Chapter # 9

Personality
Definition
Personality is dried from to Latin word “Per & Snare” Which means “sound
thought” and from two Greek words persona which means “veil” on “mask” .
The literal meaning of persona are veil or mask helped the behaviorist to define
personality as an exhibitory aspect. J.B. Waston 1912 Defines personality as
exhibitory aspects of behavior Achieved as a system of habits thought conditioned
learning for making adjustment in environment.
According to Teleford and Sawrey: Personality is the integration of dynamic
interaction of cognitive and effective system( through, action and feelings )of an
individual
H.J Eysenk: Defined personality with reference to an individual’s typical moves and
activity level of the temperament determined by heredity.
According to Freud: Personality is composed of the Id,ego and superego
Personality development begins from birth and continues the whole life .Psychology
is such an important invest subject that personality psychology has become an
important branch of psychology.
Types of Personality
The Swiss psychologist Developed a detailed theory of personality. he proposed
three types of personality based on attitudes.
1. Introversion
2. Extraversion
3. Ambiversion
Introversion
All the interests of such individuals are confined to their self. They remain lost in
their own world. They are shy and anxious.
Extroversion
That’s just all such individuals are directed toward the outer world. they attach no
importance to subjective thoughts. they are socialable large heated and friendly. they
are found or social gathering. they are called extraverts.
Ambiversion
Jung Proposed only two types of personality. it was objected that all people are not
exclusively introvert or extrovert. There are very few individual who exclusively
represent either of the two types. So he introduced the third time maintaining that
majority of people exhibit both attitude. such individuals display different attitude
according to the situation and environment. they have sometimes like an introvert or
sometimes like an extrovert. In other words they have the ability to adapt themselves
to the situation.
Theories of Personality
(1) Freud Psychodynamic theory of personality
Segment Freud 1856-1939 Is the founder of psychodynamic theory of personality
based on his psychoanalysis or psychotherapeutic techniques. history is based on
system of personality Structure, department of personality.
fried structure of personaliy : According to fry structural personality is built by the
interaction of system of Id, ego, super ego
Id: Is the source of sexual energy. Libido an instinctive aspect of personality,
Grounded in unconscious as a store of basic desire, id What is desire to be fulfilled
on pleasure principle without caring for any social moral code or rationality.
Ego: According to Freud go stand for good and reasoning ego is the rational aspects
of personality and explanation of self concept related to reality principle of social
Moral values.
Super Ego: Is that index of expressed personality, it rules guide ego under idealistic
principle related with social moral norms and as conscious is sounding thought the
internal real man. It develops from differentation of good and bad from promote
positive instance and repressed negative instance.
(2) Development of personality
Freud considers first five years of life very important in the development of
personality and regard for three stages of psychosexual development most important.
He classifies whole psychosexual development in five stages.
Stages Year Discerption

1. Oral 1 to 1 ½ A child feels pleasure in

taking everything to his
mouth to suck.
2. Anal 1 ½ to 3 This it is a period for toilet
training as a verbal
communication between
child and mother gas
developed and child start
understanding his mother’s
directions
3. Phallic 3 to 5 A child stats
Differentiating role of male
from female by observing
is patterns.
A boy baby starts taking
interest in his mother Anna
baby girl start taking
interest in her father
because of others love
shown more from daughter
than the son and mother
loves and care shown more
for her son.
4. Latency Period 6 to teen age Child is educated in school
college and learns about the
worldly affairs. In this.
Child gain energy and
spend it in studies, games
and different hobbies and
his ego carries much about
his own sex
5. Genital period Young adulthood The past experiences of
early childhood affect his
life. Add individual success
in particular life own’s to
 his mother’s training. The
adjust ability or not adjust
ability mental satisfaction
or mental disorder all have
their reasoning deep rooted
in childhood.
Rogers Theory of Personality
Carl Roger 1902-1987 The founder of person central therapy present start human
personality theory based on a single motivational factor similar to Abraham
maslow’s concept of self actualization. he believed that personality is shaped by
presence conscious perception and the unconscious force and childhood experiences
are not so important as Freud view.
Roger’s personality theory is the analysis of Phenomenological views influenced by
Sullivan Interpersonal theory. Roger’s theory of personality is based on “self theory”
with the following important points.
1. Organism is a complete individual
2. Phenomenological field has total experiences
3. Self is differentiated from up in a logical field based on the pattern of
conscious perceptual views of I and Me
The organism: Is the total range of a person’s possible experience, . experience is
everything that potentially available to organs awareness
Self: Consist of only those part of experience that a person reorganize and concept
a) Interaction between a person and his involvement
b) Introduction of other values
c) Self awareness of responsibility a tendency to live fully in every movement
d) Heaving unconditional positive reward.
Self Actualization
Is the complete realization of one’s potential and full development of one’s ability
and appreciation for life. this concept is at the top of the Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs, so not every human being reaches it.
Assessment of Personality
many methods are employed to measure Personality. different psychologists have
their own standard of measurement. We judge personality in everyday life by
conduct and conversation. Sometimes we just personality by observing a person
style of talking, Eating, living, doing business or conducting other affairs of life.
surprisingly our estimate sometimes proves to be correct.
Psychologists considered necessary that the material used to measure personality
should be valid, them at an employer should be reliable an interpretation and
expectation of research would be based on some norms
three methods are use for the measurement of personality
1. Objective methods
2. Subjective methods
3. Rating scale
Objective methods: The Subjective Methods are those in which the individual is
permitted to disclose what he knows about himself as an object of observation. They
are based on what the subject himself has to say about his traits, attitudes, personal
experiences, aims, needs and interests.
Objective Methods:
The Objective Methods do not depend on the subject’s own statements about himself
but on his overt behavior as revealed to others who serve as observers, examiners or
judges. The subject, as far as possible, is observed or studied in certain life situations
where his particular traits, habits, needs and other characteristics are brought into
play and can thus be observed directly by the examiner.