IT IMPACTS

Information Technology (IT)

- various appliances and devices for creating,
storing, exchanging, and using information in
diverse modes, including visual images, voice,
multimedia, and business data
E-commerce
- use of the Internet and other electronic
means for retailing and business-to-business
transactions
Creating Portable Offices
- providing remote access to instant
THE INTERNET AND OTHER
information
COMMUNICATION RESOURCES
Enabling Better Service
- coordinating remote deliveries Internet
Creating Leaner, More Efficient Organizations - gigantic system of interconnected computer
- allowing more work and customer satisfaction networks linked together by voice, electronic,
to be accomplished with fewer people and wireless technologies
Enabling Increased Collaboration World Wide Web
- using collaboration software and other IT - branch of the Internet consisting of
communication devices interlinked hypertext documents, or web
Enabling Global Exchange pages
- fostering collaboration on a worldwide scale Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Improving Management Processes - communications protocol used for the World
- using enterprise resource planning (ERP) to Wide Web, in which related pieces of
change the nature of the management information on separate web pages are
process connected using hyperlinks
Providing Flexibility for Customization - Intranet - Extranet
- creating new manufacturing capabilities that
organization's private system that allows
offer customers greater variety (mass network of internally outsiders limited access
customization) and faster delivery cycles linked websites to a firm's internal
Providing New Business Opportunities accessible only to information network
- creating entirely new businesses where none employees
existed before Electronic Conferencing
Improving the World and Our Lives - IT that allows groups of people to
- advancing medical and diagnostic techniques communicate simultaneously from various
- Internet locations via e-mail, phone, or video VSAT
Satellite Communications
- network of geographically dispersed
transmitter-receivers (transceivers) that send
signals to and receive signals from a satellite,
exchanging voice, video, and data
transmissions

NETWORKS: SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Computer Network
- group of two or more computers linked
together by some form of cabling or by
wireless technology to share data or
resources, such as a printer
Client-Server Network
- common business network in which clients
make requests for information or resources
and servers provide the services
Wide Area Network (WAN)
- computers that are linked over long distances
through telephone lines, microwave signals,
or satellite communications
Local Area Network (LAN)
- computers that are linked in a small area,
such as all of a firm's computers within a
single building
Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)
- network that uses airborne electronic signals
instead of wires to link computers and
electronic devices over long distances
Wi-Fi
- technology using a wireless local area
network
Wide Area Network (WAN)
- computers that are linked over long distances
through telephone lines, microwave signals,
or satellite communications
Local Area Network (LAN)
- computers that are linked in a small area,
such as all of a firm's computers within a
single building
"Super Wi-Fi" Network
- a powerful Wi-Fi network with extensive
reach and strong signals that flow freely
through physical objects such as walls
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
- Hardware - Software
physical components of programs that tell the
a computer network, computer how to
such as keyboards, function, what resources
monitors, system units to use, how to use them,
and printers and application programs
for specific activities
INFORMATION SYSTEMS: HARNESSING THE
COMPETITIVE POWER OF IT
Information System (IS)
- system that uses IT resources to convert data
into information and to collect, process, and
transmit that information for use in decision
making
Data
- raw facts and figures that, by themselves,
may not have much meaning
Information
- meaningful, useful interpretation of data
LEVERAGING INFORMATION
RESOURCES: DATA WAREHOUSING AND
DATA MINING
Information Systems Managers
- managers who are responsible for the
systems used for gathering, organizing, and
distributing information
Data Warehousing
- the collection, storage, and retrieval of data in
electronic files
Data Mining
- the application of electronic technologies for
searching, sifting, and reorganizing pools of
data to uncover useful information
INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR
KNOWLEDGE WORKERS
Knowledge Information System
- information system (IS) that supports
knowledge workers by providing resources to
create, store, use, and transmit new
knowledge for useful applications
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
- IS with software that helps knowledge
workers design products by simulating them
and displaying them in three-dimensional
graphics
Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
- IS that uses computers to design and control
equipment in a manufacturing process
 INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR MANAGERS
Management Information System (MIS)
- computer system that supports managers by
providing information—reports, schedules,
plans, and budgets— that can be used for
making decisions
Decision Support System (DSS)
- interactive system that creates virtual
business models for a particular kind of
decision and tests them with different data to
see how they respond
IT RISKS AND THREATS
Hacker
- cybercriminal who gains unauthorized access
to a computer or network, either to steal
information, money, or property or to tamper
with data
- DOS attacks, wireless mooching
Identity Theft
- unauthorized use of personal information
(such as Social Security number and address)
to get loans, credit cards, or other monetary
benefits by impersonating the victim
- phishing, pharming
Intellectual Property
- something produced by the intellect or mind
that has commercial value
Spyware
- program unknowingly downloaded by users
that monitors their computer activities,
gathering e-mail addresses, credit card
numbers, and other information that it
transmits to someone outside the host
system
Spam
- junk e-mail sent to a mailing list or a
newsgroup
IT PROTECTION MEASURES
Firewall
- security system with special software or
hardware devices designed to keep
computers safe from hackers
Anti-Virus Software
- product that protects systems by searching
incoming emails and data files for
"signatures" of known viruses and virus-like
characteristics
Encryption System
- software that assigns an e-mail message to a
unique code number (digital fingerprint) for
each computer so only that computer, not
others, can open and read the message
COMPUTER HISTORY
ABACUS
- 4th Century B.C.
- The abacus, a simple counting aid, may have
been invented in Babylonia (now Iraq) in the
fourth century B.C.
- This device allows users to make
computations using a system of sliding beads
arranged on a rack.
- Considered the first computer
BLAISE PASCAL (1623 - 1662)
- In 1642, the French mathematician and
philosopher Blaise Pascal invented a
calculating device that would come to be
called the "Adding Machine".
- One of the first and earliest mechanical
devices used for calculating was the Pascaline
- Originally called a "numerical wheel
calculator" or the "Pascaline", Pascal's
invention utilized a train of 8 moveable dials
or cogs to add sums of up to 8 figures long. As
one dial turned 10 notches - or a complete
revolution - it mechanically turned the next
dial.
- Pascal's mechanical Adding Machine
automated the process of calculation.
Although slow by modern standards, this
machine did provide a fair degree of accuracy
and speed.
 Joseph Jacquard

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

- The stepped reckoner
- Supposed to be able to add, subtract,
multiply, divide and calculate square roots
- **Device never worked properly

CHARLES BABBAGE (1791 - 1871)

- Born in 1791, Charles Babbage was an English

mathematician and professor.
- In 1822, he persuaded the British government Charles Babbage
to finance his design to build a machine that - Considered the “Father of Computers”
would calculate tables for logarithms. Called
the “Difference Engine.”
- Device was to calculate numbers to 20th
place and print them at 4 digits per minute.

Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace

- First Computer Programmer

Analytical Engine- 1833

- Used to perform a variety of calculations by
following a set of instructions or programs
stored on punch cards
- Machine only designed but never built
U.S. Census Tabulating Machine Company
- Done every 10 years
- Process done by hand in 19th century
- Took 10 years to complete UNTIL

Herman Hollerith

HOWARD AIKEN - (1900 - 1973)

- Aiken thought he could create a modern and
functioning model of Babbage's Analytical
Engine.
- He succeeded in securing a grant of 1 million
dollars for his proposed Automatic Sequence
Calculator; the Mark I for short. From IBM.
- In 1944, the Mark I was "switched" on. Aiken's
colossal machine spanned 51 feet in length
and 8 feet in height. 500 meters of wiring
were required to
- The Mark I did transform Babbage's dream
into reality and did succeed in putting IBM's
name on the forefront of the computer
industry. From 1944 on, modern computers
would forever be associated with digital
intelligence.

Tabulating Machine
- Used electricity rather than mechanical gears
- Holes representing information to be
tabulated were punched in cards
- The location of each hole represented a Mark I Calculator
specific piece of information (male vs. female)
- Cards inserted into the machine and metal
pins used to open and close electrical circuits
- If the circuit was closed, a computation was
increased by one

Population Count
- Now took only 6 weeks to count 63 million

- 1939-1942
- First electronic computer built by John
Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
 - Computer used binary number system of 1
and 0
- Binary system is still used today
ENIAC – 1946
- Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer
- a machine that computed at speeds 1,000
times faster than the Mark I was capable of
only 2 years earlier.
- Using 18,00-19,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000
resistors and 5 million soldered joints this
massive instrument required the output of a
small power station to operate it.
program rather than by changing electronic
components
1945 – John Von Newmann
- Developed stored programs concept
- Program would be stored in CPU or Central
Processing Unit
TRANSISTOR 1947
- In the laboratories of Bell Telephone, John
Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William
Shockley discovered the "transfer resistor";
later labeled the transistor.
Advantages:
- increased reliability
- consumed 1/20 of the electricity of vacuum
tubes
- were a fraction of the cost
- This tiny device had a huge impact on and
extensive implications for modern computers.
In 1956, the transistor won its creators the
Noble Peace Prize for their invention.

ENIAC 1943-1946
- It could do nuclear physics calculations (in
two hours) which it would have taken 100
engineers a year to do by hand.
- The system's program could be changed by
rewiring a panel.
- Weighed 30 tons and was 1500 square feet
(average area of a 3 bedroom house

Computer

- An electronic machine accepts data,

processes it according to instructions and
provides the results as new data
- Can make simple decisions and comparisons
Program
- List of instructions written in a special
language that the computer understands

1930’s – 1940’s
- Alan Turning developed “Universal Machine”
- He envisioned a computer that could perform
any different tasks by simply changing a
 - In 1970 John Huff invented the
microprocessor, an entire CPU on a single
chip. This allowed for the building of a
microcomputer or personal computer.
IBM (PC) 1981
- On August 12, 1981 IBM announced its own
personal computer.
- Using the 16 bit Intel 8088 microprocessor,
allowed for increased speed and huge
amounts of memory.
- Unlike the Altair that was sold as
unassembled computer kits, IBM sold its
"ready-made" machine through retailers and
by qualified salespeople.
- To satisfy consumer appetites and to increase
ALTAIR 1975
usability, IBM gave prototype IBM PCs to a
- The invention of the transistor made
number of major software companies.
computers smaller, cheaper and more
- For the first time, small companies and
reliable. Therefore, the stage was set for the
individuals who never would have imagined
entrance of the computer into the domestic
owning a "personal" computer were now
realm. In 1975, the age of personal computers
opened to the computer world.
commenced.
- Under the leadership of Ed Roberts the Micro
MACINTOSH (1984)
Instrumentation and Telemetry Company
(MITS) wanted to design a computer 'kit' for
- IBM's major competitor was a company lead
the home hobbyist.
by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs; the Apple
- Based on the Intel 8080 processor, capable of
Computer Inc.
controlling 64 kilobytes of memory, the MITS
- The "Lisa" was the result of their competitive
Altair - as the invention was later called - was
thrust.
debuted on the cover of the January edition
- This system differed from its predecessors in
of Popular Electronics magazine.
its use of a "mouse" - then a quite foreign
-
computer instrument - in lieu of manually
- Presenting the Altair as an unassembled kit
typing commands.
kept costs to a minimum. Therefore, the
- However, the outrageous price of the Lisa
company was able to offer this model for only
kept it out of reach for many computer
$395. Supply could not keep up with demand.
buyers.
- Apple's brainchild was the Macintosh. Like the
ALTAIR FACTS:
Lisa, the Macintosh too would make use of a
- No Keyboard
graphical user interface.
- No Video Display
- Introduced in January 1984 it was an
- No Storage
immediate success.
- The GUI (Graphical User Interface) made the
system easy to use.
- The Apple Macintosh debuts in 1984. It
features a simple, graphical interface, uses
the 8-MHz, 32-bit Motorola 68000 CPU, and
has a built-in 9-inch B/W screen.
John Huff 1970
- Cost $2,495
- Transistors were replaced by integrated
circuits or chips, giving computers
tremendous speed to process information at
a rate of millions of calculations per second.
 Understanding Spreadsheets What is an active cell?
- The cell in which you are currently working
What is a spreadsheet? (normally the cell is surrounded by a black
- A program that displays data (text & border)
numbers) in a table called a worksheet What is a function?
- A built-in formula that is a shortcut for
Uses of Spreadsheet common calculations such as addition and
- Prepare budgets average.
- Financial statements What are Operation Symbols?
- Inventory management - Instruct the computer as to what
- Create charts mathematical operations to perform

What is a worksheet? Operation Symbols

- A grid with columns & rows; the term - Addition (+)
worksheet is used interchangeably with spreadsheet - Subtraction (-)
- Multiplication (*)
What is a cell? - Division (/)
- The intersection of a row and column
How do you key a formula?
What 3 things can you type into a cell? - You combine numbers, cell addresses
- Label = words or letters (references), Operation symbols and/or functions
- Value = numbers Ex: =4 + 5; =B1 * B2
- Formula – statement that performs a
calculation Order of Operations
What is a cell range? Completes formulas in this order:
- A group of cells that are closely together 1. Parentheses
What are columns? 2. Exponents
- Vertical arrangements of cells; identified by 3. Multiplication
letters 4. Division
What are rows? 5. Addition
- Horizontal arrangement of cells; identified by 6. Subtraction
numbers
What is a worksheet tab? What is a column width tool?
- A tab that identifies each open worksheet in a - Tool that changes the width of the columns
spreadsheet program, located in the lower on a spreadsheet
left corner of the screen What is a row height tool?
- Tool that changes the height of rows on a
spreadsheet
What is the Fill Handle Tool?
- Used to copy data & formulas to another cell;
and create a series
What is Auto Sum Tool?
- Automatically creates a formula to add a
series of numbers in a spreadsheet
What is a Cell Address (Reference)? What is a Chart?
- This is a column letter & row number - Graphic representations used to compare &
combination, such as A1, B2 contrast worksheet data
What is a name box? What is sorting?
- Displays the name of the active cell or range - Organizing or rearranging data in either
ascending or descending order
What is a formula bar? Sort Ascending – arranges records from A to Z or
- Displays the data or formula stored in the smallest to largest
active cell
Sort Descending – arranges records from Z to A or
largest to smallest