@BCBABD I_M^MIBA OEEC _F\MFZ

Af`objb cfubkjbk nbk pfrobkcbk

NEYFK XFKJB@XV 7

NMYVYVK EAFD 7

JMNFEK KB^BKBFA YMDE@OMKJ ( :2496>88?8)

X_EJ_B@ Y^VNM Y2 MA@V FCEKE@M

LBCVA^BY FCEKE@M ’

VKM\F_YM^BY KFJF_M @FNBK

@FNBK

 @B_ID ?8?8
 

CB^B XFKJBK^B_ 

Xugmm syucur
Xug syucur cfpbnb
cfpbnb tudbk
tudbk ybk
ybkj
j `bd
`bdb
b fsb
fsb ybk
ybkj
j tfa
tfabd
bd sfkbk
sfkbkbsb
bsb `f`of
`f`ofrcb
rcb
 nbab`
nbab`

`fkyfafsbmcbk Irmiba Oeec _fvmfw (IO_), bnbpuk tujbs mkm nmcfrgbcbk uktuc `f`fkudm `btb cuambd

af`objb
af`objb cfubk
cfubkjbk
jbk nbk pfro
pfrobkcbk.
bkcbk. Ybyb tfabd `fkyusu
`fkyusuk
k ior mkm nfkjbk
nfkjbk sfobmc-ob
sfobmc-obmckyb
mckyb tftbpm

`ukjcmk `bsmd bnb cfcurbkjbk uktuc `fkibpbm cfsf`purkbbk. Ybyb sfabcu pfkuams `fkfrm`b

ofrobjbm crmc ybkj smlbtkyb `f`obkjuk bjbr ior mkm `fkgbnm afomd obmc abjm.

Nbab` pfkuamsbk `bcbabd mkm sbyb sb`pbmcbk uibpbk tfrm`b cbsmd ybkj tbc tfrdmkjjb cfpbnb

pmdbc-pmdb
pmdbc-pmdbc
c ybkj `f`obktu nbab` `fkyfafs
`fkyfafsbmcbk
bmcbk `bcbabd
`bcbabd mkm cdususkyb
cdususkyb cfpbnb obpbc nesfk

pfkjb`pu, sfabcu pf`om`omkj `btb cuambd fceke`m af`objb cfubkjbk nbk pfrobkcbk ybkj tfabd

`faubkjcbk wbctu,tfkbjb nbk pmcmrbk nbab` pfabcsbkbbk om`omkjbk, pfkjbrbdbk, nerekjbk nbab`

rbkjcb pfkyusukbk tujbs mkm.

Yfabkgutkyb, sbyb ofrdbrbp sf`ejb IO_ mkm omsb `f`ofrmcbk `bklbbt sfrtb `fkb`obd

wbwbsbk objm pbrb pf`obib. Yf`ejb IO_ mkm nbpbt nmpbdb`m objm smbpbpuk ybkj `f`obibkyb.

Yfofau`kyb sbyb `edek `bbl bpbomab tfrnbpbt cfsbabdbk nbk cbtb-cbtb ybkj curbkj ofrcfkbk.

@fnbk, 2< @brid ?8?8

Xfkuams
 

2. Mn
Mnfk
fktm
tmtb
tbss ou
oucu
cu

 Xfrpus
Xfrpustbc
tbcbbk
bbk Kbsmek
Kbsmekba7
ba7cbt
cbtbae
baej
j nbab`
nbab` ^fromt
^fromtbk
bk (CN^)
(CN^) XF_OBK
XF_OBKCBK
CBK
Y]B_MBD ( Nbsbr-nbsbr nbk nmkb`mcb pfrcf`obkjbkkyb nmmknekfsmb)
 Fn. 2. ift.2.-Gbcbrtb 7_bgbwbam pfrs,?82<

 xvmm,9>< da`.,?9 i`


 oamoamejrblm7da`.999
 MYOK =:4-=:=-:<=-44>-9

 Nm tuams eafd CDE^MOVA V@B@,YD.,AA.@.

V@B@,YD.,AA.@.

 Nfsbmk ievfr eafd eitmvmfkbHj`bma.ie`

 Nmiftbc nm Cdbrms`b putrb Vtb`b

 Cbkter pusbt 7 Ga._byb

Afuwmkbkjjukj,Ke.22?,cfa.Afuwmkbkjju
Afuwmkbkjjukj,Ke.22?,cfa.Afuwmkbkjjukj,cfi.^bpes,Nfpec
kj,cfi.^bpes,Nfpec 2<=6<

?. ^u
^ugu
gubk
bk Xf
Xfku
kuam
amsb
sbk
k Ouc
Oucu
u

  Oucu
Oucu mkm
mkm nm
nmsu
susu
suk
k nfkjbk
nfkjbk `bcsu
`bcsun
n uktuc
uktuc `f`of
`f`ofrm
rmcb
cbk
k subtu
subtu batfrk
batfrkbtm
btmll bi
biub
ubk
k objm
 pfkjbgbrbk nbk pfknmnmcbk fceke`m msab`,cdususkyb pbnb tmkjcbt pfrjurubk tmkjjm
`fkjmk
`fkjmkjbt
jbt `bs
`bsmd
md `mk
`mkm`k
m`kyb
yb ouc
oucu-o
u-oucu
ucu nbk rfl
rflfrfk
frfksm
sm ybk
ybkj
j stbk
stbknbr
nbrn
n sfo
sfobjb
bjbm`b
m`bkb
kb ybk
ybkj
j
tfrsfnmb nbab` fceke`m
f ceke`m cekvfksmekba.

   pfrcf`obkjbk pfrobkcbk sybrmbd nmmknekfsmb nbpbt nmofnbcbk `fkgbnm tmjb tbdbp,ybckm

tbdbp pfkjfkbabk.,tbdbp pfkjbcubk,nbk tbdbp pf`urkmbk. ^ugubk tbdbpbk mkm bnbabd nbab`
rbkjcbb `fkim
rbkjc `fkimptbcbk
ptbcbk mknustrm pfrobkcbk sybrmbd ybkj cubt nfkj
nfkjbk
bk tftbp `fkjfnfpbkcbk
`fkjfnfpbkcbk
bspfc cftbbtbk tfrdbnbp prmksmp sybrmbd.
 

  Oucu mkm nmtuams bjbr ofr`bklbbt nbk nmdbrbpcbk `b`pu `f`ofrmcbk pf`bdb`bk tfktbkj
nbsbr-nbsbr
nbsbr-nbsbr nbk nmkb`
nmkb`mcb
mcb pfrcf
pfrcf`obkj
`obkjbk
bk pfrob
pfrobkcbk
kcbk sybrmbd nmmkn
nmmknekfsmb
ekfsmb ybkj tfktu sbgb
sbkjbt ofr`bk
ofr`bklbbt
lbbt objm `bdbsm
`bdbsmswb,bc
swb,bcbnf`ms
bnf`msm,nbk
m,nbk prbct
prbctmsm
msm nmomn
nmomnbkj
bkj ducu
ducu`,fce
`,fceke`m
ke`m,nbk
,nbk
sybrmbd.

  Yf`ejb rfsfksm oucu mkm bcbk `f`biu pbrb pf`obib uktuc `fkjfcpaerbsm afomd gbud nbk
`f`ofrmcbk
`f`ofrmcbk `bklbbt objm pfrcf
pfrcf`obkj
`obkjbk
bk ma`u pfkjftbdubk.
pfkjftbdubk. `ede
`edek
k `bbl bpbomab bnb sbabd
 pfkuamsbk btbupuk pfkyb`pbmbk cbrfkb sf`ub ybkj obmc nbtbkjkyb
nbtbkjkyb nbrm baabd nbk ybkj ouruc 
nbtbkjkyb nbrm `bkusmb.

 MM. _MKJCBYBK OVCV

Bnb 22 obo ybkj bcbk nmobdbs nbab` rfsfksm mkm,ybmtu 7

Obo 2 7 Jbrms Ofsbr Xfrobkcbk Yybrmbd nm Mknekfsmb

Obo ? 7M`paf`fktbsm Xrmksmp-prmksmp Xfrgbkgmbk Msab` Nbab` Xrenuc Xfrobkcbk Yybrmbd

Obo 97 Xrenuc Xfrobkcbk sybrmbd nm Omnbkj Xfkjdm`puk Nbkb @bsybrbcbt

Obo > 7 Xrenuc Xfrobkcbk Yybrmbd nm Omnbkj pfkybaurbk nbkb

Obo 6 7 Xrenuc Xfrobkcbk Yybrmbd nm Omnbkj Gbsb

Obo < 7 Jeen Ierperbtf Jevfrkbkif nbab` Xfrobkcbk sybrmbd

Obo : 7 _fstructurmsbsm Xf`ombybbk ybkj Ofr`bsbabd nbab` Xfrobkcbk Yybrmbd

Obo 4 7 Xfkyfafsbmbk Yfkjcftb Xfrobkcbk Yybrmbd

Obo = 7 Cfwfkbkjbk EGC nbab` Xfkjbturbk nbk Xfkjbwbsbk Obkc Yybrmbd

Obo 28 7 Xfrbk Af`objb Ytbknbrn Yfttfr nbab` Xfkjf`obkjbk Xrenuc Ducu` nbk Xrbctmc 
Xfrobkcbk Yybrmbd

Obo 22 7Xframknukjbk Ducu` Objm Kbsbobd Xfrobkcbk Yybrmbd eafd Etermtbs Gbsb Cfubkjbk
 

 OBO 2 7 JB_MY OFYB_ XF_OBKCBK Y]B_MBD NMMKNEKFYMB

  Xfrobkcbk bnbabd af`objb ybkj `f`pukybm pfrbk pfktmkj nbab` sfoubd kfjbrb ybmtu
`fkjdm
`fkjdm`pu
`puk
k nbk
nbkbb nbr
nbrmm `bs
`bsybr
ybrbcb
bcbtt nba
nbab`
b` ofk
ofktuc
tuc sm`
sm`pbk
pbkbk
bk nbk `fk
`fkyba
ybaurc
urcbk
bk cfp
cfpbnb
bnb
`bsybrbcbt nbab` ofktuc crfnmt btbu ofktmc-ofktuc abmkkyb.

  Xfrcf`obkjbk pfrobkcbk sybrmbd tfabd `fknbpbt `e`fktu` sfgbc tbduk 2=:8-2=48-bk,

 obkc-obkc msab` ofr`ukiuabk nm @fsmr, Yunbk, kfjbrb-kfjbrb ^fauc, Xbcmstbk, Mrbk,
@babysmb,
@babysmb, Obkja
Obkjabnfsd
bnfsd nbk ^urcm
^urcm.. Yfibrb cfaf`objbbk
cfaf`objbbk obkc sybrmb
sybrmbd
d pfrtb`
pfrtb`bb cbam ofrnmrm
nmmknekfsmb bnbabd X^ obkc `ub`babt Mknekfsmb (O@M),cf`unmbk obru `ukiua obkc-obkc 
abmk ybkj `f`oucb gfknfab sybrmbd nbab` `fkgbabkcbk cfjmbtbk usbdbkyb.

  Gmcb nmt
nmtmkg
mkgbu
bu nbr
nbrmm bsp
bspfc
fc duc
ducu`
u` pfr
pfrusb
usbdbb
dbbk,c
k,ceks
ekstru
trucsm
csm duc
ducu`
u` nbr
nbrmm sfo
sfoubd
ubd obk
obkc
c obm
obmc 
c 
cekvfksmekba `bupuk sybrmbd nbpbt ofrupb pfrsfrebk tfrobtbs (X^), cepfrbsm, pfrusbdbbk
nbfrbd.Xbnb obkc cekvfksmekba af`objb pfkjbwbs ybkj bnb dbkybabd ce`msbrms nbrm sfjm
mktfrkba nbk Etermtbs Gbsb Cfubkjbk nbrm sfjm fcstfrkba.

OBO ? 7 M@XAF
M@XAF@F
@FK^B
K^BYM
YM X_MK
X_MKYMX
YMX-X
-X_MK
_MKYMX
YMX XF_
XF_GB
GBKGM
KGMBK
BK MYAB
MYAB@
@ NBAB
NBAB@
@
X_ENVC XF_OBKCBK Y]B_MBD

  Nbab` ba-qur'bk sfknmrm sftmnbckyb bnb ? mstmabd ybkj ofrcbmtbk nfkjbk pfrgbkgmbk,ybmtu
bcbn nbk 'bdn. Bcbn bnbabd sfoubd pfrgbkgmbk ybkj `fkm`ouacbk cfwbgmobk ofrprfstbsm pbnb
sbabd sbtu pmdbc nbk dbc objm pmdbc abmk btbs prfstbsm tfrsfout sfibrb tm`oba obamc.

  Ducu` msab` gujb

gujb `fkjfkba bsbs-bsbs ducu` pfrgbkgmbk
pfrgbkgmbk ybmtu cfofobsbk,pfrsb`bbk btbu
cfsftbrbbk, cfbnmabk, cfrfabbk, cfofkbrbk nbk cfgugurbk, tfrtuams. Nbab` pfrobkcbk sybrmbd
sftmbp prenuc ybkj nmcfaubrcbk ofrnbsbrcbk pbnb prmksmp tmtmpbk, guba ofam, sfwb-`fkyfwb,
 objm dbsma, nbk bcbn ybkj smlbtkyb sesmba.
 

  Yfibrb jbrms ofsbr cfjmbtbk epfrbsmekba obkc sybrmbd nbk obkc cekvfksmekba nbpbt nmobjm
`fkgbnm tmjb cbtfjerm ybmtu cfjmbtbk pfkjdm`pukbk nbkb, cfjmbtbk pfkybaurbk nbkb btbu
 pf`ombybbk, gbsb obkc. Xrenuc obkc sybrmbd ybkj nmnbsbrcbk pbnb bcbn guba ofam ybmtu
`urbobdbd, mstmsdkb, sbab`. Xrenuc obkc sybrmbd ybkj nmnbsbrcbk pbnb bcbn objm dbsma ybmtu
`undbrbobd nbk `usybrbcbd. Xbnb bcbn sfwb-`fkyfwb ybmtu mgbrbd/sfwb `urkm nbk mgbrbd

wb mqtmkb/mgbrbd `uktbdmybd om tb`amc. Yfnbkjcbk `fkurut bcbn pfafkjcbp ybkj ofrsmlbt

sesmba ybmtu Rbrnd, Dmwbabd, Zbcbabd, Cblbabd nbk Zbnmbd.

OBO 9 7 X_EN
X_ENVC
VC XF_OBKCBK
XF_OBKCBK Y]B_MBD
Y]B_MBD NMOMNBKJ XFKJDM@
XFKJDM@XVK
XVK NBKB
@BY]B_BCB^

Xrenuc pfkjdm`pukbk nbkb ybkj bnb nbab` smstf` pfrobkcbk sybrmbd tfrnmrm nbrm Jmre,
^boukjbk nbk Nfpesmte. Xbnb prenuc sybrmbd ofrupb jmre sfobjbm prenuc sm`pbkbk ybkj omsb
nmb`om
nmb`omaa sfw
sfwbct
bctu-w
u-wbct
bctu
u omb
ombsbk
sbkyb
yb `fk
`fkjju
jjukbc
kbcbk
bk bcb
bcbn
n wbn
wbnmbd
mbd ybn ndb
ndb`bk
`bkbd,
bd,ybm
ybmtu
tu sub
subtu
tu
tmtmpbk nm`bkb obkc sfabcupmdbc ybkj nmtmtmpm ofrdbc `fkjjukbcbk nbkb tfrsfout nfkjbk
`fkjjukbcbk cftfktubk sfwbctu-wbctu kbsbobd `bu `fkjb`oma obkc nbpbt `fkyfnmbcbk
nbkb sfgu`abd ybkj nmsm`pbk eafd kbsbobd.

  @fcbkm
fcbkms`f
s`f pfkjd
pfkjdm`puk
m`pukbk
bk nbkb eafd obkc sybrmbd `fabaum prenu
prenuc
c ofrup
ofrupbb tbouk
tboukjbk
jbk nbk
nfspesmte ombsbkyb nmnbsbrcbk pbnb bcbn `undbrbobd `utabqbd,ybmtu bcbn `undbrbobd ybkj
`f`ofrmcbk cfofobsbk cfpbnb `undbrmo (OBKC) uktuc `f`prenuctmlcbk nbkb ybkj bnb
`famputm gfkms usbdb nbk rubkj amkjcupkyb.

OBO > 7 X_ENVC XF_OBKCBK Y]B_MBD NM OMNBKJ XFK]BAV_BK NBKB

M`paf`fktbsm bcbn guba ofam `frupbcbk sbabd sbtu ibrb ybkj nmtf`pud obkc nbab` rbkjcb
`fkybaurcbk nbkb cfpbnb `bsybrbcbt. @undbrbobd nmbrtmcbk sfobjbm subtu pfrgbkgmbk bktbrb
 

 obkc nfkjbk kbsbobd nbab` ofktuc pf`ombybbk pf`ofambk btbs sfsubtu obrbkj ybkj
nmoutudcbk eafd kbsbobd .

  Ybab` bnbabd guba ofam obrboj nfkjbk ibrb pf`fsbkbk nfkjbk sybrbt-sybrbt tfrtfktu nbk
 pf`obybrbk tukbm tfrafomd nbduau sfibrb pfkud. Bnbpuk cftfktubk guba ofam sbab` bnbabd
cftfktubk tfktbkj pf`obybrbk, cftfktubk tfktbkj obrbkj, cftfktubk tfktbkj sbab` pbrbrfa,
 pfkybaurbk obrbkj sfofau` btbu pbnb wbctukyb,
wbctukyb, pf`obtbabk cektrbc, pfrsfamsmdbk.

  Yfab`b pfrgbkgmbk
pfrgbkgmbk btbu cektrbc `undrbobd
`undrbobd mkm ofrabkjsukj
ofrabkjsukj bnb ofofr
ofofrbpb
bpb dba ybkj pfrau
nmsfpbcbtm ybmtu `bkbgf`fk, tfkjjbkj wbctu nbk gb`mkbk.

OBO 6 7 X_ENVC XF_OBKCBK Y]B_MBD NM OMNBKJ GBYB

  Xrenuc pfrobkcbk sybrmbd nmomnbkj gbsb mkm `frupbcbk sbabd sbtu sfcter pfknbpbtbk ybkj
sbbt mkm nmcf`obkjcbk
nmcf`obkjcbk eafd obkc-obkc sybrmbd. Xrenuc pfrobkcbk
pfrobkcbk sybrmbd nmomnbkj
nmomnbkj gbsb
nmnbsbrcbk pbnb bcbn-bcbn ybkj sunbd nmcfkba
nmcfkba nbab` msab` ybmtu dmwbabd,
dmwbabd, wbcbabd, cblbabd,
sdbrl nbk sfobjbmkyb.

  Nbab` cektfcs msab` pfkbk

pfkbkjjuk
jjukjbk
jbk utbkj mkm nmcfkba nfkjbk mstmabd cblbab
cblbabd
d ybmtu erbkj
ybkj nmpfroeafdc
nmpfroeafdcbk
bk ofrtmknbc ofrgbk
ofrgbkgm
gm `fku
`fkukbmcb
kbmcbk
k dbc ybkj wbgmo nmtukbmcbk
nmtukbmcbk erbkj abmk
btbu ofrgbkgm `fkjdbnmrcbk dbc tfrsfout nmpfkjbnmabk.

  Nfkjbk cfbosbdbk subtu pfrgbkgmbk jbnbm ybkj nmabcucbk eafd pmdbc obkc nfkjbk kbsbobd
bnb ofofrbpb rucuk nbk sybrbt ybkj dbrus nmpfkudm ybmtu mgbo qeoua, erbkj ybkj ofrtrbksbcsm,
bnbkyb obrbkj ybkj nmjbnbmcbk, utbkj.

OBO < 7 JEEN IE_XE

IE_XE_B^F
_B^F JE\F_
JE\F_KBKIF
KBKIF (JIJ
(JIJ)) NBAB
NBAB@
@ XF_O
XF_OBKCBK
BKCBK
Y]B_MBD
 

  Jij ofrbrtm subtu presfs nbk structur ybkj nmjukbcbk uktuc `fkjbrbdcbk nbk `fkjfaeab
 omskms nbk bcuktbomamtbs pfrusbdbbk nfkjbk tugubk utb`b `f`pfrtmkjjmcbk kmabm sbdb` nbab`
 gbkjcb pbkgbkj nfkjbk tftbp `f`pfrdbtmcbk
`f`pfrdbtmcbk cfpfktmkjbk stbcfdeanfrs.

  Kmabm-kmabm
Kmabm-kmabm sybrmbd pfrobk
pfrobkcbk
cbk sybrmbd
sybrmbd ybmtu sdmnn
sdmnnmq,
mq, tboamj
tboamjd,
d, b`bkbd,
b`bkbd, lbtdbk
lbtdbkbd.
bd. Vktuc 
`famdbt pfabcsbkbbk prmksmp jij nmobkc sybrmbd cmtb nbpbt `fabcucbk stunm cbsus tfrdbnbp
cbsus tfrdbnbp sbabd sbtu obkc ybkj `f`ofrmcbk abybkbk sybrmbd `fabaum msab`mi wmknew,
ybmtu obkc kbsmekba mknekfsmb >< (OKM ><).

  Ybabd
Ybabd sbtu
sbtu pfkyfo
pfkyfobo
bo nbrm
nbrm af`bdk
af`bdkyb
yb m`paf
m`paf`fk
`fktbs
tbsmm prmksmp
prmksmp JIJ
JIJ nm mkne
mknekfs
kfsmb
mb bnbabd
bnbabd
 ofrcfkbbk nfkjbk pfkfjbcbk ducu`
ducu` .

OBO : 7 _FY^_V
_FY^_VC^V
C^V_MY
_MYBYM
BYM XF@OMB
XF@OMB]BB
]BBK
K ]BKJ OF_@BYB
OF_@BYBABD
ABD NBAB@
NBAB@

XF_OBKCBK Y]B_MBD

  Lukjsm obkc sybrmbd nbk ukmt usbdb sybrmbd (VVY) ybmtu obkc sybrmbd wbgmo `fkgbabkcbk
lukjsm `fkjdm`puk nbkb nbk `fkybaurcbk nbkb `bsybrbcbt, obkc sybrmbd nbk VVY nbpbt
`fkgbabkcbk lukjsm sesmba nbab` ofktuc obmtua `bba, ybmtu `fkfrm`b nbkb ybkj ofrbsba nbrm
zbcbt, mklbc, sfnfcbd, dmobd, btbu nbkb sesmba abmkkyb nbk `fkybaurcbkkyb cfpbnb erjbkmsbsm
 pfkjfaeab zbcbt, obkc sybrmbd nbk uus nbpbt
nbpbt `fkjdm`puk nbkb sebmba ybkj ofrbsba nbrm wbcbl 
ubkj nbk `fkybaurcbkkyb cfpbnb pfkjfaeab wbcbl sfsubm nfkjbk cfdfknbc pf`ofrm wbcbl.

  Bnbkyb rfstructurmsbsm pf`ombybbk afomd nmtukguccbk cfpbnb kbsbobd ybkj `fkjbab`m

 pfkurukbk cf`b`pubk `f`obybr, kb`uk nmkmabm `bsmd `f`mamcm prespfc usbdb nbk
`f`pukybm cf`b`pubk uktuc `f`obybr sftfabd rfstructurmsbsm.

  Abkjcbd mkm `frupbcbk abkjcbd ybkj `uab-`uab dbrus nmtf`pud eafd obkc sybrmbd. Obkc 
sybrmbd
sybrmbd gbkjbk sfrtb `frtb `fabcucbk
`fabcucbk fcsfcu
fcsfcusm
sm gb`mk
gb`mkbk,
bk, `bkbc
`bkbcbab
bab `fkf`
`fkf`ucbk
ucbk kbsbobd
 pf`ombybbk ybkj `fkjbab`m cfsuamtbk nbab` `fkukbmcbk
`fkukbmcbk cfwbgmobk `f`obybr bkjsurbk.

OBO 4 7 XFK]FAFYBMBK YFKJCF^B NBAB@ XF_OBKCBK Y]B_MBD

 

  @fkjfkbm pfkyfafsbmbk sfkjcftb nbab` pbsba 66 uknbkj-uknbkj ke`er ?2 tbduk ?884

tfktbkj
tfktbkj pfrob
pfrobkcbk
kcbk sybrmbd nmtfj
nmtfjbscbk
bscbk obdwb 7 pfkyf
pfkyfafsbmbk
afsbmbk sfkjcftb pfrobkcbk sybrmbd
nmab
nmabcu
cucb
cbk
k ea
eafd
fd pf
pfkj
kjbn
bnma
mabk
bk nb
nbab
ab`
` am
amkj
kjcu
cukj
kjbk
bk pf
pfrbn
rbnma
mabk
bk,, nb
nbab
ab`
` db
dbaa pb
pbrb
rb pm
pmdb
dbc
c tf
tfab
abd
d
`f`pfrgbkgmcbk pfkyfafsbmbk sfkjcftb.

  Yfibrb u`u` cfcubsbbk pfrbnmabk nbpbt nmofnbcbk `fkgbnm nub ybckm cfcubsbbk rfabtml 
nbk cfc
cfcubsb
ubsbbk
bk bos
boseau
eaut.c
t.ce`p
e`pftf
ftfksm
ksm bos
boseau
eautt nmb
nmbrtmc
rtmcbk
bk sfo
sfobjb
bjbmm cfw
cfwfkb
fkbkjb
kjbk
k akj
akjcuk
cukjbk
jbk
 pfrbnmabk ofrcbmtbk nfkjbk gfkms pfrcbrb btbu gfkms pfkjbnmabk btbu tmkjcbtbk pfkjbnmabk
nbab` pfrofnbbkkyb nfkjbk gfkms pfrcbrb btbu gfkms pfkjbnmabk btbu tmkjcbtbk pfkjbnmabk
abmkkyb.

  Ce`pftfksm rfabtml ybmtu cfwfkbkjbk pfrbnmabk `fkybkjcut pfrbnmabk wmabybd `bk ybkj
 ofrwfkbkj nbab` `fkyfafsbmcbk subtu sfkjcftb.

OBO = 7 CFZFK
CFZFKBKJ
BKJBK
BK EGC NBAB@
NBAB@ XFKJ
XFKJB^V
B^V_BK
_BK NBK
NBK XFKJBZ
XFKJBZBYB
BYBK
K
OBKC Y]B_MBD

  Nbab` rbkjcb `fkibpbm tugubk uktuc `fkibpbm

`fkibpbm nbk `f`famdbrb
`f`famdbrb cfstbo
cfstbomabk
mabk kmabm rupmb
rupmbd,
d,
Obkc
Obkc Mkn
Mknekf
ekfsmb
smb nmn
nmnucu
ucukj
kj eaf
eafd
d tmj
tmjbb pma
pmabr
br ybk
ybkj
j `fr
`frupb
upbcbk
cbk 9 omn
omnbkj
bkj utb
utb`b
`b tuj
tujbs
bs obk
obkc 
c 
mknekfsmb,ybmtu `fkftbpcbk nbk `fabcsbkbcbk cfomgbcbk `ekftfr, `fkjbtur nbk `fkgbjb

cfabkibrbk smstf` pf`obybrbk, sfrtb `fkjbtur nbk `fkjbwbsm obkc .

  EGC nm
nmof
ofkt
ktuc
uc nb
nbk
k nm
nmab
abkn
knbsm
bsm nf
nfkj
kjbk
bk pr
prmk
mksmp
smp tb
tbtb
tb cf
cfae
aeab
ab yb
ybkj
kj ob
obmc
mc,, yb
ybmt
mtu
u `f
`fam
ampu
putm
tm
mknfpfnfksm
mknfpfnfksm ,bcuk
,bcuktbomam
tbomamtbs,
tbs, pfrtbk
pfrtbkjjuk
jjukjgbwbo
jgbwbobk,
bk, trbksp
trbkspbrbk,
brbk, nbk cfwbg
cfwbgbrbk.
brbk. Xfkj
Xfkjbwbsbk
bwbsbk
nmabcucbk
nmabcucbk tfrdbnbp obkc nbk pfrusb
pfrusbdbbk-p
dbbk-pfrusbd
frusbdbbk
bbk sfcter gbsb cfubk
cfubkjbk
jbk abmkkyb ybkj
`famputm bsurbksm, nbkb pfksmuk, sfcurmtbs, `enba vfkturb nbk pfrusbdbbk pf`ombybbk ,sfrtb
 obnbk-obnbk abmk ybkj `fkyfafkjjbrbcbk
`fkyfafkjjbrbcbk pfkjfaeabbk nbkb `bsybrbcbt.

  Nbab` `fabcsbkbcbk tujbs pfkjbturbk nbk pfkjbwbsbk EGC bcbk sfkbktmbsb `famobtcbk
 obkc mknekfsmb nbk af`objb pfkgb`mk sm`pbkbk
sm`pbkbk tfrafomd uktuc `fkmknbcabkgutm mknmcbsm obkc 

 ofr`bsbabd.
 

OBO 28
28 7 XF_BK AF@OBJB Y^BKNB_N YF^^F_ NBAB@ XFKJF@OBKJB
XFKJF@OBKJBK
K
X_ENVC DVCV@ NBK X_BC^MC XF_OBKCBK Y]B_MBD

  C frgb
frgb sb`
sb`bb mkt
mktfrk
frkbsme
bsmekba
kba nmo
nmomnb
mnbkj
kj pfk
pfkjbt
jbturb
urbk
k nbk pfk
pfkjf`
jf`obk
obkjbk
jbk pfr
pfrobk
obkcbk
cbk syb
sybrmbd
rmbd
nmabcucbk eafd etermtbs gbsb cfubkjbk ybkj sfofau`kyb tfabd nmrmktms eafd obkc mknekfsmb.
  Abkjcbd strbtfjms mkm `frupbcbk sbabd sbtu upbyb nbab` rbkjcb `fknucukj cfomgbcbk
`fwuguncbk pfrobkcbk sybrmbd kbsmekba ybkj sfdbt, ce`pftmtml nbk mstmqe`bd `fkgbabkcbk
 prmksmp sybrmbd.
  Ofrobj
Ofrobjbm
bm cf`
cf`bgu
bgubk,
bk,cfrg
cfrgbb sb`b nbk cft
cftfram
framobt
obtbk
bk egc nba
nbab`
b` af`
af`obj
objb-af
b-af`ob
`objb
jb
mktfrkbsmekba
mktfrkbsmekba tfrsfout ybmtu msab`m
msab`mii lmkbk
lmkbkimba
imba sfrvmi
sfrvmifs
fs oebrn (MLYO), Mktfrkbsmekba
Mktfrkbsmekba msab`mi
lmkb
lmkbki
kimba
mba `b
`brc
rcft
ft (M
(MML
ML@)
@),, Bi
Biie
ieuk
uktm
tmkj
kj & Bu
Bunm
nmtm
tmkj
kj Erj
Erjbk
bkmz
mzbt
btme
mek
k le
lerr msa
msab`
b`mi
mi lm
lmkb
kbki
kimba
mba
mkstmtutmek (BBEMLM), Msab`mi Nfvfaep`fkt Obkc (MNO).

OBO 28 7 XF_AMKNVK
XF_AMKNVKJBK
JBK DVCV@
DVCV@ OBJM
OBJM KBYBOBD
KBYBOBD XF_OBKC
XF_OBKCBK
BK Y]B_MBD
Y]B_MBD
EAFD E^E_M^BY GBYB CFVBKJBK

  EGC sfobjbm
sfobjbm`bkb
`bkb nm`bc
nm`bcsun
sun nbab` uknbk
uknbkj-ukn
j-uknbkj
bkj ke`e
ke`err ?2 tbduk ?822 tfktbk
tfktbkj
j egc 
egc 
sfobjbm cfabkgutbk nbrm obkc mknekfsmb sfabcu pfkjf`obk b`bkbd uknbkj-uknbkj ke`er ?2
tbduk
tbduk ?88
?884
4 tfk
tfktbk
tbkj
j pfr
pfrobk
obkcbk
cbk syb
sybrmbd
rmbd ybk
ybkj
j ofr
ofrluk
lukjsm
jsm sfo
sfobjb
bjbmm ete
etermt
rmtbs
bs pf`
pf`omk
omkbbk
bbk nbk
 pfkjbwbsbk pfrobkcbk sybrmbd,`f`mamcm tujbs uktuc `fabcucbk pfkjbturbk, pf`omkbbk nbk
 pfkjbwbsbk pfrobkcbk sybrmbd bjbr pftobkcbk sybrmbd nmmknekfsmb nbpbt `f`fkudm
lukjsmkyb
lukjsmkyb sfobjbm af`ob
af`objb
jb mktfr`
mktfr`fnmbsm
fnmbsm cfubkjbk ybkj tftbp `f`fkudm prmksmp sybrmbd
`bup
`bupuk
uk pr
prun
unfk
fktm
tmba
ba rf
rfju
juab
abtm
tmek
ek sfr
sfrtb
tb tu
turu
rutt of
ofrc
rcmk
mktr
trmo
mous
usmm tf
tfrd
rdbn
bnbp
bp pf
pf`o
`obk
bkju
jukb
kbk
k nb
nbk
k
 pfrfceke`mbk kbsmekba .

MMM. CFAFOMDBK NBK CFCV_BKJBK OVCV

2.C fafomdbk
fafomdbk oucu
 

^frcbmt oucu ybkj sbyb rfsfksm, sbyb `fkf`ucbk ofofrbpb cfafomdbk pbnb oucu tfrsfout,
ybmtu7

- Bktbrb obo ybkj sbtu nfkjbk obo ybkj abmk `f`mamcm cftfrcbmtbk. Yfobjbm iekted
bktbrb Obo 2 nbk Obo ?. Xbnb obo 2 nmgfab
nmgfabscbk
scbk `fkjfkbm
`fkjfkbm pfrob
pfrobkcbk
kcbk sybrmbd
sybrmbd nmmknekfsmb
nmmknekfsmb
sfnbkjcbk nmobo ? `fkgfabscbkb objbm`bkb prmksmp pfrgbkgmbk nbab` obkc sybrmbd

  - Yfabmk `f`mamcm cfukjjuabk tfktukyb oucu mkm gujb `f`mamcm cfcurbkjbk .

  - ^frabau Obkybc Dbab`bk. Ybabd sbtu cfaf`bdbk oucu mkm bnbabd tfrabau obkybc 
dbab`bk sfdmkjjb `f`outudcbk wbctu ybkj iucup ab`b uktuc `f`obib nbk `f`bdb`m msm
 oucu.
  -Yucu Cbtb ]bkj Yuamt Nmpbdb`m.Cfaf`bdbk oucu mkm gujb tfraftbc pbnb objmbk sucu
cbtbky
cbtbkybb ybk
ybkj
j sua
suamt
mt nmp
nmpbdb
bdb`m.
`m. Cbrf
Cbrfkb
kb bnb ofo
ofofrb
frbpb
pb suc
sucu
u cbt
cbtbb ybk
ybkj
j sua
suamt
mt nmp
nmpbdb
bdb`m
`m nbk
 pf`obib dbrus `famdbt jaesbrmu` tfrafomd nbduau pbnb objmbk bcdmr oucu mkm uktuc 
`f`bdb`m
`f`bdb`m sucu cbtb tfrsfout. Nbk `fku
`fkurut
rut pfrfsf
pfrfsfksm
ksm dba mtu bcbk `fyua
`fyuamtcbk
mtcbk objm pf`uab
`f`bdb`m msm oucu mkm. Yfobjbm iekted pbnb sucu cbtb syuodbt, `ustbsybomdbt, nbk abmk
sfobjbmkyb.

 CFYM@XVABK NBK YB_BK

 
-cfsm`puabk
  ]bkj nbpbt nmb`oma nbrm ofnbd oucu pfrobkcbk sybrmbd ybmtu cmtb nbpbt `fkjb`oma
jbrms
jbrms of
ofsbrk
sbrkyb
yb sbg
sbgbb obd
obdwb
wb pfr
pfrobk
obkcbk
cbk syb
sybrmbd
rmbd nmo
nmofnb
fnbck
ck `fk
`fkgbn
gbnmm tmj
tmjbb tbd
tbdbp
bp ybm
ybmtu
tu tbd
tbdbp
bp
 pfkjfkbabk, tbdbp pfkjbcubk , nbkb tbdbp pf`urkmbk. Cftmjb tbdbp ybkj nm`bcsun nmnucukj

bjbr sf`bkjcmk cubt fcsmstfksm nbk epfrbsmmkba mknustrm prrobkcbk sybrmbd nfkjbk `ukiuakyb
cfomgbcbk-
cfomgbcbk- cfomgb
cfomgbcbk
cbk utb`b ybck
ybckmm nmpfro
nmpfroeafdc
eafdcbkky
bkkybb obkc ofrepfrbsm ofrnbs
ofrnbsbrcbk
brcbk prmksmp
 

 objm dbsma.Yfabmk mtu tfktbkj ofrobjbm bspfc ducu` obkc sybrmbd `famputm sfgbrbd,
cfaf`objbbk
cfaf`objbbk,, cfjmb
cfjmbtbk
tbk usbdb
usbdb,, pfky
pfkyfafsbmbk
fafsbmbk sfkjcftb ,af`o
,af`objb
bjb pfrob
pfrobkcbk
kcbk sybrm
sybrmbd
bd nmafvf
nmafvfaa
kbsmek
kbsmekba
ba nbk mkt
mktfrk
frkbsme
bsmekba
kba sfrt
sfrtbb ofo
ofofrb
frbpb
pb pfr
pfrcf`
cf`obk
obkjbk
jbk bct
bctuba
uba pbs
pbsib
ib ofr
ofrbam
bamdky
dkybb luk
lukjsm
jsm
 pfkjbturbk nbk pfkjbwbsbk nbrm obkc mknekfsmb cfpbnb EGC.

?.Ybrbk
  Yftfabd
Yftfabd `f`
`f`obib
obib nbk `f`
`f`bdb
bdb`m
`m msm nbr
nbrmm ou
oucu
cu pfr
pfrobk
obkcbk
cbk syb
sybrmbd
rmbd mkm nmd
nmdbrb
brbpcb
pcbk
k
 pf`obib nbpbt `f`ofrmcbk ce`fktbr bjbr sbyb
s byb tbu cfcurbkjbk nbrm oucu ybkj sbyb rfsfksm
rfsf ksm
mkm bjbr nbpbt `bkgbnm teabc ucur objm sbyb uktuc afomd obmc abjm nbab` `frfsfksm sfoubd
 oucu.