Waveguides

Rigorous analysis
Waveguide with 2-dimensional confinement in the transverse plane

𝒆−𝜸𝒛 dependency
𝒛
𝒙

x or y
Mode
(only x and y dependency)
Longitudinal direction
z
(z-axis)
Structure is invariant along z-axis
𝑗𝜔𝑡 −𝛾𝑧 𝒚
𝐸𝑖 = 𝐸𝑖𝑜 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑒 𝑒 Transverse plane
(xy-plane) **note here that I have written
𝐻𝑖 = 𝐻𝑖𝑜 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 Arbitrary shape 𝛾 ≡ 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 instead of only 𝛽
to take into account the
Where 𝑖 ≡ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 dielectric loss
General solution for TE, TM and TEM waves 𝒛
In general, there are 6 field components: 𝒙

𝐸𝑥
𝐸𝑦
𝐻𝑥 Transverse fields
𝐻𝑦
Longitudinal direction
(z-axis)
𝐸𝑧 Structure is invariant along z-axis
𝐻𝑧 Longitudinal fields
Transverse plane
(xy-plane)
Arbitrary shape 𝒚

General approach to find field distributions in a waveguide is as follows:

1. For a given geometry find the longitudinal field components (𝐸𝑧 and 𝐻𝑧 )
2. Find the transverse field components (𝐸𝑥 , 𝐸𝑦 , 𝐻𝑥 and 𝐻𝑦 ) using 𝐸𝑧 and 𝐻𝑧
General solution for TE, TM and TEM waves 𝒛
In general, there are 6 field components: 𝒙

𝐸𝑥
𝐸𝑦
𝐻𝑥 Transverse fields
𝐻𝑦
Longitudinal direction
(z-axis)
𝐸𝑧 Structure is invariant along z-axis
𝐻𝑧 Longitudinal fields
Transverse plane
(xy-plane)
Arbitrary shape 𝒚

We will represent the total electric and magnetic fields in the waveguide as Let us also define:
𝐸 = 𝐸⊥ + 𝐸𝑧 𝑧 𝜕
𝛻 = 𝛻⊥ + 𝑧
𝜕𝑧
𝐻 = 𝐻⊥ + 𝐻𝑧 𝑧
Where,
Where,
𝜕 𝜕
𝐸⊥ = 𝐸𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 𝑦 and 𝐻⊥ = 𝐻𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐻𝑦 𝑦 𝛻⊥ = 𝑥+ 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
General solution for TE, TM and TEM waves
Let us assume that the transmission line or the waveguide region is source free, no
conduction current is present in the dielectric and the fields are time harmonic (𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 )

The Maxwell’s equations are:

𝛻 × 𝐸 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻
𝛻 × 𝐻 = 𝑗𝜔𝜀 𝐸

𝜵 × 𝑬 = −𝒋𝝎𝝁𝑯
𝜕 Transverse component
𝛻⊥ + 𝑧 × 𝐸⊥ + 𝐸𝑧 𝑧 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝐻⊥ + 𝐻𝑧 𝑧
𝜕𝑧
𝜕
𝛻⊥ × 𝐸𝑧 𝑧 + 𝑧 × 𝐸⊥ = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻⊥
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑧
𝛻⊥ × 𝐸⊥ + 𝛻⊥ × 𝐸𝑧 𝑧 + 𝑧 × 𝐸⊥ + 𝑧 × 𝐸𝑧 𝑧 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝐻⊥ + 𝐻𝑧 𝑧
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕
𝐻⊥ = − 𝛻⊥ × 𝐸𝑧 𝑧 + 𝑧 × 𝐸⊥
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝑧

Longitudinal Transverse
=0
General solution for TE, TM and TEM waves

𝜵 × 𝑯 = 𝒋𝝎𝜺𝑬

Transverse component (same as previous slide)

1 𝜕
𝐸⊥ = 𝑗𝜔𝜀 𝛻⊥ × 𝐻𝑧 𝑧 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑧 × 𝐻⊥

From previous slide

1 𝜕
𝐻⊥ = − 𝛻 × 𝐸𝑧 𝑧 + 𝑧 × 𝐸⊥
𝑗𝜔𝜇 ⊥ 𝜕𝑧 Identity for triple vector product
𝐴×𝐵×𝐶 = 𝐴∙𝐶 𝐵− 𝐴∙𝐵 𝐶
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜔2 𝜇𝜀𝐸⊥ − 𝑧 × 𝑧 × 𝐸⊥ = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝛻⊥ × 𝐻𝑧 𝑧 + 𝑧 × 𝛻⊥ × 𝐸𝑧 𝑧 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑧 × 𝑧 × 𝐸⊥ = − 2 𝐸⊥
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕𝐸𝑧
𝜕2 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝑧 × 𝛻⊥ × 𝐸𝑧 𝑧 = 𝛻⊥
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜔2 𝜇𝜀𝐸⊥ + 𝐸 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝛻⊥ × 𝐻𝑧 𝑧 + 𝛻⊥
2 ⊥
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
 General solution for TE, TM and TEM waves
We represented the transverse E-field components in terms of the longitudinal field
components (𝐸𝑧 and 𝐻𝑧 )
2
𝜕 𝜕𝐸𝑧
𝜔2 𝜇𝜀𝐸⊥ + 2 𝐸⊥ = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝛻⊥ × 𝐻𝑧 𝑧 + 𝛻⊥
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

Let us simplify the above equation further

• From our previous discussion we saw that each field propagates through the waveguide with a fixed transverse (xy-plane)
distribution (mode) and have same exponential dependency on the longitudinal direction (z-axis).
• The transverse distribution does not depend on the longitudinal axis.
𝒆−𝜸𝒛 dependency

𝐸𝑖 = 𝐸𝑖𝑜 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧

𝐻𝑖 = 𝐻𝑖𝑜 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧
Where 𝑖 ≡ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 x or y
Mode
z (only x and y dependency)
 General solution for TE, TM and TEM waves
𝒆−𝜸𝒛 dependency

x or y
Mode
z (only x and y dependency)

𝐸𝑖 = 𝐸𝑖𝑜 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 𝐻𝑖 = 𝐻𝑖𝑜 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 𝜕 2 𝜕𝐸𝑧
2
𝜔 𝜇𝜀𝐸⊥ + 2 𝐸⊥ = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝛻⊥ × 𝐻𝑧 𝑧 + 𝛻⊥
Where 𝑖 ≡ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

Since all the field have z-dependency in the form of 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧

𝜔2 𝜇𝜀 + 𝛾 2 𝐸⊥ = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝛻⊥ × 𝐻𝑧 𝑧 − 𝛾𝛻⊥ 𝐸𝑧
𝜕 𝜕2
≡ −𝛾 and 2
≡ 𝛾2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
General solution for TE, TM and TEM waves

𝜔2 𝜇𝜀 + 𝛾 2 𝐸⊥ = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝛻⊥ × 𝐻𝑧 𝑧 − 𝛾𝛻⊥ 𝐸𝑧

Let us now define, 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀 + 𝛾 2 ≡ 𝑘𝑐 2

−𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝛾
𝐸⊥ = 2 𝛻⊥ × 𝐻𝑧 𝑧 − 2 𝛻⊥ 𝐸𝑧
𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑐

We can derive a similar equation which relates the transverse H-field components in terms
of the longitudinal field components (𝑬𝒛 and 𝑯𝒛 )

𝑗𝜔𝜀 𝛾
𝐻⊥ = 2 (𝛻⊥ × 𝐸𝑧 𝑧) − 2 𝛻⊥ 𝐻𝑧
𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑐
General solution for TE, TM and TEM waves
−𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝛾
𝐸⊥ = − 2 (𝛻⊥ × 𝐻𝑧 𝑧) − 2 𝛻⊥ 𝐸𝑧
𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑐
𝑗𝜔𝜀 𝛾
𝐻⊥ = 2 (𝛻⊥ × 𝐸𝑧 𝑧) − 2 𝛻⊥ 𝐻𝑧
𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑐

These two equations represent the transverse E and H-fields in terms of longitudinal fields
(𝐸𝑧 and 𝐻𝑧 )

Now if we can solve the wave propagation problem in terms of 𝐸𝑧 and 𝐻𝑧 , we can get all
the transverse field components (𝐸𝑥 , 𝐸𝑦 , 𝐻𝑥 and 𝐻𝑦 )
 General solution for TE, TM and TEM waves
−𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝛾
𝐸⊥ = − 2 (𝛻⊥ × 𝐻𝑧 𝑧) − 2 𝛻⊥ 𝐸𝑧
𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑐
𝑘𝑐 2 = 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀 + 𝛾 2
𝑗𝜔𝜀 𝛾
𝐻⊥ = 2 (𝛻⊥ × 𝐸𝑧 𝑧) − 2 𝛻⊥ 𝐻𝑧
𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑐

Observations:
1. If the dielectric inside the waveguide is loss-less, 𝜷
𝛾 = 𝑗𝛽 𝜷
d 𝜃
⇒ 𝑘𝑐 2 = 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀 − 𝛽2 (propagation constant along the transverse direction) 𝒌𝒄

2. If 𝑘𝑐 ≠ 0, Mode will only exist if either 𝐸𝑧 or 𝐻𝑧 are non-zero

3. 𝐸𝑧 and 𝐻𝑧 can both be zero only when 𝑘𝑐 = 0 (in other words if 𝑘𝑐 = 0, 𝐸𝑧 and 𝐻𝑧 must also be zero)
General solution for TE, TM and TEM waves
We can have the following cases:

When 𝐸𝑧 = 0 and 𝐻𝑧 ≠ 0 TE 𝜷= 𝝎𝟐 𝝁𝜺 − 𝒌𝒄 𝟐

Modes are dispersive in nature

When 𝐻𝑧 = 0 and 𝐸𝑧 ≠ 0 TM
Propagation properties are frequency dependant

𝒌𝒄 = 𝟎
When 𝐻𝑧 = 0 and 𝐸𝑧 = 0 TEM 𝜷 = 𝝎 𝝁𝜺
Mode is not dispersive
Propagation properties are independent of operating frequency
Conclusion:
TE and TM modes in a waveguide structure is always dispersive
TEM mode (if it exists) in a waveguide structure is not dispersive (in case of loss-less dielectric)

This is called material dispersion and not due to the structure of the waveguide
General solution for TE, TM and TEM waves
−𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝛾
𝐸⊥ = − 2 (𝛻⊥ × 𝐻𝑧 𝑧) − 2 𝛻⊥ 𝐸𝑧
𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑐
𝑘𝑐 2 = 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀 + 𝛾 2
𝑗𝜔𝜀 𝛾
𝐻⊥ = 2 (𝛻⊥ × 𝐸𝑧 𝑧) − 2 𝛻⊥ 𝐻𝑧
𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑐

Transverse field components (for loss-less dielectric):

−𝑗 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝑗 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝐻𝑧

𝐸𝑥 = 2 𝛽 + 𝜔𝜇 𝐸𝑦 = −𝛽 + 𝜔𝜇 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑘𝑐 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑘𝑐 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
𝜕 𝜕
𝛻⊥ × 𝜓𝑧 ≡ 0 = 𝑥− 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑗 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝐻𝑧 −𝑗 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝐻𝑧 0 0 𝜓
𝐻𝑥 = 2 𝜔𝜀 −𝛽 𝐻𝑦 = 𝜔𝜀 +𝛽
𝑘𝑐 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑘𝑐 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
𝛻⊥ 𝜓 ≡ 𝑥+ 𝑦
Where 𝑘𝑐 = 𝜔 2 𝜇𝜀 − 𝛽2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
 Waveguide Example: Rectangular Waveguide
𝒚 𝒛
Dielectric (loss-less)
𝜇1 , 𝜀1 , 𝜎1 = 0 a 𝒚
𝛽 = 𝜔 𝜇1 𝜀1
b
𝜇1
𝜂= 𝒙
𝜀1
𝒙

Ideal Conductor
𝜎2 = ∞

By convention 𝑎 ≥ 𝑏

This system may support TE (𝐸𝑧 = 0 and 𝐻𝑧 ≠ 0) or TM (𝐻𝑧 = 0 and 𝐸𝑧 ≠ 0) or TEM (𝐻𝑧 = 0 and 𝐸𝑧 = 0) modes

Not possible
 𝒚
Rectangular Waveguide: TM propagation
a
𝐻𝑧 = 0 and 𝐸𝑧 ≠ 0
b
For a mode to survive within the structure (waveguide), the field must 𝒙
satisfy the wave equation
Wave equation for 𝐸𝑧 is

𝛁𝟐 𝑬𝒛 + 𝝎𝟐 𝝁𝜺𝑬𝒛 = 𝟎
By using variable separation method and applying
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2 2 𝜇𝜀𝐸 = 0 boundary condition, we get a solution as
𝐸𝑧 + 𝐸𝑧 + 𝐸𝑧 + 𝜔 𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝒎𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒚 −𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝑬𝒛 = 𝑩𝒎𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒆
𝒂 𝒃

𝜷= 𝝎𝟐 𝝁𝜺 − 𝒌𝒄 𝟐
𝒎𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
𝒌𝒄 = +
𝒂 𝒃
 𝒚
Rectangular Waveguide: TM propagation
a
𝒎𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒚 −𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝑬𝒛 = 𝑩𝒎𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒆
𝒂 𝒃 𝟐 𝟐
b
𝒎𝝅 𝒏𝝅
𝜷= 𝝎𝟐 𝝁𝜺 − − 𝒙
Notice: 𝒂 𝒃

• 𝐵𝑚𝑛 is a constant
• m and n are integers which tells us the field variation along the length (a) and width (b)
of the waveguide.
• The modes are represented as 𝑇𝑀𝑚𝑛
𝑚𝜋𝑥 −𝑗 𝛽𝑧 𝑚𝜋 2
• If we now make b → ∞, 𝐸𝑧 = 𝐵𝑚𝑛 sin 𝑒 and 𝛽 = 𝜔 2 𝜇𝜀 − , similar
𝑎 𝑎
expression as parallel plate waveguide
• Notice that if 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0, 𝐸𝑧 = 0, i.e. TM mode does not exist. Thus there is no
𝑇𝑀00, 𝑇𝑀𝑚0, 𝑇𝑀0𝑛 does not exist.
• The lowest order TM mode is 𝑇𝑀11.
 𝒚
Rectangular Waveguide: TM propagation
a

𝒎𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒚 −𝒋𝜷𝒛

𝑬𝒛 (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) = 𝑩𝒎𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒆 b
𝒂 𝒃 𝒙

−𝑗 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝑗 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝐻𝑧

𝐸𝑥 = 𝛽 + 𝜔𝜇 𝐸𝑦 = 2 −𝛽 + 𝜔𝜇
𝑘𝑐 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑘𝑐 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝑗 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝐻𝑧 −𝑗 𝜕𝐸𝑧 𝜕𝐻𝑧

𝐻𝑥 = 2 𝜔𝜀 −𝛽 𝐻𝑦 = 𝜔𝜀 +𝛽
𝑘𝑐 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑘𝑐 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜷= 𝝎𝟐 𝝁𝜺 − 𝒌𝒄 𝟐

𝒎𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
𝒌𝒄 = +
𝒂 𝒃
 𝒚
Rectangular Waveguide: TE propagation
a
𝐻𝑧 ≠ 0 and 𝐸𝑧 = 0
b
𝒙

𝜷= 𝝎𝟐 𝝁𝜺 − 𝒌𝒄 𝟐

𝒎𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
𝒌𝒄 = +
𝒂 𝒃
 𝒚
Rectangular Waveguide: TE propagation
a
𝐻𝑧 ≠ 0 and 𝐸𝑧 = 0
b
𝒙

Notice:
• 𝐴𝑚𝑛 is a constant
• m and n are integers which tells us the field variation along the length (a) and width (b)
of the waveguide.
• The modes are represented as 𝑇𝐸𝑚𝑛
• Notice that if 𝑚 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 0, 𝐻𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝐸⊥ = 0 and 𝐻⊥ = 0, that means the
mode TE00 can not exist now.
• TEmo and TEon modes can exist.
• Lowest order mode is TE10
 𝒚
Cut-off conditions
a

𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝜷= 𝝎𝟐 𝝁𝜺 − 𝒌𝒄 𝟐

TE: 𝐸𝑧 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐵𝑚𝑛 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 b
𝑎 𝑏 𝒙
𝒎𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
𝒌𝒄 = +
TM: 𝒂 𝒃

A mode can only survive if 𝜷 is a real quantity. If 𝜷 is imaginary it represents a decaying wave.

Condition for propagating wave: We can define a cut-off frequency (fc) for which

𝒌𝒄 𝟐 < 𝝎𝟐 𝝁𝜺 𝒌𝒄 𝟐 = (𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 )𝟐 𝝁𝜺

𝟏 𝒎𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
𝒇𝒄 = +
Cut-off wave number 𝟐𝝅 𝝁𝜺 𝒂 𝒃
 𝒚
Cut-off frequencies
a

𝟏 𝒎𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
𝒇𝒄 = + b
𝟐𝝅 𝝁𝜺 𝒂 𝒃 𝒙

Some of the lower order modes are: **Note that TEM mode does not exists in rectangular waveguide

TE10 TE01 TM11

𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝝅 𝟐 𝝅 𝟐
𝒇𝒄,𝑻𝑬𝟏𝟎 = 𝒇𝒄,𝑻𝑬𝟎𝟏 = 𝒇𝒄,𝑻𝑴𝟏𝟏 = +
𝟐𝝅 𝝁𝜺 𝒂 𝟐𝝅 𝝁𝜺 𝒃 𝟐𝝅 𝝁𝜺 𝒂 𝒃

In general, for a rectangular waveguide we have considered a > b

𝒇𝒄,𝑻𝑬𝟏𝟎 < 𝒇𝒄,𝑻𝑬𝟎𝟏 < 𝒇𝒄,𝑻𝑴𝟏𝟏
𝒇𝒄,𝑻𝑬𝟏𝟎 is the lowest frequency that can travel through a rectangular waveguide

TE10 is the dominant mode of a rectangular waveguide

 𝒚
Dispersion relation 𝟏 𝒎𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝟐
a
𝒇𝒄 = +
𝟐𝝅 𝝁𝜺 𝒂 𝒃
Propagation constant
b
𝜷= 𝝎𝟐 𝝁𝜺 − 𝒌𝒄 𝟐 𝒌𝒄 𝟐 = 𝝎𝟐𝒄 𝝁𝜺 𝒙

= 𝝎𝟐 𝝁𝜺 − 𝝎𝟐𝒄 𝝁𝜺
Guided wavelength 𝝀𝒈
𝟐 𝟏/𝟐 𝝀
𝝎 𝒇𝒄 𝟐𝝅 𝝀
= 𝟏− 𝝀𝒈 = =
𝒗 𝒇 𝜷 𝟐
𝒇
𝟏− 𝒄
𝒇
𝟐 𝟏/𝟐
𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄
𝜷= 𝟏− 1
𝝀 𝒇 Notice:
• 𝝀𝒈 > 𝝀
fc f
• 𝝀𝒈 → ∞ when 𝑓 → 𝑓𝑐
Visualization of waveguide modes 𝒛
𝒚
a
TE10 mode 𝒚
b
𝒙

𝒎 = 𝟏 and 𝒏 = 𝟎
𝒋𝜷𝝅 𝝅𝒙 −𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝑯𝒙 = 𝟐 𝑨𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒆 𝑬𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒌𝒄 𝒂 𝒂
−𝒋𝝎𝝁𝝅 𝝅𝒙 −𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝑯𝒚 = 𝟎 𝑬𝒚 = 𝟐
𝑨𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒆
𝒌𝒄 𝒂 𝒂

𝝅𝒙 −𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝑯𝒛 = 𝑨𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒆 𝑬𝒛 = 𝟎
𝒂
Visualization of waveguide modes 𝒛
𝒚
a
TE10 mode 𝒚
b
𝒙

𝒙
−𝒋𝝎𝝁𝝅 𝝅𝒙 −𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝑬𝒚 = 𝟐
𝑨𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒆
𝒌𝒄 𝒂 𝒂
𝝅𝒙 𝟐𝝅
𝑹𝒆 𝑬𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒛
𝒋𝜷𝝅 𝝅𝒙 −𝒋𝜷𝒛 𝒂 𝝀𝒈
𝑯𝒙 = 𝟐 𝑨𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒆
𝒌𝒄 𝒂 𝒂
𝝅𝒙 𝟐𝝅
𝑹𝒆 𝑯𝒙 = 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒛
𝒂 𝝀𝒈
𝝅𝒙 −𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝑯𝒛 = 𝑨𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒆 𝝅𝒙 𝟐𝝅
𝒂 𝑹𝒆 𝑯𝒛 = 𝑪 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒛
𝒂 𝝀𝒈
Visualization of waveguide modes

TE10 mode

Total Electric field Total Magnetic field

Visualization of waveguide modes

TE10 mode
Visualization of waveguide modes

TE10 mode

Below cut-off frequency