GNR402: Introduction to Geographic Information Systems: Data

Sources, Data Input, Data Display

Surya S. Durbha, PhD

Professo
CSRE, IITB
r

 Outline

❖ Background
❖ Various Data Sources
❖ Data Input
❖ Data Display

 Data Sources In GIS

• Analog Maps
• Topographic Maps
• Aerial Photographs
• Satellite Images
• Ground Surveys
• Ground Surveys With GPS
• Government of India – Primary Survey Depts.
• State Government – Primary Survey Depts.
• City, Town, and Village level maps and Records
• Reports and Publications

Analog Map
Toposheet
 Toposheet

http://www.amesremote.com/images/USGS/gis-9.gif
Satellite data
 Satellite data

http://jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/images/rssys.gif
 Signatures

http://jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/images/rssys.gif
 Signatures

http://jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/images/rssys.gif
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/files/geog883/image/L08_fig01.jpg
Satellite data
Aerial Photography
Aerial Photography

http://www.searchmesh.net/images/gmhm2-18_combined_lidar_and_aerial.jpg
Aerial Photographs
Cadastral Maps
 Cadastral Maps

http://geoeye.mediaroom.com/file.php/228/Fraser-
Cadastral%20overlay%20of%20IKONOS.jpg

http://clovetech.com/images/services_GIS_parcel_cadastral_mapping.gif
Example Of City Map
GPS Survey
State Government Survey
Government Of India Dept.
 Reports and Publications
❑ Series of Census of India Publications

❑ Series of Gazetteer Of India

❑ Statistical Abstracts

❑ Planning commission reports

❑ Annual Reports submitted by Central/State Govt. primary

survey departments: i.e. IMD, Water Resources, Irrigation,
Agriculture, Forest, Mining, Finance, Infrastructure etc.

 Map

❑ Map is a fundamental language of geography

which gives the descriptive information about
the world.
❑ A map is a small scale conventional
representation of the Earth (or part) as seen
from above
❑ A Cartographic representation without scale
should not be called a map. It should be
considered as a sketch or a diagram.

 Basic Map Design

A map is an integrated assemblage of four category of
information
❑ Point
❑ Lines
❑ Areas
❑ Names (Labels)
All these have to be considered in terms of their inter-
relationship.
All these are presented in different Shapes, patterns, size,
symbols, and thickness.

 Parts Of Maps
There are two basic parts of maps
The Ground
On Combining figure and ground we get a map
The ground should be planned in a well
balanced way.

It should have all the essential map

elements.

There is no hard and fast rule to place the

map elements

 Essential Map Elements

❑ Title: Describes what a map Shows
❑ Legend: Defines the Symbols
❑ Scale: Shows the relationship of map distance to actual distance on the ground.
❑ Direction: Refers to the cardinal directions and is shown by an arrow
❑ Source: The institution or resource from which the information on the map was
compiled.
❑ Date: Shows when the map was made and the date of information on the map
❑ Border : Defines the edges of the map and separates the map from the text
❑ Author : The Institution or the individual that created the map
❑ Ground Relationship: Ground and water features differentiated

 Selective Elements For Effective

Communication
❑ Index: Shows list of places present in the map as an alphabetical list by grid
location in X and Y
❑ Key: It is used in case of series of maps highlighting the location of present map
❑ Grid System: A set of intersecting lines (Parallels and Meridians) that provide a
way of determining the absolute Location of a place
❑ Projection: The projection used to create the map influences the representation
of area, direction, distance and shape.
❑ Inset: When the data is densely clustered in a small section of a larger map, an inset
map giving the detailed features should be provided.
❑ Location Map: Gives the idea of the study area.
❑ Surrounding Places: This identifies the features that border a depicted
area, such as political boundaries.

 Index


Example of an Inset in a map
 Types Of Maps

Thematic maps: Thematic maps Topographical Maps:

Topographic maps provide the most authentic
are specialized maps
base or reference tool showing – natural and man
Containing
made features including terrain information
information about a Single Theme
of part of the earth plotted to scale
i.e. Landuse map, Population distribution, soils,
Example: Toposheet
Geology, Contours, Road network etc.
Major Source: SOI, Dehradun
Major Source :NATMO, Calcutta

 Thematic maps
Thematic maps can be
represented in three
Ways

Graphical
Choropleth Isopleths
representation

 Choropleth Maps
❑ Choropleth maps have areas of equal values separated
by boundaries
Example:1

Choropleth Maps
 Isopleths
❑ Maps portray quantitative data modeled by continuous
surface. The variations are shown by lines connecting
to points of equal value

❑ Examples are:
➢ Contours : Lines of same elevation value
➢ Isotherm : Lines of equal Temperature
➢ Isohyets : Lines Showing equal Rainfall
➢ Isobars : Lines showing equal air pressure value
➢ Isolines : Lines showing equal value of the referred theme
➢ Isobaths : Lines showing equal depth

Example Of Isopleth Map :Contour

map
 Example Of Isopleth Map: Isobars
❑L Indicates Low atmospheric pressure
Example Of Isopleth Map: Isotherm
Example Of Isopleth Map: Isohytes
Example Of Isopleth Map: Isohytes

Points of Equal precipitation

Isobaths : Lines showing equal depth

The isobaths
are in meters
below sea
level
 Isolines : Points of equal measurement

Isoline maps connect points of equal measurement with lines to separate different
areas. This method can be also used to measure elevation and relief in
topographic maps among other things.
 Graphical Representation
❑ Maps portray the data of Locations, it may be a point,
line or an area by some graphics

Examples:
➢ Pie chart
➢ Bar chart
➢ Wind rose
➢ X – Y Graph
➢ Pictorial representation

Pie Chart
Bar Chart
Graduated Circles
 Dot Density Maps
dot frequency displays quantity



 Proportional circle map

size of circle varies with attribute data
Point and Line Features shown with Symbols
 Thematic Maps can also be Grouped into Two
❑ Qualitative Maps
❑ Quantitative Maps

❑ Qualitative Map shows the spatial distribution or location of a kind of

normal data. For example, a map showing wheat fields in a map would be a
qualitative map. It would not show how much wheat is produced from that
field.
Example: Soil Map, Landuse Map, Crop Distribution, Political, Physical Maps
etc.
❑ Quantitative Maps displays the numerical aspect of spatial data. A map
showing wheat production (Volume) in the wheat field would be quantitative
map
Other Examples: Maps showing quantitative distribution of any theme, It may
be a Choropleth map (population, production, income etc), Isopleth
(Contours), or a Graphical representation of volume, number, or quantity.

 Map Scale
❑ Map scale is a ratio between the distance on the map
to distance on the earth’s surface.
Scales are shown in 3 ways on the maps
▪ RF Scale (Representative Fraction)
Example : 1:50,000
▪ Verbal Statement (Descriptive Scale)
Example : 1 cm = 5 Km or 1 Inch = 1 Mile
▪ Bar Scale (Graphical Scale)
Example :

 Large Scale Maps and Small Scale Maps

❑ Large Scale maps show great detail, small features and

Representative fraction is Large i.e. 1:2500
Example: Cadastral map, Topographical map

❑ Small scale maps show only large features and

Representative fraction is small i.e. 1:250,000
Example: Atlas ,Wall maps The entire township is shown as
a small block

 Map Limitations
❑ A map is a representation of 3-dimesional curved
Surface on a 2-dimensional flat surface.
❑ The correct representation is a globe not a map.
❑ A map is a summary of a selected facts about the
reality. A very large scale ,map of your garden might
be quite accurate even to the point of showing the
location of different types of plants.
❑ A map of a larger area such as Tehsil or a District
are more selective. It can attempt to show important
features but no single map could show all types of
features.

 Map Generalization
❑ Selection and generalization of data represented
on the map is very important aspect of map
making.
❑ It is up to the cartographer to make clear the
purpose of the map and meaningful symbols
employed.
❑ It is up to the map user to be aware of the
limitations of the cartographic methods.
❑ Good maps are related to selected and specified
use and try to focus on information relevant to the
intended use

 Functions Of Maps

❑ Navigation

❑ Visualization

❑ Measurements

❑ Storing Spatial Data



 Advantages of maps

❑ Descriptive

❑ Good Planning Tool

❑ Solve Complex Problem

❑ Objective and Efficient

 Topographical Maps of India

❑ Topographical maps are reference tool showing
conventional representation of natural and man made
features of part of the earth surface plotted to scale.
❑ Topographical maps are generally on polyconic
projection on different scales.
❑ The Indian sub-continent along with the adjacent
countries of Iran, Afganistan, Burma,Tibet,and part of
China have been mapped.
❑ The whole area upto 40˚Latitude in the North has been
uniformly divided into rectangles of 4˚x4˚dimension
and are numbered from 1 to 105.

❑ These Sheets are on 1:1,000,000 scale.

❑ There are 36 4˚X 4˚ sheets for India.
❑ Each of 36 sheets is subdivided into 16 uniform
rectangles of 1˚x 1˚dimension.
❑ These are designated by 16 letters of English
alphabets A to P.
❑ These are known as degree sheets.
❑ They are on 1:250,000 scale.
❑ These sheets are known as 4˚ sheets.

 Scale 1:1,000,000

44 53 62 71

45 54 63 72

46 55 64 73

47 56 64 74

 Scale 1:250,000

A E I M

B F J N
62

C G K O

D H L P

❑ Each of these 16 Degree Sheets is divided into 16

uniform rectangles of 15’ x15’ dimension and are
numbered 1 to 16 .

❑ They are drawn on a scale of 1:50,000 (1” for 1 Miles in

non metric scale sheets)

❑ These are also known as one Inch sheets.

❑ Publication of Metric maps started in 1956 .

❑ All the old maps are in Inch to Mile scale

 Scale 1:50,000

A/1 A/5 A/9 A/13

A/2 A/6 A/10 A/14

62/A

A/3 A/7 A/11 A/15

A/4 A/8 A/12 A/16

 Half Inch Sheets

❑ Each of 1 Inch sheets are further divided into 4

parts.
❑ These are known as half Inch sheets.
❑ These sheets are on 1:25,000 Sacle.
❑ These sheets provide detailed information about
the ground and terrain.

 Half Inch Sheets

NW NE

62A/1

SW SE

‘Much of the life of the mind consists in applying concepts to things’

(Fodor 1998:24)