the shaft of the clavicle, Tis fber-bundles pass upward and for ward related to the anterior border of the trapezins to be INSERTED into the lateral one-half of the nuchal erest of the occipital hone. 179, Seatenus: (Plate 19) is a single large muscle lying in the lateral thoracic and cervical egions, Over the first nb the muscle is partially divi ible into theee parts (Scaleni anterior, mdis, and. posterior of human) but both cranially and caudally it is fused into a single unit. It ARISES fromthe lateral strfae of the fist four sibs, ur their costochondral Seton to the origin of the serratus ventas. "The muscle passes eran cesses of the last five cervical vertebrae ; ragjal thoracic VENTRAL CERVICAL MUSCLES Longus colt Rectus capitis lateralis Longus capitis Rectus capitis ventralis 180. Longus colli: (Plate 6) lies ventral to the: bodies of the first six thoracic “and the cervical vertebrae, and against its fellow medially. Tt ARISES from the bodies of the first six thoracic vertebrae, and che bodies fand transverse processes oi the last six cervical vertebra. Its fibers pass ‘0 a tendon that appears on its ventral face. ‘This tendon is INSERTED 0 the pterygoid bone and the basisphenoid at their junction 181. Longus capitis: (Plate 6) lies largely dorsal to the anterior ex- tremity of the longus colli, It ARISES from the body of the axis and the yentral arch of the atlas. “Passing forward tmnder cover of the longus colli it is INSERTED into the lateral ridge of the bodies of the occipital and sphenoid bones near their joncti 182. Rectus capitis lateralis: (Plate 6) is a very short muscle deeply situated in the lateral aspect of the neck. It ARISES from the anterior surface of the atlas and passes straight forward to INSERT into the posterior surface of the jugular process of the occipital hone 183. Rectus capitis ventralis: (Plate 6) is the smallest muscle of this {group and lies ventral to the rectus capitis lateralis in direct contact seth it Te ARISES from the body of the axis and the ventral arch of te. atlas lateral to the origin of the longus capitis. It passes forward to INSERT ino the fattened area on the oeciptal bone just lateral tothe hypoglossalMICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION Plate 6 (56 Natural Sie) DEEP MUSCLES OF THE NECK STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 41 MYOLocy ‘The Muscles of the Trunk and Tail Deep museles of the back. Postoccipital muscles Muscles of the thorax Muscles of the abclomen ‘Muscles of the tail plenius Shcrospinalis é ineostlis T. Lumborum E dorsi I, cerviis Longissimus Le dorset ceric L. capitis Spirals 8. dorsi capitis Semispinalis S. dorsi capitis Multis Rotatores Interepinatis Intertransversalis tus capitis: dorsalis Obliquus capitis eranialis Obliquus capitis caudalis Intercostales exter Intercostales internit Serratus dorsalis caudais Serratia Diaphragm Oblquss abdominis exterms & Obtiquus abwlomins internes Revtts abdomin Coceygeus Sacroveoreygeus dorsalis Medal Deep Lateral Sacrosoceygens ventralis ‘tediat Superficial depp Lateral Scpericial2 MICHIGAN STATE eX PERIME? ATION fuscles of the antis: Retractor ani Sphineter ani interns ‘Sphincter ani externus The Muscles of the Trunk ‘THE DEEP MUSCLES OF THE BACK lenis Semispivalis Interspinalis ‘Sacrospinatis Maps Intertransversalis Rotatores 50. Splenius: (Plate 19) ig a relatively extensive muscle situated on the forsoclateral aspect of the neck, Tt ARISES from the ligamentum nuchae its entire length and from the spines and supraspinons ligament of the first three of four. thoracic vertebrae. The muscle fibers extend in a parallel direction cranio-ventrally, ending in a short tendinous attachment, which is INSERTED into the occipital crest and, laterally, into the mastoid prozess ‘of the temporal hone under cover of the trapezius. Sacrospialis: and ts prokngations in she thoracic and cervical regions occupy a dors postion tn the body, ying lateral to the vertebral spinous troeeQuc in the mbar region the miscle i hexviest and is realy visible Wo abtes cokumne, Tite saerospinalls ARISES ins the spines of the Tat three horace amd the fumbar vertebrae, and from the cranial part of the tort spines from the Inna Transverse. processes; and trom the oneal part of the fia crest 51. Iliocostalis bumborum: (Plate 7) is the most caudal member of he lateral column of the sacrospinalis muscle, It is closely attached to the longs: simus in the lumbar region, ARISING through the strong. humbo-sacral fascia from the lumbar and sacral spines and the iliac crest, It is INSERTED into the posterior border of the last seven ribs, 52, Miocostalis dorsi: (Plate 7) ARISES irom the cranial border of the ninth to twelith ribs inclusive, and is INSERTED into the candal border ff the third to sixth ribs, 53, Miocostalis servicis: (Plate 7) ARISES from the cranial. border of the angles of the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs; and is INSERTED into the caudal borders of the first two ribs and into the transverse processes cof the last three cervical vertebrae. 54. Longissimus dorsi et cervicis: (Plate 7) combines the dorsal and cervical paris. It is the largest muscle of the sacrospinalis group and occupies & iniddle position in the group, Tt is attached in the lumbar region to the iliocostalis hunborum ARISING from the last three thoracic and umbar spines, and from the Inmbar transverse processes. It is INSERTED into the transverse processes of all the thoracic vertebrae and into the caudal border of the vertebral extremity of the first eight ribs, It also invades the cervical region, inserting with the iliocostalis cervicis into the transverse processes of the last three cervical vertebrae. 58. Longissinus capitis: (Plies 7, 19) ARISES by tendinous slips ean ust sertehrae. The muscle STUDIES OF OSTROLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER Spec ama medatpssc ss Useen as4" MICHIGAN STAT ‘TION, passes forward along the lateral aspect of the neck to be INSERTED into the mastoid process of the temporal bone, 56, Spinalis dorsi: (Plate 7) ARISES by tendinous slips from the spinous processes of the kimbar vertebrae with the common origin of the sacrospinalis, The muscle extends forward, becoming fleshy, and INSERT- ING by fleshy slips into the summits of the first five thoracic vertebrae ST. Spinalis capitis: (Plate 7) AR from the trans- verse processes of the Bfth to ninth thoracic vertebrae. The muscle passes forward, gradually converging onto a short aponcucosis which blends with the aponeurosis of the semispinalis capitis to be INSERTED into the nuchal crest of the occipital bone, by fleshy Semispinalis: comprises a series of three muscles medially and deeply related to the sacrospinalis. “This group arises on transverse processes and inserts into vertebral spines cranial to their origi 58. Semispinalis dorsi: (Plate 7) ARISES by tendinous slips from the caudal articular proeess of the ninth, tenth, and eleventh thoracic verte- brae. ‘The muscle extends forward and dorsally, INSERTING on the caudal margin of the summit and shaft of the first seven thoracic vertebrae. 59. Senispinalis cervicis: (Plate 7) ARISES om the transverse pro- cesees of the last five cervical vertehrar and the fest three thoracic. “The muscle fhers extend upward and forward, converging to be INSERTED ‘onto the posterior margin of the spine of the axis from its summit t0 the causal articular process. . Semispinatis capitis: (Plate 7) ARISES by fleshy digitations from the transverse processes of the last two cervical vertebrae and the first five thoracic, It is INSERTED through an aponeurotic sheet to the greater portion of the nuchal crest of the occipital bone, blending medially with the tendon of insertion of the spinalis capitis, 61. Multfidus: (Plate 7) consists of a number of fleshy fasciculi which cceupy the groove on either side of the spinous provesses of the vertebrae from the sacrum to the axis. ‘The musele is relatively heavy in the lumbar region, becoming gradually” smaller as one progresses cranially. Inthe Tumba region the muscle blends with the sterospinalis; in the thoracic region it ARISES from the transverse processes of the vertebrae; and in the cervical, from the articular processes. Throughout its length it is IN- SERTED into the entire length of the lateral surface of the vertebral spines of the more eranial vertebrae. ‘The muscle fibers vary greatly in length, the more superficial passing from one vertebrae to the second or third, for- ward, while the deeper ones connect contigious vertebrae. In. the sacral region the muscle hecomes rapidly reduced, blending with the sacro-cocey- ges dorsalis, 62. Rotetores: ave small anc variable in number, lying entirely within the thoracic region. They ARISE on the transverse process and are IN- SERTED into the caudal margin of the lamina of the vertebrae above, 63. Iuterspinalis: are small muscular slips between the spinous processes of the vertebrae, Thev are best developed in the thoracic and lumbar regions, STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 45, 64, Intertransversalis: (Plate 7) are small muscles placed between the transverse processes of the vertebrae. “They extend the yliole length of the vertebral column. “In the neck a prominent fasciculus” extends. from the ing of the atlas to the transverse process of the next call cervical vertebra. THE POSTOCCIPITAL MUSCLES Rectus capitis dorsalis Obtiquus capitis anterior Obliquus capitis posterior Rectus capitis dorsalis: (Plate 7) ARISES from the medial part of the nuchal erest and is INSERTED into the spine of the axis. 66. Obliquus capitis cranialis; (Plate 7) ARISES from the nuchal erest lateral to the origin of the preceding muscle. Tt is INSERTED into the ing of the atlas, 67. Obliquus capitis caudalis: (Plate 7) ARISES from the wing of the atlas and is INSERTED into the prominent spine of the axis, THE MUSCLES OF THE THORAX Intercostales extern Intercostates intern Levatores costarum Serratus dorsalis posterior Subcostales ‘Serratus dorsalis anterior Transversus thoracic Diaphragm 8, Intercostales externi: (Plates 6, 7, 9, 18, 19) are 13 in number on either side of the body. Each ARISES from the caudal border of a rib and is INSERTED into the eranial border of the next rib caudad.. Viewed dorsally, the intercostales externi are diveetly obliquely caudo-laterally; viewed ventrally, the muscle fibers extend caudo-medially, ‘The musele Joes not occupy the space hetween the costal cartilages. 69. Intercostales interni: (Plates 6, 7, 14) are also 13 in number. on either side of the body and are directed obliquely, hut ina direction at right angles, to that of the preceding musele. Each ARISES on the inner margin of the caudal border of a rib and its cartilage and is INSERTED into the cranial border of the next rib caudal, This muscle extends. to the sternum ventrally, but does not quite reach the vertebral column dorSally 70. Subcostales: (Plate 14) are present in the caudal part of the thorax. ‘They ARISE on the caudal border of a rib near its angle and are IN- SERTED into the inner surface of the second or third rib below it, ‘The imusele fibers run in the same direction ay the internal intercostales, 71. Transversus thoracic: is situated! on the inner surface of the ventral wall of the thorax. It ARISES irom the deep face of the eaudal one-hal of the sternum, the xsiphoid cartilage, and the costal cartilage of the last three or four ribs. Its fibers diverge eranio-laterally to he INSERTED into the dorsal sur ‘second to sixth costal cartilages inchusive. 72. Levatores costarwm: (Plate 7) are a series of thirteen small muscles in the dorsal thoracic region, ‘They increase in size, progressing caudalwardMICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION, ARDOMINAL SURFACE OF THE DIAPHRAGM o—Bady of mbar verter STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 47 They extend from the second to fourteenth ribs inclusive and arise on the first to thirteenth thoracic veterbrae. ‘They ARISE. front. the. trangverse [process of the first to thirteenth ribs and extend downward and backward, IN SERTING upon the anterolateral surface of the rib, the lead) of which articulates with that vertebrae, ‘The muscle to the first rib is very stall Sometimes absent, When present, it arises from the last cervical vertebra 73. Serratus, dorsalis caudalis: (Plate 7) is a flat muscle lying in the posterior part of the lateral thoracic region, ‘The ventral one-third is muset lar, the remaining dorsal part forms an aponeurotic sheet. It ARISES by fleshy digitations from the lateral surfaces of the seventh to fourteenth ribs iclusive. ‘The muscle extends dorso-cranially, INSERTING hy aponeurosis to the spinous processes of the sixth to thirteenth thoracic vertebrae. 74. Serratus dorsalis cranialis: (Plate 7) is a sheet-ike muscle situated the anterior part of the dorso-lateral wall of the thorax. Its dorsal two fifths is aponeurotic. It ARISES hy fleshy digitations: from the lateral surface of the fifth to the eleventh ribs. ‘The muscle fibers extend dots cranially into an aponeurosis which INSERTS into the caudal half of the Hgamentum nuchae and into the spines and the supraspinous Hgaroent of the first seven thoracic vertebrae. eon 75. Diaphragm: (Plate 8) forms a septum between the thoracic and ‘abdominal cavities. It is dome-shaped, the convexity projecting the thoracic surface. Its periphery is muscular; ‘the center tendinows, Its. fleshy” rim tmnty be divided into three parts: the’sternal ARISES from the deep surfac of the xiphoid, the costal ARISES from the deep face of the last seven or eight costal cartilages and dorsally from the inner surface of the last three or four ribs, and the lumbar ARISES from the lumbocostal arch. which extends from the last ribs over the psoas minor to the body of the first lumbar vertebra, and through the erura from the ridge on the ventral surface of the bodies of the first two or three lumbar vertebrae, From this extensive origin the muscle fibers extend inward INSERTING into the tendinous center which forms the apex of the dome. ‘The diaphragm is perforated by three openings which allow passage of the necessary organs through it. The hiatus aorticus lies between the erura and below the last thoracie vertebra, It furnishes passage for the aorta, vena azygos, and thoracic Iymph duct, ‘The hiatus oesophagus lies below and a little to the left of the hiatus aorticus and transmits the vesophagus, the vagus nerve, and some small oesphageal arteries. ‘The hiatus. venae cavae perforates the tendinous portion of the diaphragm and allows passage of the vena cava, which is closely adherent to its margin, 2 THE MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMEN Obligquus abdominis extornus Transversus abdominis Obliguus abdominis internus Rectus abdominis 76. Obliquus abdominis externus: (Plates 5, 7,9, 10, 17, 18, 19) is the outermost of the abdominal muscles. Its fibers ‘are directly, medio-caudally Tt ARISES. by fleshy digitations from the lateral surface of the last 21 ribs interdigitating in its cranial part with the serratus ventralis thoracis ‘The anterior fibers pass medially and slightly eaudad, to INSERT through an aponeurosis to the linea alba, Caually the fibers gradually diverge,MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION S7Oalgues ahs lara Sat nn ei STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 49 INSERTING the length of the | and the most caudal fibers pas cerest of the ilium, ea alba, the cranial brim of the pubis, ig almost directly caudad to insert into the 77. Obliquus abdominis internus: (Plate 9) is a triagularly shaped muscle lying deeply to the obliquus abdomiinis externus, It ARISES. by fleshy filers from the internal margin of the iliac crest, “The muscle fibers diverge from this origin, passing into a broad aponeurasis which INSERTS into the pubic symphysis and into the linea alba its entire length. 78. Abdominis transversus: (Plate 9) is the deepest of the muscles form= ing the ventral abdominal wall. Like the preceding two muscles, its lateral part is muscular, the medial aponeurotic. It ARISES from the internal surface of the costal cartilages of the asternal ribs, and from the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae. Its filers extend transversely actos the abdomen to INSERT into the xiphoid and the linea alba, ‘The posterior fibers incline somewhat caudad to be inserted into the pubie symphysis, Rectus abdominis: (Plate 9) is situated on the ventral aspect of f the thorax and abdomen, It ARISES irom the sternal the ventral surface of the sternum, and the extreme medial ends of the cartilages of the sternal ris. As the muscle passes across the abdominal region it forms an extensive, flattened belly which narrows a it extends caudad, forming a rounded muscular portion which converges to INSERT on a small area on the anterior border of the pubis at the symphysis. Its entire length the muscle of either side is separated from its fellow only by a thin shect of connective tissue, the linea alba THE MUSCLES OF THE TAIL Eneesipie Sacvesoceens nie Sacre coneypens dora ‘eda ‘Medal peri Der ce Latha wiser peri weep 184. Coceygeus: (Plate 14) is a. short, heavy muscle. It ARISES from the pelvie surface to the pubis along the pubie rim of the obturator foramen, From its origin the muscle passes dorso-caudally, its fibers terminating abruptly in an aponeurosis covering the sacro-coceygeus ver tralis, and through this aponeuross attaches also to the bodies of the last sacral segment and the first eoccygeal vertebra 185, Sacro-coceygeus dorsalis: (Plates 7, 10, 11, 17) is divisible ‘three parts: medial, deep, and lateral, a. The medial part is well-developed. It ARISES from the spinous processes of the Iumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and the first six or seven coceygeal vertebrae. It extends caucdad, ending in tendinous slips which are INSERTED into the articular processes of the coccygeal vertebrae. The musevlar portion is discontinued at the junction of the hair with the sealy part of the tail. From here the muscle is continued by a mumber of small tendons, each of which is INSERTED into a vertebra, the last extending the entire length of the talo MICHIGAN $ PERIMENT STATION b, The deep part ARISES from the dorsum of the sacrum, from the ateral surface of the saeral spines, and from the dorsal surface of the ‘oceygeal transverse processes. The muscle extends backward and medially nding in numerous elongated slips which are INSERTED into the sun nits of the coceygeal vertebrae, ‘The muscular portion terminates. about hiree centimeters behind the preceding muscle. From here it also is con- inued by a number of smal] tenclons. ©. The lateral part lies just lateral to the preceding muscle. It ARISES rom the lateral margin of the fused transverse processes of the stcram ind from the transverse processes of the first five oF six coceygeal vertebrae. t passes into small tendons which are INSERTED into the sides of the ‘oeeygeal spinous processes excluding the first eight, Its muscular portion erminates proximal to the preceding muscle 186, Sacro-coceygeus ventralis: (Plates 10, 11, 14, 17) is divided into our parts: medial, superficial and deep; and lateral, superficial and deep a. Medial superficial arises by two heads, The pelvic head ARTS! rom the anterior margin of the obturator foramen, from the pelvic surface of the anterior extremity of the anterior ranms of the ischium, and from he caudal part of the pelvie surface of the ilium, The vertebral head ARISES, rom the bodies and terarticular fibrocartilages of the last three sacral and ist three coccygeal vertebrae. ‘The muscular portion continues to the eighth ‘oecygeal vertebra, the various fascieuli being continued by tendons which NSERT into the’ ventro-lateral surface of the more distal coccygeal verte- b. Medial deep ARISES from the bodies of the last two lumbar verte vrae, the bodies and transverse processes of the sacral and the first nine ‘gecygeal vertebrae, and the interarticular ibrocartilages, ‘The fleshy part Af the muscle becomes heavy through the pelvis, but terminates with the perficial part. ‘The muscle-fibers converge onto rounded tendons which ‘ppear consecutively caudalward, ‘These tendons continue distally. to insert nto the lateral aspect of the bodies of the coccygeal vertebrae lateral to the endon of the superficial medial muscle. Many’ tendons of the deep part tse embedded in the belly of the superficial part in the proximal catidal “egion, ©. Lateral superficial is a short muscle situated on the anterior part of hhe lateral surface of the tail It ARISES from the lateral border of the vbturator foramen, and is INSERTED into the transverse processes of he second to seventh coceygeal vertebrae inclusive, Lateral deep ARISES from the ventral surface of the transverse arocesses of the first seven coccygeal vertebrae, The succeeding’ fascicul INSERT by flattened tendons into the transverse processes of the seventh ‘© twelfth eoceygeal vertebrae inclusive THE MUSCLES OF THE ANUS Retractor ani Sphincter ani internus Sphincter ani exteraus Retractor ani: is well developed. It ARISES from the dorsal surface af the pubis and the pubie symphysis. Its fibers entirely surround. the fectum, at first closely adherent to it, then considerably separated from it by the perineum. Tt ends in the anal faseia and in the sphincter ani externus, STUDIRS OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 51 Sphincter ani interns: consists of the thickened musculature of the cite lar layer of the muscular wall of the rectum, Sphincter ani externus: oceupies the fold of skin surrounding the anal opening. It is a circularly arranged muscle lying outside of the sphincter ani interns and is adherent to the perineal fastia MYOLOGY ‘The Muscles of the Pelvic Limb Muscles of the lumbo-itiae region Ventral group: ‘Quadeatus Tamboran Psoas major Psoas minor Iliacus Muscles of the lateral ilio-femoral region: Ghuteus: maximus Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Muscles of the thigh Anterior femoral group: Sastorins Qnadrieeps femoris Medial omal gop Gra ets Adikictor longus Aaductor bers Addductor magnus Piriform Obtinator externas Obiatator internus Genel Qharats femoris Posterior femoral group: Biceps femoris (Hanistring group) sts Museles of the leg Anterior tibial group: Tibialis anterior Extensor halhucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Posterior tibial group: Superticial group Gastroenennins Soleus Plantaris Deep group Poplitexts Flexor halhieis longus Flexor digitorum Ingus Tibialis posterior Lateral (peroneal) group: Peroneus tertins Peroneus brevis Peronesss longus2 MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION Muscles of the foot Dorsal. group: Extensor digitorum brevis Plantar group First layer Quadratus plantae Flexor digitorum brevis Second layer Flexor hallucis brevis Interossei THE MUSCLES OF THE LUMBO-ILIAC REGION Quadratus tumborum Psoas minor Psoas major Miacus 100. Quadratus Iumborum: (Plates 7, 14) is a short heavy muscle lying in the lumbar region, It ARISES by tendinous fibers from the transverse Processes of the Iumbar vertebrae. It passes directly caudad to. he IN- SERTED into dve cubercular crest of the alum. 101. Psoas minor: (Plates 8, 14) is a long fusiform muscle traversing the entire length of the lumbar region. It ARISES by fleshy fibers from the ventral surface of the last four thoracic vertebrae and first three lumbar, and from the corresponding intervertebral fibrocartilages. ‘The musele fibe converge onto a flat tendon which arises on the ventral face of the muscle. Caudad the tendon becomes iree and extends to the ilio-pectineal eminence of the il into which it is inserted, 102. Psoas major: (Plate 14) is a shorter, heavier muscle than the preceding and lies dorso-lateral to it. It ARISES by fleshy fibers from the lateral surfaces of the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae, from the ventral surface of the transverse processes, and from the intervertebral fibrocartilages, Its fibers converge onto a common tendon with the iliaeus, to be INSERT into the summit of the trochanter minor of the femnr, 103. Hiaeus: (Plate 14) is a short, rotund muscle lying dorso-lateral to the psoas major. It ARISES by fleshy fibers from the entire ventral suriace of the ilium. ‘The muscle fibers pass into. the common tendon with the preceding muscle, INSERTING with it into the trochanter minor, STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 53, suiPrneiciat USCLES OF THE THIGH A tatisinwe doe 3 Seeratus dorsalis caudals 1D Ricepe femoris 121-Semtendinosns TRaStemsceeyrs dora Isse_Sicrcretyeas dora Asie Syer-eceyges vetMICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION STUDIFS OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 5S ‘THE MUSCLES OF THE LATERAL ILI0-FEMORAL REGION Gluteus maxinus Ghuteus medins Tensor fasciae latae 412. Gluteus maximus: (Plates 10, 17) is a thick, triangular muscle ‘occupying the lateral aspect of the thigh. Tt ARISES by aponeuratic fibers Mate 11. G5 Natort Sie) from the sacral aponeurosis and intermuseular septa with some direct tendinous DEEP LATERAL MUSCLES fibers of attachment from the transverse processes of the first three oF four FICIAL LATREAL OF THE caudal vertebrae and the ischial tuberosity. ‘The fibers converge distally onto, Thc a thin tendon which is INSERTED onto the patella, About midway Teta shiminis ene the muscle is a fibrous body to which the upper fibers tend to converge, and eine emer from which the distal spread, 113. Glateus medius: (Plates 11, 14, 15) is a massive muscle lying the gluteal region. Tt ARISES by fleshy fibers from the entire glit surface of the ilium, from the lumbo-sacral fascia, and from the intermiscular septa between it and the adjacent muscles. ‘The muscle fibers converge abruptly, to be INSERTED into the entire aspect of the medial portion of the trochanter major, Hen igtocum longus wor wigtaren brevis e-Folio revs 114. Tensor fasciae latac: (Plates 10, 14, 17) is a thin, triangular muscle ren : situated ont the antero-lateral surface of the thigh, Tt ARISES int its anterior part by fleshy fibers from the lateral part of the crest of the ilium, and the ‘emaining part from the lumbo-saeral aponeurosis, Its fibers converge distally ‘onto a flat tendon that is INSERTED into the distal part of the trocha tertius of the femur. Its superficial fibers are continuous with the fascia lata THE MUSCLES OF THE THIGH ‘The Anterior Femoral Group Sartorius Quadriceps femoris 104. Sartovis: absent 103. Quadriceps femoris: (Plates 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17) is a group of muscles lying in the anterior femoral region, It comprises a great fleshy amass which is the chief extensor of the leg. Tt is divisible into two. parts, the rectus and the vastus. ‘The rectus femoris is situated in the middle of the front of the thigh. Tt ARISES by tenclinous fibers from the ilium cephalad to the margin of the acetabulum. It is fusiform in shape, its fess extending distally, fusing with those of the vastus femoris, to be INSERTED into the medio-proximal portion of the patella. The vastus femoris is not clearly divisible into its separate portions. It occupies the remainder of the front of the thigh and lodges the rectus femoris in its medio-anterior part. Tt ARISES by fleshy fibers from the trochanter major and from the entire anterior surface of the shaft of the femur. Its fibers converge distally. to be INSERTED into the upper one-half of the patella, and into the medial tibio- patellar ligament.MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION s OF PLANTAR sunEAce 13! Yopligast Fem ta ower hates gus, as) Exon digi Wage ite SE ar Hac Sa gf ican Ail Ae Si OP Al Gsaeieanas; Tighe, STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 57 ‘The Medial Femoral Group Gracitis Adductor brevis Obturator internus Pectineus Adductor magnus Gemelli Adductor longus Pirijormis Quadvatus femoris Obturator externus 106. Graclis: (Plate 14) is a wide, thin muscle extending lateralward from the pubie symphysis, occupying the most medial position of the thigh. It ARISES from the margin of the pubis along the symphysis, It passes over the adductor magnus, adductor longus, and. sensimembranosns directly to the crest of the tibia to whieh itis INSERTED by aponeurotic attachment 107. Pectinews: (Plate 14) anterior to the adductor magnus, Ie is clearly divisible into two parts. ‘The larger portion ARISES from. the pectineal crest of the pubis. The muscle fibers form a short triangularly Prismatic body which continues onto an elongated INSERTION. which extends from the lower part of the lesser trochanter distally to the proximal limit of the medial epicondyte of the femur, The smaller portion lies closely approximated to the larger along its posterio medial face, It ARISES from the anterior margin of the superior ramis of the pubis just below the origin ‘of the larger part. It extends lateralward, ending ina long, flat tendon which incorporates with the more distal pact of the larger portion, to. be INSERTED into the shatt of the femur with it 108. Adductor longus: (Plate 14) is a relatively extensive muscle situ- ated in the anterio-medial portion of the thigh. It ARISES from the ventral surface of the pubis just lateral to the symphysis, and from the sharp anterior border of the pubis along its lower four centimeters, The muscle in its posterior part is thin, but hecomes much thicker anteriorly, ‘The IN SERTION js by a short aponeurotic tendon to the posterior surface of the femur, about midway in the bone, and extends downward and) medialward from this point to the medial epicondyle, and beyond this is attached to the ‘medial femoro-tibial ligament. About midway along this insertion the muscle is divided, forming a’ canal through which pass the femoral vessels and 109. Adductor magnus: (Plate 14) lies mostly under the adductor Jongus and anterior to the semimembranosus, the semitendinosus, and the gastrocnemius. It ARISES by fleshy fibers from the pubic medial to the origin of the semimembranosus. ‘The muscle bimulles rin a parallel course converging gradually onto an elongated INSERTION which extends obliquely aeross the posterior surface of the shaft of the femur from the Proximal aspect of the trochanter tertius downward and medialward to the upper part of the medial epicondyle 110. Adductor brevis: (Plate 13) is the deepest of the adductores. It ARISES by fleshy fibers from the lateral surface and the dorsal. rough margin of the tuber ischii and from the tendon of origin of the biceps femoris, ‘The muscle fers run a parallel course, forming a wide, flat muscle, until close to the insertion of the muscle, where they converge onto a short aponeurotic tendon which is INSERTED into the medial epicondyle of the femur and onto the medial femoro-tibial ligament.ss MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 59 350 WW ft 32a Ne a Hi mg ts HS Quatscepe omo MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION LIL, Obturator externus: (Plate 15) is a fan-shaped muscle lying mostly under’ the adductor longus. Tt ARISES from an extensive area on the lateral surface of the pubis adjacent to the posterior and medial margins of the abturator foramen. ‘The muscle fibers converge gradually into a narrower, thicker muscle continued asa short flat tendon which is INSERTED onto the distal border of the trochanter tertius 115. Piviformis: (Plate 15) is a small fusiform muscle, Tt ARISES from the pelvie surface of the transverse processes of the third and fourth sacral vertebrae. ‘The muscle fibers converge onto a round tendon which begins on the pelvic face of the muscle, ‘The tendon passes over the border of the ium just behind the greater ischiatic notch, passes lateralward dorsal to the hip joint and insertion of the obturator externus and gamelli, to be INSERTED into the medial aspect of the border of the trochanter major dorsal t0 the insertion of the obturator externus, 116. Obturator intornus: (Plates 18, 16) ARISES by fleshy fibers irom the entire ortter margin of the obturator foramen except in its anterior part, where there is a short interval for the passage of the obturator vessels and nerve. Its fibers converge rapidly onto a short heavy tendon which begins fon the lateral face of the muscle. The tendon receives the fibers of the gemellus posterior and unites in front with the tendon of the gemellus anterior, The compound tendon is INSERTED into a deep coneaity the trochanteric fossa of the femur. U7, 118. Gemelli: (Plates 15, 16) are two small muscle fasciculi which are inserted with the obturator externus and may be considered as units of that muscle, The gemellus anterior (117) ARISES from the lateral surface ff the anterior end of the superior ramus of the pubis. Tts fibers converge onto fa tendon which is adherent to the front of the tendon of the obturator extemus, The gemellus posterior (118) ARISES from the dorsal border fof the superior ramus of the ischium. Its muscle fibers pass directly onto the posterior face of the tendon of the obturator externus into which they fare continued. ‘The compound tendon is INSERTED into the concavity in the trochanteric fossa of the femur. 119. Quadratus femoris: (Plates 15, 16) is a small, straight muscle which’ passes over the end of insertion of the obturator externus and the gamelli, It ARISES by fleshy fibers from the lateral surface of the body Of the ischium, Its fibers pass directly forward and lateralward to be tinued by avery short tendon which is INSERTED onto the posterior surface of the trochanter major. ‘The Posterior Femoral Group (Hamstring Group) Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Somimensbranusus 120. Biceps jemoris: (Plates 10, 11, 17) ARISES from the fateral part of the ischial tuberosity. Its fibers diverge from here to form an extensive muscle spreading over the postero-lateral crural region. It is INSERTED by an aponeurotic sheet to the aponeurosis of the lateral crural region ; the Fae en Ceseds nvr the medial sirface of the lee and is inserted | STUDIES OF OST EOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 61 Plote 16 (64 Netual Sue) DEEPEST MUSCLES OF THE THIGH Het ance” a-Si" emer Ter eew MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION through this into the shaft of the tibia distal to the insertion of the semi- tendinosts, 121. Semitendinosus: (Plates 10, 14, 17) is a heavy muscle lying in the caudal aspect of the thigh. It ARISES through the sacral aponeurosis from the spinous processes of the last three sacral and first two caudal vertebrae. His fibers from this broad origin converge into a fleshy belly from which the fibers are directed ventralward, distaily, and then laterally, converging oma flat tendon which is INSERTED into the roughened area on the anterior aspect of the erest of the tibia near its distal end, (About the middle of the shaft of the tibia.) 122, Semimembranosus: (Plates 11, 14) isa large muscle situated in the postero-medial part of the thigh, If ARISES by fleshy fibers from the posterior margin of the inferior ramus of the pubis and from the postero- lateral portion of the ventral surface of the interior ramus of the ischium. Its fibers rapidly diverge into an exceedingly heavy body which is triangularly: prismatic in Distally the fibers converge onto two flat tendons. One tendon is INSERTED into the medial epicondyle of the femur, the medial patello-tibial Tigament, and the medial aspect of the proximal extremity of the tia. The more distal tendon arises on the deep face of the muscle and is INSERTED into the upper three centimeters of the tibial erest. THE MUSCLES OF THE LEG ‘The Anterior Tibial Group Tibjatis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digiterun fongus 123, Tidialis anterior: (Plates 11, 12, 13, 14, 15) is located on the lateral side of the tibia. It isa large, fleshy rnuscle which overlies the extensor hallucis Tongus and the extensor digitorum longus, Tt ARISES by fleshy fibers from the lateral margin of the patella, from’ the lateral tibio-patella ligament, and from the anterior border and lateral surface of the tibia i its upper half, Tt converges onto a tendon about 3 centimeters above the anisle joint. The tendon passes obliquely downward and medialward through the oblique groove on the anterior surface of the distal extremity of the tibia, continues obliquely across the tarsus to be INSERTED into the first cunei- form and the base of the first metatarsal bones, 124. Estensor hallucis longus: (Plate 13) is a thin muscle lying posterior to the extensor digitorum longus. It ARISES from a tendinosis band which texteuls from the head down onto the shaft of the fibula, from the interosseots ligament, and from the intermuscular septum between it and the extensor igitorum longus. ‘The tendon passes through the fibula-tibial groove with a tendon of the extensor digitorum longus. Emerging from the groove it verges from the tendon of the above mentioned. muscle passe over she farsus and metatarsus to the first digit, where it is INSERTED into the terminal phalanx. A thin band unites this tendon with the tendon of the extensor digitorum longes, which goes to the second digit in the metatarsal region DIBS OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER — 63 125, Extensor digitorum tongus: (Plate 13) is an antero-posteriorly compressed muscle lying behind the tibialis anterior, It ARISES from the lateral epicondyle of the femur. Its fibers pass onto a tendon which is ap- parent along the anterior face of the distal two-thirds of the muscle. ‘The tendon passes through a groove formed between the distal extremities of the tibia and fibula, Over the tarsus the tendon becomes flattened and divides into four branches which progress distally along the dorsum of the four lesser toes to be INSERTED into the base of the terminal phalanges. Over each preceding joint the ligaments give secondary attachment through means cof a phalangeal sheath, ‘The Posterior Tibial Group SUPERFICIAL GROUP Gastrocuemins Solens Plantaris 126. Gastrocnemius: (Plate U1) is a teiangularly prismatic muscle, the ‘most medial of a group of three muscles which send tendons ta the os caleis It ARISES by fleshy fibers irom the medial epicondyle ofthe femur in common attachment with the fibers of insertion of the adductor magnos which are adherent to it at this point. About two-thirds of the distance down the feg the muscle fibers converge abruptly anto a strong tendon which passes obliquely lateralward over the tendons of the soleus and the plan te INSERTED into the lateral aspect uf the proximal portion of the 127. Plantaris: (Plate 11) is a very heayy muscle lying in the posterior aspect of the leg, between the gastrocnemius and the soleus. This muscle ARISES by fleshy fibers from the lateral epicondyle of the femur, The fibers diverge rapidly to form a large fleshy belly which is divisible in its proximal one-third into two parts, “The muscle fibers converge about two. thirds down the leg onto a strong tendon which passes over the proximal portion of the tuber caleis, at which point a bursa ts interposed hetween the Hone and tendon, It is attached to the middle third of the posterior border of the tnber caleis by tendinous fibers, and is INSERTED into the plant aspect of the tuber caleis and through the plantar aponeurosis is continuous with the flexor digitorum brevis, 128, Soleus: (Plate 11) is the most lateral of the superficial group of the posterior aspect of the leg. It ARISES by two heads, a long or femoral head and a shore or fibular head. ‘The femoral head is snuch the larger of the two. Tt ARISES by muscle fibers from the lateral epicondyle of the femur distal to the origin of plantaris, irom the eapstlar ligament, and from the patella, The muscle fibers converge gradually onto a tendon whieh begins a little above the middle of the leg on the superficial face of the muscle tendon, at first flat and extensive, passes downward becoming more eyl in form, passes over the distal part of the short head receiving the fibers of the short head, becomes free, and passes distally to be [NSE] into the proximal extremity of the tuber caleis medial and anterior to the attachment of the gastrocnemius. The fibular head ARISES by tendinows fibers from the distal one-half of the upper third of the shaft of the fibula, from a crest formed at this point, The muscle fibers diverge into a flattened, triangularly prismatic belly from which they are-INSERTED into the anterior surface of the tendon of the lone head distal ty its fleshy parta MICHIGA: STATE EXPERIMENT STATION DEEP GROUP Popliteus Flexor hallucis longus Tibialis. posterior Flexor digitorum longus Popliteus: (Plate 12) is a short, heavy, triangular muscle passing mediaward across the proximal part’ of the crural region. Tt ARISES by a short tendon from the lateral epicondyle of the femur. Its fibers pass medialward and distally in a fleshy mass, 10 be INSERTED in a roughened depression on the medial surface of the upper one-fourth of the shatt of the tibia 130. Flewor hallucis tongus: (Plate 12) ARISES by fleshy fibers {rom the deeply concave upper portion of the posterior surface of the shaft of th tibia, About midway in the leg the fibers are continued on a flat tendon ‘h arises on the lateral face of the muscle, ‘The tendon passes distally through the groove of the mesial malleolus with the tendon of the tibialis ud progresses distally over the medial surface of the tarsus to be into the medial surface of the first cuneiform bone. ibialis posterior: (Plates 12, 13) ARISES by fleshy fibers from the upper halt of the medial border of the tibia, [ts upper part arises posterior to the attachments of the semitendinosts and the popliteus. Its fibers con- verge onto a tendon whieh passes through a groove of the medial malleolus with the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus, passes distally to be INSERTED into the fascia covering the medial surface of the tarsus, 132. Flexor digitorum longus: (Plate 11) is a large muscle situated on the postero-medial side of the leg, It ARIS the posterior surface of the upper four-fifths of the fibula, from the faseia over the abductor digiti quinti, from the posterior surface of the upper two-thirds of the tibia, and from the interosseous ligament, ‘The musele bundles converge onto a heavy tendon just above the point of the tuber ealeis,‘The tendon passes through the tarsal groove to the sole of the foot, where it expands. Iv is here joined by the quadratus plantae. It then divides into. five branches. whieh pass along the plantar surface of each respective digit to be INSERTED into the hase of the terminal phalanx of the corresponding: digit. ‘THE LATERAL PERONEAL GROUP Peronens longus Abduetor digit quintt Peroneus tertius Peroncus brevis 133. Peroneus tertius: (Plate 12) ARISES from the posterior surface of the middle third of the fibula. Its fibers converge onto a tendon which passes medially and then anterior to the tendons of the peronens brevis and the abductor digiti quinti, passing through a groove of the lateral malleolis with these muscles. Emerging from the groove the tendon is dirceted for- ward and medially t be INSERTED into the ase of the fifth metatarsal bone, 134. Peroneus brevis: (Plate 12) lateral to the peroneus tertius, It ARIS! femoral head. femoral head ARI a relatively large muscle lying S by two heads, a fibular rom the posterior facet on the STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 65 lateral epicondyle of the femur, The fibular head AR bo terior surface of the head of the fibula and the shait for a short «distance below this. ‘The fibers converge on a tendon which fies on the sleep. face of the muscle. ‘The tendon passes downward through the groove ni the lateral malleolus with the tendons of the peroneus tertius and the abductor digit quinti. Emerging from the groove the tendon passes over the lateral surface of the tarsus and the fifth metatarsal hone, to he INSERTED into the lateral aspect of the hase of the fifth phalanx and into the corresponding metatarso-phalangeal sheath, 135. Peroneus longus: (Plates 11, 12) is a strong fusiform mnsele Iying the crural region. lateral to the peroneus brevis. It ARISES by fleshy fibers from the inferior suriace of the head of the femur and from the inter. muscular septa between it and the adjacent muscles, ‘The fibers converge nto a tendon which passes downward through a small iislivideal, groove fon the lateral malleolus just lateral to the larger groove, ‘The tendon then extends distally and turns obliquely medialward ina groove across. the lateral surface of the calcaneus, and through the groove on the plantar surface of the cuboid to he INSERTED into the base of the first: metatarsal. bon ‘The groove through which this tendon passes is converted into a canal by a heavy plantar ligament. ISES fron th 156. Atlctr digit vit: (Plates 1, 12) ies anterior to the previoss mentioned sce, and is. very great flattened anterorpotefony ARISES from the anteiw-lateral sirface of the upper threcruarthe of the Bs, from ‘the iimerosseous ligaments andy teedinons iss rary th Iwao the iba. "‘The muscle Hhers converge onto Aston tend abot three-fourths of the way down the crural region. ‘The tendon asses theo the groove ofthe lateral malleolus withthe tendons of the peroncrs tee and brews, pases distally over the lateral surface of the kisi We be TS SERTED oh the lateral surface of the tuleronty on the prasanal esteniy of the fifth metatarsal ‘The Muscles of the Foot ‘THE DORSAL MUSCLES OF THE FOOT Extensor digitoruin brevis 187. Extensor digitorum brevis: (Plate 13) is a very rudimentary wnscle It is small and fusiform, ARISING on the upper and lateral surface of the caleancous. After about 2 centimeters it enters a single tendon which enters that branch of the extensor digitorum longus which goes to the fifth digit. THE PLANTAR MUSCLES OF THE FOOT Finst Laven Quadratus: plantac Flesor digitorum brevis 138. Quadratus plantae: (Plate 11) ARISES by a single head from the latero-posterior surface of the distal end of the os calcis. Its fibers. pass imedially and slightly distally to be INSERTED into the tendon of the Rexor digitorum Tongs13 « MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION 139, Flexor digitorum brevis: (Plate 11) is a small anuscle, the belly of which cecupies the plantar portion of the tarsal region. Tt ARISES from the os cules through the plantar aponeurosis, About the junetion of the metatarsus with the tarsus the bers terminate in a tendon which imme: diately divides into three branches which go to the second, third, and fourth digits respectively, Each tendon passes distally superficial tothe same tendon of the flexor digitorum longus to the metatarso-phalangeal joint, where it divides and passes to either side of the above tendon ; proceeding thns to the next joing, where it is INSERTED into the medial and lateral aspects of the base of the second phalanx. Over the phalangeal region the tendon is also attached to the first phalanx throngh the medium of the phalangeal sheath. Srcoxp Laver Flexor hallucis brevis Duterossei 140, Flexor hallucis brevis: (Plates 11, 12) ARISES from the deep plantar ligament and through this from the second cuneiform. ‘The small Spindle-shaped muscle passes distally to be INSERTED by ‘means of a short tendon to the hase of the first phalanx of the first digit, Tying deeply to the preceding muscle is a heavy tendinous ligament which arises ftom the first enefform and the adjacent fascia and is inserted into the metatarso-phalangeal joint of the first digit through the medium of the nd their ligaments, HI. Interussei. (Plate 12) according to their posi into dorsal and plantar groups, They consist of four pairs of rauscle related to the four lesser toes, Each pait ARISES from the plantar surface of the Jase of metatarsal bone and passes distally to be INSERTED onto the tneclial and Tateral sides of the base of the first phalanx of the corresponding digit, Xsmall suspensory ligament passes from the tuberosity on the proximal cend of the fifth metatarsts to the base of the first phalanx of that digit super- ficial to that interossi tivo sessamoid bones om are not divisible MYOLOGY ‘The Muscles of the Pectoral Limb Muscles of the shoulder girdle Dorsal group: Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Rhomboideus Levator seapulae ‘Omo transversarius Ventral group Pectoralis profundus Subelavins: Muscles of the shoulder ‘Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres major Subscapularis Dettoidens STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 67 Muscles of the arm Extensor group: ‘Triceps brachif Anconens Flexor group; Coravobrachialis Biceps brachii Brachialis Muscles of the forearm Radiodorsal division Superficial group: Reuchioradialis [Extensor carpi radials Extensor digitorum commis Extensor digit quit Deep group: Supinator Extensor carpi obliqaus Extensor finds proprius Ulnovolar division Superficial group: Pronator teres Flexor carpi radials Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum subliniis Deep group: Flexor di Pronator q) rats Museles of the hand Muscles of the fifth digit: Flexor digiti quinti brevis Abduetor digiti quinti Muscles of the first digit: Abductor potticis brevis Intermes : Lumbricales Tnterossei ‘The Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle THE DORSAL GROUP. Trapesius Latissimus dorsi Peiebasieie Ono transversarius os 12, Tropesins: (Plates 17, 18) is a fat, twangular smsee, th of which fe dora tothe spinal solemn the cereal and ti ge Te ARISES from the nuchal erest of the ostptal bone trom the deen af the ligamentum muchas, and fom the spines ad supasparons gant of the thoracie vertebra. From this origin the muscle ery extend teal Sard: ‘The cephalad fibers proceed outward and. ventlward to INSERT into the eranto-dorsal suriase of the istal extremity Of the. Savile the iid’ prec ltatvad to INSET Ino the rial margin of le acronian and cranial fip of the eral part of the scapular. pine a the caudal fibers proceed forward ‘and lateruiward converging. to 18ST into ‘the spinous terete near the middle of he scapular ines ET68 MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION Bite GiGyNotyal Sie SUPERFICIAL, MUSCLES OF THLE RETAIN ge Stake file Saeo-oey- STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE, v « 13. Latissinus dorsi: (Plate 17) is an extensive, flat muscle overlying: the dorsi of the lumbar and thoracic regions, and constricting to a narrow band as it nears its insertion on the humerus, It ARISES. by aponeurosis from the thoracic spines and supraspinous ligament from the third to the last thoracic vertebrae inclusive, through aponeurosis from the lumbar verte- brae, and by fleshy digitations from the seventh to the twelfth ribs inclusive. The fiber bundles converge gradually as they approach the arm; passing ‘medial to the arm they end in a short, fat, fibrous band which is INSERTED into the medial border and anterior surface of the humerus just in front of the tendon of insertion of the teres major. 1. Rhomboidens: (Plate 18) underlies the trapezius in the cervical and cranial thoracic regions. It is not divisible. It ARISES from the entire length of the ligamentum muchae and from a slight area on the medial part of the nuchal crest. The muscle fibers irom the cephalic part pass backward and slightly outward; from the caudal part, they pass outward and slightly backward, gradually converging to be INSERTED onto the thickened tuberculus dorsal border of the scapula, 15. Levater scapulac: (Plate 18) is a relatively large muscle lying on the dorso-lateral surface of the neck, closely related dorsally to the rhom- boidews. It ARISES by fleshy fibers from the posterior aspect of the lateral part of the nuchal erest, from the posterior surface of the petrons temporal bone, and from the paramastoid process of the occipital bone. From, origin parallel Abers pass backward converging. slightly ty be INSERT by ‘short tendinous fibers into the lateral roughened surface of the dorsal border of the scapula. ‘To reach the entire length of the dorsal border the more lateral muscle fibers pass over the proxintal one-half of the scapular spine to whtich it is also inserted. 16. Oimo tronsversarius: (Plate 18) ARISES from the crest of the acromian, At its origin the muscle is flat, but as it progresses forward a ‘medially it becomes rounded. Passing deeply sander the trapezius and ster ‘ovcipitalis its fibers converge to be INSERTED onto the wing of the atlas, THE VENTRAL GROUP Serratus ventralis Pectoralis sublinis Pectoralis profundus Subetavins' 47. Serratus ventralis: (Plates 18, 19) is clearly divisible into two parts (17a) serratus cervicis, and (17b)’ serratus thoracis, 17a, The serratis cervieis is the smaller of the two muscles, It ARISES from the transverse process of the last four cervical vertebrae and first rib. The muscle fibers pass outward, upward, and backward to be INSERTED with the thoracic serratus into the dorsal demarcated! area on the costal surface of the scapula. 17b, ‘The serratus thoracis ARISES by fleshy digitations from the lateral surface of the third to eighth sibs inclusive, The muscle fibers pass con- Sergently upward, merging as. they approach their INSERTION om the scapula with the serratus cervies, 18. Pectoralis sublimis: (Plates 5, 17) ARISES from the caudal border fof the medial one-third of the shaft of the clavicle, from the ventral strface of the sternum, from the castal cartilages of the first seven ribs, and fromMICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION = Hey STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER the fibrous median raphe common to the two muscles, The muscle fibers pass Iuteralward, converging onto a short sheet-like tendon which is IN- SERTED onto the medial surface of the shaft of the humerus on a line the greater tuberosity distally to a point just distal to and medial to the deltoid tuberosity, inserting partly into the iedial portion of the deltoid tuberosity also, 19. Pectoralis profundus: (Plates 1, 5, 17) is divided into two parts, cephalus and caudalus. It arises generally caudat and deeply to the pectoralis sublimis and is much longer than the preceding muscle. The pectoralis pro- fundus cephalus (192) ARISES irom the caudal one-half of the stermum, and from the third to the sixth costal cartilages inclusive, The muscle fibers converge as they pass forward and lateralward onto a short, flattened tendon which is INSERTED into the greater tuberosity of the humerus medio- proximal to the insertion of the caudal part, ‘The pectoralis profundu: caudalus (19D) is a flattened muscle ARISING practically entirely. through “poneurosis from the cranial two-fifths of the linea alba. ‘The muscle becomes hore narrow and thicker as it passes forward and outward ending in a short tendon which is INSERTED into the ventral aspect of the greater tuberosity i the lmmerus. ‘The deep face of the muscle receives muscle fibers of the musculus cutaneus omobrachialis which inserts in part to the greater tuber: ‘sity of the hamierus with this muse 201, Subctavius: (Plate 3) is partially divisible into two parts, ‘The rounded S from a roughened depression ont the catilal surface flattened portion of the shaft of the clavicle From this origin the muscle fibers diverge, forming a rounded belly which becomes. slightly sinaller in diameter as it approaches its INSERTION on the first rib at its junction with its cartilage. The remaining part ARISES from the deep surface of the rounded portion of the shaft of the clavicle. From here the inuscle passes obliquely backward and deeply, to INSERT into the first costal cartilage, ‘The Muscles of the Shoulder Supraspinatus Teres major Lupraspinatus Subscaputaris Deltoideus 20, Supraspinatus: (Plates 18, 19, 20, 22) is a heavy: spindle-shaped nuscle occupying the supraspinous fossa of the scapula, It ARISES. by fleshy fibers irom the entire suriace of the supraspinous fossa, from the cranial surface of the seapular spine, and from the dorsal one-half of the cervical border of the seapula. Distally the muscle fibers conver rapidly to be INSERTED into the anterior aspect of the greater tuberosity of the humerus. 21. Infraspinatus: ( Plates 18, 19, 20) is a fusiform muscle which ocey pies the entire infraspinous fossa. This muscle ARISES by fleshy fibers from the whole of the infraspinous fossa and from the cattdal aspect of the scapular spine. ‘The muscle passes distally under the spinons portion of the deltoideus, to be INSERTED onto the lateral part of the greater tuberosity of the humerus.2 MICHIGAN STAT f EXPERIMENT STATION Piste Ws Natal Sie) DEE MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER AND NECK Peden Fe Siiaens Salat cineraus | A aeatetaatan STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MVYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 73 22, Teres major: (Plates 18, 19, 20, 22) is a heavy muscle which lies largely behind the subscapularis. it ARISES by fleshy fibers from the dorsal ‘one-third of the axillary border of the scapula. It is INSERTED by fibrous attachment into the teres tubercle and the medial aspect of the shait of the humerus 23. Subscapuloris: (Plates 19, 22) is a heavy triangular muscle cover- ing the entire costal surface of the scapula, occupying the subscapular fossa Ie ARISES from the entire surface of the subscapular fossa to which it is udherent, Its fibers converge distally onto a broad aponenrotic tendon i is INSERTED into the medial portion of the lesser tuberosity of the humerus. 24. Deltoidens: (Plawes 8, 17, 18, 20, 22) is partially divisible into s Jar and acromial parts. ‘The Scapular part is thin, triangular, and ARISES from the lower lip of the crest of the scapular spine, ‘The acromial part is thick and fusiform, and ARISES from the caudal margin of the acromion, and from the inferior border and deep surface of the clavicle, The two parts merge distally to be INSERTED. by tendinows fibers into. the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. ‘The more superficial musele fibers are divected jnto the aponeurosis of the forearm through tendinous fibers. The eranio~ medial aspect of the muscle receives muscle fibers of the superficial pectoral rminscle which is inserted medial to, and in common with the deltoiderts ‘The Muscles of the Arm EXTENSOR GROUP Triceps brachii Auconens 25. Triceps brachii: (Plates 17, 18, 20, 22) constitutes the large museu- Jar mass occupying the posterior part of the afm, It is clearly divisible into three heads. The lateral head (25a) is triangularly prismatic in eross section, It ARISES bby tendinous fibers from the proximal part of the shaft of the humerus just distal to the greater tuberosity. Its muscle fibers converge distally onto an aponeurotic tendon which is continuous with the tendinous attachment of the long head and is INSERTED into the anterolateral aspect of the lower part of the olecranon, ‘The long head (25b) is triangularly prismatic in cross section, very heavy, and relatively short. It ARISES by tendinous fibers from the lateral two- fifths of the posterior border of the scapula, From this narrow, elongated origin the fibers abruptly enter a large fleshy belly. The fibers of the kateral portion pass directly backward and downward to be INSERTED to the olecranon in a common tendon with the lateral head, ‘The hers of the medial portion turn obliquely lateralward distally, to be INSERTED into the proximal aspect of the olecranon, ‘The medial head, major, (25c") is a flattened muscle under the distal part of the other two heads. Tt ARTSES by fleshy fibers from the entire posterior surface of the humerus, the medial border of the humerus distal to teres tubercle, medial to the distal part of the tendon of insertion of teres major, and from the proximal part of the crest of the lateral epicondyle, It is INSERTED by fleshy fibers to the olecranon, deeply related to the ‘entire tendon of insertion of the lateral and long heads,XPERIMENT STATION "3, “Extensor digicoruamcommaunts STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY AND MYOLOGY OF THE BEAVER 75 he medial head, minor, (25c") is a small fusiform muscle lying medio-distal to the major portion, but quite distinet from it. It ARISES from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. It is INSERTED to the medial margin of the oleeranon, 26. Anconens: (Plate 21) is a small triangular muscle situated on the lateral aspect of the elbow. It ARISES from the distal part of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, Its fibers extend in a divergent posterior direc. ton, to be INSERTED into the lateral aspect of the posterior border of the ulna behind the elbow joint THE FLEXOR GROUP Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii Brachialis 27. Coracobrachialis: (Plate 22) is a small muscle located in the medial and upper part of the arm. Its insertion is divided by the insertion of the {eres major and the Jatissimus dorsi, and the origin of the medial portion vf the medial head of the triceps brachii. It ARISES by a short tendon from the coracoid process of the scapula, It is INSERTED by an elongated, flattened tenon to the anterior aspect of the medial border of the humerus just proximal to the medial epicondyle, and by a short, flat tendon to the ‘medial border of the humerus between the head of the teres tubercle. 28 | Riceps brachii: (Plates 21, 22, 23) is the large flexor muscle of the forearm, It ARISES by a tendon from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. “The tendon passes foreward, outward, and downward through the intertubercular groove of the humerus. Emerging from the groove the tendinous fibers diverge over both the deep and superficial faces of the muscle, The muscle covers the anterior surface of the humerus, expanding into a rotund belly in the lower two-fifths of the brachial region. Distally the muscle fibers converge onto a short tendon which is INSERTED onto the bicipital tuberosity of the ulna, 29, Brachialis: (Plates 20, 21, 23) is a heavy muscle situated in a large spiral groove on the lateral surface of the humerus. It ARISES, from the inferior aspect of the greater tuberosity, from the roughened area on. the shaft of the humerus just below and behind the head, and by a tendon from the posterior aspect of the lesser tuberusity of the humerus. There are also fibers arising throughout the length of the museulo-spiral groove. In front of the elhow joint the muscle fibers converge onto a tendon which passes Quer the medial part of the proximal extremity of the radius, to be IN- SERTED onto the tina just lateral to the insertion of the biceps brachii ‘The Muscles of the Forearm Rapio-porsaz. Divisio SUPERFICIAL GROUP Brachiovadialis Extensor digiti quinti Extensor carpi radialis Extensor campy utnaris /ensor digitorum communis 30. Brachiovadialis: (Plate 22) is the most anterior of this group of muscles, TC ARISES from the proximal part of the lateral eniconclve. of% MICHIGAN STATE EXPERIMENT STATION the humerus. Its fibers converge on a tendon at the junction of the upper and middle thirds of the forearm. The tendon passes down the antero-medial aspect of the radius medial to the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis, under the tendon of the extensor carpi obliquus, through the medial groove on the anterior surface of the distal extremity of the radius, and across the carpus to be INSERTED into the base of the second metacarpal bone. 31. Extensor carpi raiialis: (Plates 20, 22) is a large muscle lying be- ind and pactly embracing the previous muscle, It ARISES fron an exten- sive area on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. It becomes tendinots about the middle of the forearm, the tendon accompanying the tendon of the brachioradialis to the carpus, where it is INSERTED into the maltangular major. 32. Extensor digitorum communis: (Plate 20) ARISES from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Its muscle fibers converge onto three separate tendons which pass with the tendons of the extensor digiti quinti and the extensor indicis down the forearm in a groave formed between the radians and ulna, under a transverse carpal ligament, and onto the dorsum of the hand. In the dorsal metacarpal region the tendons of the extensor digitorsn communis spread out into a common aponeurotic sheet from which branches 0 to the last four digits, ‘These branches course the length of cach respective digit to INSERT in the base of the terminal phalanx. They are attached to the first and second phalanges by aponeurotie fibers, 33. Extensor digiti quinti: (Plate 20) is a slender muscle ARISING from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, and from the intermuscular septa between it and the adjacent muscles, Midway in the forearm its muscle fibers converge onto a tendon which lies just behind the tendon of the ex- tensor digitorum communis. This tendon accompanies the tendon of the extensor digitorum communis to the metacarpal region, where it diverges from the common extensor Iateralward to be INSERTED into the dorsam of the first phalanx of the filth digit #4. Extensor carpi ulnaris: (Plate 20) is posterior to the preceding muscle, It ARISES by two heads; the humeral head arises from the distal part of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, the ulnar head arises from the lower part of the lateral surface of the olecranon, Its fibers converge on a tendon which arises on the deep face of the muscle. The tendon passes down the lateral surface of the ulna and over the carpus in a tendon-sheath, Over the metacarpus the tendon turns obliquely lateralward two be IN: TED into the shaft of the fifth metacarpal. THE DEEP GROUP | Piet 21 (8 Natural Sim.) DEEP LATERAL USCLES OF Supinator Exstensor carpi obliguus | ee Exctonsoy indicés proprins | 35. Supinator: (Plate 21) ARISES by tendinous fibers from the an- Cetior aspect of the distal one-fourth of the margin of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Its fibers extend divergently medialware and distally over the front of the upper one-half of the shaft of the radivs, over the surface of which the muse .