CHAPTER 7

INDUCTORS
& INDUCTANCE

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SCOPE OF STUDY
7 main sub topics that you should learn and understand are :

• Faraday’s Law
• Len’z Law
• Inductance
• Energy Stored in Magnetic Field
FARADAY’S LAW
DEFINITION

The emf induced in a circuit is equal to the rate

of change of magnetic flux through the circuit
FARADAY’S LAW
EQUATION

where :
emf, ε = ∆ΦB
ΦB = magnetic flux
∆t
t = time
emf, ε = N∆ΦB
N = number of loops
∆t
FARADAY’S LAW
Magnetic field (Tesla,T) Area (m2)

ΦB = B . A = BA cos ϴ

Magnetic flux (Wb @ Tm2) Angle between B and A

FARADAY’S LAW
• Electromotive Force (ε ,E, V)
• known as emf, potential difference, or voltage
• unit is volt [V]
• “force” which causes electrons to move from one
location to another
• operates like a pump that moves charges
(predominantly electrons) through “pressure” (=
voltage)
FARADAY’S LAW
• Changing magnetic flux produces an emf

(or changing B-Field produces E-Field)

• The rate of change of magnetic flux is
required
FARADAY’S LAW
Magnetic field around a permanent magnet.
FARADAY’S LAW
Interaction of two permanent bar magnets.
FARADAY’S LAW
• Bar magnet moves through coil S N
v
Current induced in coil

• Change pole that enters N S

v
Induced current changes sign

• Bar magnet stationary inside coil

N S
No current induced in coil
FARADAY’S LAW
• Coil moves past fixed bar magnet v
Current induced in coil S N

• Switch closed (or opened)

a
⇒ current induced in coil b
b
• Steady state current in coil a
⇒ no current induced in coil b
FARADAY’S LAW
• Conclusion:
A current is induced in a loop when:
• there is a change in magnetic field through it
• loop moves through a magnetic field

The minus sign indicates direction of induced current.

FARADAY’S LAW
● Faraday's law ⇒ a changing B induces
an emf which can produce a current in
a loop.
x x xEx x x x x x x
● In order for charges to move (i.e., the E
xxxxxxxxxx
current) there must be an electric r
xxxxxxxxxx
field.
x x x x Bx x x x x x
● ∴ we can state Faraday's law more xEx x x x x x x x x
generally in terms of the E field which
E
is produced by a changing B field.
FARADAY’S LAW
Example: Pulling a coil from a magnetic field.

A 100-loop square coil of wire, with side l = 5.00 cm and total resistance
100 Ω, is positioned perpendicular to a uniform 0.600-T magnetic field. It is
quickly pulled from the field at constant speed (moving perpendicular to B)
to a region where B drops abruptly to zero. At t = 0, the right edge of the coil
is at the edge of the field. It takes 0.100 s for the whole coil to reach the
field-free region.

Find (a) the rate of change in flux through the coil, and (b) the emf and
current induced. (c) How much energy is dissipated in the coil? (d) What
was the average force required (Fext)?
FARADAY’S LAW

Solution:
a. The flux goes from BA to zero in 0.100 s, so Δ ΦB/Δ t = BA/t = -1.50 x 10-2
Wb/s.
b. The emf is –N Δ ΦB/Δ dt = 1.50 V. The current is emf/R = 15.0 mA.
c. E = Pt = I2Rt = 2.25 x 10-3 J.
d. F = W/d = 0.0450 N.
lenz’S LAW

The polarity (direction) of the induced

emf is determined by Lenz’s law.

lenz’S LAW
DEFINITION

The direction of the emf induced by changing

flux will produce a current that generates a
magnetic field opposing the flux change that
produced it
lenz’S LAW
B B
S N N S
v v
lenz’S LAW
lenz’S LAW
B, H

N S

Iinduced

V+, V- Lenz’s Law: emf appears and current flows that

creates a magnetic field that opposes the change –
in this case an decrease – hence the negative sign
in Faraday’s Law.
lenz’S LAW
B, H

N S

Iinduced

V-, V+

Lenz’s Law: emf appears and current flows that creates

a magnetic field that opposes the change – in this case an
increase – hence the negative sign in Faraday’s Law.
induction

INDUCTION STOVE
The ac current sets up a changing magnetic field that passes through the
pan bottom. This changing magnetic field induces a current in the pan
bottom and since the pan offer resistance, electric energy is transformed
to thermal energy which heats the pot and its contents.
induction
• Tape / Hard Drive etc
– Tiny coil responds to change in flux as the magnetic
domains go by (encoding 0’s or 1’s).

– Credit Card Reader

– Must swipe card
generates changing flux
– Faster swipe bigger signal
induction
• AC Generator

Water turns wheel

rotates magnet
changes flux
induces emf
drives current
induction
Generators
inductor

In many cases a coil of wire can be modeled as an inductor.

inductor
• Inductor are used in electrical circuits because they store
energy in their magnetic fields.

What is an Inductor?
Flux
A coil of wire that can carry current

Current i

Current produces a magnetic field

inductor
• An inductor obeys the expression

where vL is the voltage across the inductor, and iL is the current

through the inductor, and LX is called the inductance.

• The unit ([Henry] or [H]) is named for Joseph Henry, and is equal to a
[Volt-second/Ampere].
inductor
Vinductor = -L dI /dt
Here the minus sign means that when the current is
increasing, the voltage across the inductor will
tend to oppose the increase, and it also means
when the current is decreasing, the voltage across
the inductor will tend to oppose the decrease.
 inductor
A

i(t)
+
v(t)
–

B
Symbol for an inductor
 inductance
INDUCTANCE

Mutual Inductance Self Inductance

Mutual inductance
• A changing flux in one element induces an emf
in another
• Multiple inductors can exhibit combined self
and mutual inductance

Formula
Mutual inductance
Mutual inductance
Mutual inductance
Example : Transformers
Mutual inductance
• A transformer is a device for increasing or decreasing an ac
voltage.
Mutual inductance
• The changing magnetic flux produced by the current in the
primary coil induces an emf in the secondary coil.

• At the far right is the symbol for a transformer.

• Using Faraday’s law we can write expressions for the primary

and secondary voltages as follows:
Mutual inductance
• Dividing the above equations we get,

• Assuming that there is no power loss, we can write,

Mutual inductance
• Transformers play a key role in the transmission of electric power.

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self inductance
• The alternating current in the coil generates an alternating
magnetic field that induces an emf in the same circuit.

• The effect in which a changing current in a circuit induces an

emf in the same circuit is referred to as self-induction.
self inductance
FORMULA
Flux magnet (Wb)
Number of loops

Self Inductance (H) Current (A)

self inductance
Ideal Solenoid

or

n = N/ ℓ L = μoN2A
ℓ
Energy stored

Start with the power Energy stored (J)

delivered to the inductor

Work Done (J)

The end