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 ‫ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﻼﻡ‬
‫‪Parts of speech‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‬
‫‪Noun‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺷﺧﺹ ‪ /‬ﺣﻳﻭﺍﻥ ‪ /‬ﺟﻣﺎﺩ ‪ /‬ﻧﺑﺎﺕ ‪....‬‬ ‫‪Ahmed, book‬‬

‫‪Pronoun‬‬ ‫ﺿﻣﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺣﻝ ﻣﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫‪I, he, she, it, etc. ……..‬‬

‫‪Verb‬‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﺷﻲء ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫‪Play, played, will play‬‬

‫‪Adjective‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﺻﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﻡ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻗﺑﻠﻪ‬ ‫‪rich man‬‬ ‫ﺭﺟﻝ ﻏﻧﻲ‬

‫‪Adverb‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎ ﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﺻﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪Ahmed writes quickly.‬‬

‫‪Preposition‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺿﻣﻳﺭ ﻟﺗﺑﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪Ahmed goes to school .‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺗﻪ ﺑﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ) ‪to - by - for‬‬
‫ﺣﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺟﺭ‬ ‫)‪in- with - from- of- about ...‬‬ ‫‪They traveled by plane.‬‬

‫‪Conjunction‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﺻﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪Ali and Ahmad are my friends .‬‬
‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺟﻣﻠﺔ ) ‪.( or / and‬‬
‫ﺣﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ‬

‫‪Interjection‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺻﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻳﺣﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺑﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﻟﻸﺳﻑ ! ﻟﻘﺩ ﻣﺎﺗﺕ‪Alas ! She died . .‬‬
‫ﺣﺭﻑ ﺗﻌﺟﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺟﺏ ) ‪( Alas – Wow‬‬
‫‪Article‬‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ‬ ‫)‪Definite( the ) indefinite ( a, an‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ‪ a‬ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺑﺩﺃ‬ ‫‪This is a book.‬‬

‫ﺑﺣﺭﻑ ﺳﺎﻛﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ‪ an‬ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫‪This is an apple.‬‬

‫ﻳﺑﺩﺃ ﺑﺣﺭﻑ ﻣﺗﺣﺭﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ‪ the‬ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫‪The earth goes round the sun .‬‬

‫‪The sentence in English‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻔﻬﺎﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻭﻋﺎﻥ‪-:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻋﺎﻥ‪-:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺃﻣﺭ ﻣﺛﺑﺕ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺇﺳﺗﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺇﺳﺗﻔﻬﺎﻡ ) ‪( Wh../ How‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻓﺎﻋﻝ ‪subject‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺃﻣﺭ ﻣﻧﻔﻰ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺇﺳﺗﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺑﻔﻌﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩ ) ﺑﻬﻝ (‬ ‫‪ - 2‬ﻓﻌﻝ ‪verb‬‬

‫‪ - 3‬ﻣﻔﻌﻭﻝ ‪object‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺗﻛﻣﻠﺔ ) ﻅﺭﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ (‬

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 ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ -:‬ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭﻳﺔ ‪The statement‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻋﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬

‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬

‫ﻣﺗﻛﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺏ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺋﺏ‬

‫ﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺕ ‪ /‬ﺃﻧﺗﻲ ‪You‬‬ ‫ﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻝ ‪, It‬ﻫﻲ ‪ , She‬ﻫﻭ ‪He‬‬
‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﺣﻥ ‪We‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺗﻡ ‪ /‬ﺃﻧﺗﻥ ‪You‬‬ ‫ﻫﻡ ‪They‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﺄﺗﻰ ﺿﻣﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻓﻰ ﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ) ﻣﺣﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ ( ﺃﻯ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ‬

‫‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ‬

‫ﻓﻌﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﻗﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻝ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩ ‪ -:‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻳﺳﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻰ‪ -:‬ﻭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺣﺩﺙ‬

‫ﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬

‫‪am /is / are‬‬ ‫‪was / were‬‬ ‫‪ + ing‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ‬ ‫‪playing / eating‬‬
‫‪do / does‬‬ ‫‪did‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩ ﺭ‬ ‫‪play / eat‬‬
‫‪have / has‬‬ ‫‪had‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫‪played / eaten‬‬

‫‪will‬‬ ‫‪would‬‬
‫‪shall‬‬ ‫‪should‬‬
‫‪can‬‬ ‫‪could‬‬
‫‪may‬‬ ‫‪might‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩ ﺭ‬ ‫‪play / eat / watch / go‬‬
‫‪must‬‬ ‫‪had to‬‬
‫‪have to / has to‬‬ ‫‪had to‬‬
‫‪ought to‬‬

‫‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻌﻭﻝ‬

‫ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ ‪ -‬ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻣﻳﺭ‬

‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻌﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺿﻣﻳﺭ ﻓﺎﻋﻝ‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪He‬‬ ‫‪She‬‬ ‫‪It‬‬ ‫‪You‬‬ ‫‪We‬‬ ‫‪They‬‬

‫ﺿﻣﻳﺭ ﻣﻔﻌﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪me‬‬ ‫‪him‬‬ ‫‪her‬‬ ‫‪it‬‬ ‫‪you‬‬ ‫‪us‬‬ ‫‪them‬‬

‫◄ ﻭ ﻳﺄﺗﻰ ﺿﻣﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻌﻭﻝ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺣﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺟﺭ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫( ﺗﻛﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬4

: ‫ﺗﻛﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻅﺭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻣﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﻌﻛﺱ‬

: ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻑ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﺻﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ‬

every / each ( day / week …) / once ( a day – a week … ) -: ‫ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭ‬ .1

now / next / tomorrow / yesterday / last … -: ‫ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ .2
here / there – ( in the club ‫ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ‬+‫) ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺣﺭﻭﻑ ﺟﺭ‬ -: ‫ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ‬ .3
cleanly / badly ‫ ( ﻣﺛﻝ‬ly + ‫) ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺻﻔﺔ‬ -: ‫ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻝ ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ‬ .4

Kinds of Adverbs

Adverbs of Frequency
She takes the boat to the mainland every day.
She often goes by herself.

Adverbs of Time
It's starting to get dark now.
She finished her tea first.
She left early.

Adverbs of Place
She has lived on the island all her life.
She still lives there now.

Adverbs of Manner
She moved slowly and spoke quietly.

Adverbs of Purpose
She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.
She shops in several stores to get the best goods .

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 Adjectives

Positive Comparative Superlative

Old Older than The oldest
Nice Nicer than The nicest
Big Bigger than The biggest
Happy Happier than The happiest
. ‫ ﻟﻠﺻﻔﺔ‬er ‫( ﻧﺿﻳﻑ‬1 : ‫ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﺛﻧﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻗﺻﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻁﻊ‬ *
. ‫ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬than ‫( ﻧﺿﻊ‬2
Ex : The elephant is bigger than the lion .
. ‫ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬the ‫( ﻧﺿﻊ‬1 : ‫ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺛﻧﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻗﺻﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻁﻊ‬ *
. ‫ ﻟﻠﺻﻔﺔ‬est ‫( ﻧﺿﻳﻑ‬2
Ex : The blue whale is the biggest animal .

Exciting More exciting than The most exciting

Beautiful More beautiful than The most beautiful
Expensive More expensive than The most expensive
. ‫ ( ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬more / less ) ‫( ﻧﺿﻊ‬1 : ‫ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﺛﻧﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻁﻊ‬ *
. ‫ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬than ‫( ﻧﺿﻊ‬2

‫ ( ﻗﺑﻝ‬the most / the least ) ‫( ﻧﺿﻊ‬1 : ‫ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺛﻧﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻗﺻﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻁﻊ‬ *
. ‫ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬
Ex : Football is more exciting than handball .
Football is the most exciting sport .

‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺷﺎﺫﺓ‬
Positive Comparative Superlative
Bad / ill ‫ ﻣﺭﻳﺽ‬/ ‫ﺳﺊ‬ Worse than ‫ﺃﺳﻭﺃ ﻣﻥ‬ The worst ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻭﺃ‬
Good / well ‫ ﺑﺧﻳﺭ‬/ ‫ﺟﻳﺩ‬ Better than ‫ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﻣﻥ‬ The best ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺿﻝ‬
Many ‫ ﻛﺛﻳﺭﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ‬/ Much ‫ﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻟﻠﻛﻣﻳﺔ‬ More than ‫ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ‬ The most ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ‬
Little ‫ﻗﻠﻳﻝ ﻟﻠﻛﻣﻳﺔ‬ Less than ‫ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ‬ The least ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻝ‬
Far ‫ﺑﻌﻳﺩ‬ farther than ( ‫ﺃﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﻥ ) ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ‬ The farthest ( ‫ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺩ ) ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ‬
further than ( ‫ﺃﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﻥ ) ﻟﻠﻭﻗﺕ‬ The furthest ( ‫ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺩ ) ﻟﻠﻭﻗﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺎﺕ‬

: ‫ ( ﺑﻳﻥ‬old / exciting ) ‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬1

( not as / so ….. as ) ‫ ( ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻲ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬as….. as ) -
Ex : Ali is as tall as Ahmed . / Ali isn’t so short as Omar .
( enough to ) ‫ ( ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ‬so …. that / such …. that / too ….. to ) ‫ ﺑﻳﻥ‬-
Ex : The tea is too hot to drink . / The tea isn’t hot enough to drink .
( much taller / much more exciting ) ‫( ﻗﺑﻝ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﺛﻧﻳﻥ‬much / little ) ‫( ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬2
Ex : My friend is much older than me .
4
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 . ( The …. er / more ) The ‫( ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﺛﻧﻳﻥ ﻭﻗﺑﻠﻬﺎ‬4
Ex : The more you study , the more marks you will get .
The more you do sports , the happier you will be .
. ‫( ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺛﻧﻳﻥ‬5
Ex : It is the highest mountain I have ever seen .
It is the best meal I have ever eaten .
( more / most ‫ ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻌﺗﺑﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ) ﺃﻱ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ly ) ‫( ﻋﻧﺩ ﺃﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﻬﻳﺔ ﺏ‬6
Ex : Ali runs more quickly than Ahmed .
‫ ( ﺃﻭ ﻓﻌﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺍﺱ‬is / are ) ‫ ( ﺃﻣﺎ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻌﻝ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬runs ) ‫◄ ﻻﺣﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻑ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻌﻝ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
Ex : Ali is quicker than Ahmed . . ( seem )
Ali seems quicker than Ahmed .

Adverbs

‫ ( ﻟﻠﺻﻔﺔ‬ly ) ‫ﻧﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻑ ﺑﺄﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺷﺎﺫﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻑ‬

quick ‫ﺳﺭﻳﻊ‬ quickly ‫ﺑﺳﺭﻋﺔ‬ good ‫ ﺟﻳﺩ‬well ‫ﺑﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺟﻳﺩﺓ‬
careful ‫ﺣﺭﻳﺹ‬ carefully ‫ﺑﺣﺭﺹ‬ early ‫ ﻣﺑﻛﺭ‬early ‫ﻣﺑﻛﺭﺍ‬
simple ‫ﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬ simply ‫ﺑﺑﺳﺎﻁﺔ‬ late ‫ ﻣﺗﺄﺧﺭ‬late ‫ﻣﺗﺄﺧﺭﺍ‬
happy ‫ﺳﻌﻳﺩ‬ happily ‫ﺑﺳﻌﺎﺩﺓ‬ hard ‫ ﺻﻌﺏ‬hard ‫ﺑﺟﺩ‬
dramatic ‫ﻫﺎﺋﻝ‬ dramatically ‫ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻫﺎﺋﻝ‬ fast ‫ﺳﺭﻳﻊ‬ fast ‫ﺑﺳﺭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻅﺭﻑ‬

Adverb ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻑ‬ Adjective ‫ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬

: ‫◄ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻑ ﻳﺻﻑ‬ ‫◄ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﺗﺻﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﻡ ﻭﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻗﺑﻠﻪ‬
He can run very quickly . ‫( ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬1 Ex : He is a rich man .
He is really happy today . ‫( ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬2 : ‫◄ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ‬
Really , it is a nice city . ‫( ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬3 ( be / am / is / are / was / were ) ‫( ﻓﻌﻝ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬1
‫ ◄ ﻻ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻑ ﺑﻌﺩ‬Ex : My friend was happy yesterday .
‫ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻌﻝ ﻳﺻﺑﺢ‬Look .. ... ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺍﺱ‬Be ‫) ﻓﻌﻝ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬ ‫( ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺍﺱ‬2
. ( become / get ( seem / look / appear / smell / taste / sound / feel )
Ex : The food tastes delicious .
‫ ( ﺃﻭ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬run ) ‫◄ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻑ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ( become / get ) ‫( ﻓﻌﻝ ﻳﺻﺑﺢ‬3
( Really ) ‫ ( ﺃﻭ ﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬happy ) Ex : My friend got ill yesterday.
( make ) ‫( ﻓﻌﻝ ﻳﻌﻣﻝ‬4
Ex : The film made me happy .
( find ) ‫( ﻓﻌﻝ ﻳﺟﺩ‬5
Ex : I found the film interesting .

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 Questions ‫ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻔﻬﺎﻣﻳﺔ‬-: ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺎ‬

( ‫( ﺍﻟﺳﺅﺍﻝ ﺑﻬﻝ ) ﺑﻔﻌﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﻗﺹ‬1) ‫ ( ﺍﻟﺳﺅﺍﻝ ﺑﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺇﺳﺗﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬2)

"Yes / No" questions " Wh- / How " questions

( ‫( ﺇﺳﺗﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﻝ ) ﺑﻔﻌﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﻗﺹ‬1)

‫ﻓﻌﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﻗﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻝ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺎﻋﻝ‬

. (‫ ) ﻧﺳﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻗﺹ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺛﻡ ﻧﺗﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ‬: ‫◄ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻓﻌﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻭﻧﺎﻗﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺗﻔﻬﺎﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬
-They are playing . Are they playing ? Yes, they are . /
No , they aren’t .
- He is reading a book. Is he reading a book ? Yes, he is . / No , he isn’t .
- I am eating fish . Are you eating fish ? Yes , I am . / No, I am not .
- I was sleeping . Were you sleeping ? Yes, I was . / No, I wasn’t .
- We were studying . Were you studying ? Yes ,we were .
/ No,we weren’t .

- I have got a car . Have you got a car ? Yes , I have .

/ No, I haven’t .
- He has got a car . Has he got a car ? Yes, he has .
/ No, he hasn’t .
-We had got a car . Had you got a car ? Yes , we had .
/ No, we hadn’t .

- I will play football . Will you play football ? Yes , I will . / No , I won’t .

- I can ride a bike . Can you ride a bike ? Yes , I can . / No , I can’t .

-You should play sports . Should I play sports ? Yes , you should .
/ No , you shouldn’t .

. ( do , does , did ‫◄ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻓﻌﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩ ) ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬

( do ) ‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬ ( play ) ‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ‬ -
( does ) ‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬ ( plays ) s ‫ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﻣﻧﺗﻬﻲ ﺏ‬-
( did ) ‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬ ( played ) ‫ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬-
- I play football . Do you play football ? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t .

- He plays football . Does he play football ? Yes , he does .

/ No , he doesn’t .
- He played football . Did he play football ? Yes, he did . / No, he didn’t.

6
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 - I went to school. Did you go to school ? Yes, I did. / No,I didn’t .

( do , does , did ) ‫◄ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺃﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻧﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻛﺄﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬
- He has a car . Does he have a car ? Yes , he does .
/ No , he doesn’t .
- I had a car . Did you have a car ? Yes, I did. / No,I didn’t .
- I did my homework . Did you do your homework? Yes, I did. / No,I didn’t .

( Wh../ How ) ‫( ﺇﺳﺗﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺃﺳﺗﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬2)

‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺗﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻝ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻧﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺄﻝ ﻋﻥ‬ Examples ‫ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬

Who ‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻌﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻝ‬ Who are you ? – I’m Ahmed .

When ‫ﻣﺗﻰ‬ ( tomorrow… ) ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ‬ When will you come ? – Tomorrow .

Where ‫ﺃﻳﻥ‬ ( to school / at home... ) ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ‬ Where do you go ? – To the club .

Which ‫ﺁﻯ‬ ( the red car ..) ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺿﻳﻝ‬ Which car do you like ? – The red car .

What ‫ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ‬-‫ﻣﺎ‬ ( car / dog .. ) ‫ﻏﻳﺭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻝ‬ What did you buy ? – A car .

Why ‫ﻟﻣﺎﺫﺍ‬ ( because – to – for ) ‫ﺍﻟﺳﺑﺏ‬ Why didn’t you come ? – Because I was ill.

Whose ‫ﻟﻣﻥ‬ ( Ali’s / his … ) ‫ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ‬Whose book is this ?- It’s Ali’s book .

How ‫ﻛﻳﻑ‬ ( by car ) ‫ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺳﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻼﺕ‬How do you go to work ? – By car .

How old ‫ﻛﻡ ﻋﻣﺭ‬ ( 10 years old ) ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺳﻥ‬ How old are you ? 10 years old .

How many ‫ﻛﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ( two / three …. ) ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬How many pens do you have ? -1 pen.

How much ‫ﻛﻡ ﺛﻣﻥ‬ ( 2 Dollars )‫ ﺍﻟﺛﻣﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺭ‬How much is this dress ? – 40 $

How far ‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ‬ ( 5 km far ) ‫ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ‬How far is your school ? –2 km far .

How long ‫ﻛﻡ ﻁﻭﻝ‬ ‫ ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺓ‬3 m long )‫ ﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺷﻳﺎء‬How long is this bridge ? 13 m long .
(for a day / since 1990 ) ‫ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ‬How long will you stay ? - For 2 days
How tall ‫ﻛﻡ ﻁﻭﻝ‬ ( 150 cm ) ‫ﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ‬
How tall is your father ? – 150 cm .
(‫)ﻟﻸﺷﺧﺎﺹ‬

. ‫ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺃﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻧﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺗﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺻﻑ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻼ ﻧﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻌﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﻗﺹ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬: ‫ﻣﻠﺣﻭﻅﺔ‬

Ex : Can you tell me where the bank is , please ?

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 Imperative ‫ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺭﻳﺔ‬:‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺑﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻔﻲ‬

( ‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ) ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻧﺣﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬ ( Don’t + ‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ) ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ‬
Open the door . Don't open the door.
Write your name . Don't write your name .
Sit down, please . Don't sit down .

‫ﺃﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩ ﺭ‬ ( ing ) ‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻗﺑﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ‬
( do / does / did / don’t /doesn’t am / is / are / was / were am / is / are / was / were
/ didn’t ) ‫ﻓﻲ ﺻﻳﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺻﻳﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﻬﻭﻝ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ‬I , We , You , They, ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬ : ‫ﺣﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺟﺭ‬ have / has / had
‫ ( ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬in , on , of , about , for … )
Let’s mind ( Do you mind / would you
mind …..? )
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬ : ‫ﺑﻌﺩ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ‬
will, would , can , could , shall , ) go- love – hate – enjoy – spend –
should , may, might , must , avoid ….
ought to )
have to / has to / had to Look forward to
used to ( am / is / are / was / were / get /
to ‫ﻟﻛﻲ‬ got ) used to
would like to (’d like to ) ( ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻝ‬+ ‫ﺑﻌﺩ ) ﻓﻌﻝ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻰ‬
Ex: I saw some boys playing .
: ‫ﻓﻌﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬
Read your book . Reading is important .
had better / would rather

( to + ‫ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ) ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ‬ ( ing ) ‫ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬ ( ing ) ‫ (ﺃﻭ‬to + ‫ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ) ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ‬

want - need - hope - plan enjoy - stop - mind - avoid - like - love - prefer- hate -
try - decide - forget - suggest - finish start - begin -continue
learn - promise - offer-
expect - refuse

( ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻭﻝ‬+ to + ‫) ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ‬ ( ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻭﻝ‬+ ing )

ask- tell - advise - teach spend ‫ﻳﻘﺿﻲ‬
expect - persaude - want

make – let
‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻭﻝ‬+ to ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺑﺩﻭﻥ‬

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 Nouns ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء‬

‫ ﺷﻌﻭﺭ‬، ‫ ﺃﻓﻛﺎﺭ‬، ‫ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ‬، ‫ ﺷﻲء‬، ‫ ﺷﺧﺹ‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻡ‬، ‫ﺍﺳﻡ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺫﻛﺭ‬

‫ﺃﺷﺧﺎﺹ‬ People man, father, teacher, neighbor, …

‫ﺃﺷﻳﺎء‬ Things book, table, sugar, fruit, …

‫ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻥ‬ Places school, street, city, house, …..

‫ﺃﻓﻛﺎﺭ‬ Ideas freedom, honesty, truth, ….

‫ﺷﻌﻭﺭ‬ Feelings happiness, anger, boredom, joy, ….

Nouns ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء‬

countable ‫ﻣﻌﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬ uncountable ‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬

singular ‫ﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬ plural ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬

countable ‫ﻣﻌﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬ uncountable ‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬

singular ‫ﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬ plural ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻳﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﺭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻣﻊ‬
a boy ( one boy ) boys ( two boys ….. ) water ( much water )
an apple ( one apple ) apples ( many apples …) tea ( little tea )
a man men ( few men ….) juice

Countable Nouns ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬

. ( plural ) ‫ ( ﻭ ﺟﻣﻊ‬singular ) ‫◄ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﻟﻬﺎ ﺻﻳﻎ ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺓ‬

(a, an, one, my, your, his, etc. ) ‫◄ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺗﺳﺗﻁﻳﻊ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬

.‫◄ ﻻ ﻧﺳﺗﻁﻳﻊ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﻣﻔﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬

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 Spelling Rules for plurals ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺇﻣﻼء ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬

‫“ ﻟﻼﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬s”‫ﻧﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻊ ﺑﺄﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬

ّ ( es ) ‫ ( ﻧﺿﻳﻑ ﻟﻬﺎ‬s, sh, ch, z, x ) ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﻬﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺭﻭﻑ‬

Singular Plural
Singular Match Bus Dish Box

one book two books

Plural Matches Buses Dishes Boxes
one horse many horses

‫ ﻧﺣﺫﻑ ﺍﻝ‬, ‫ ( ﻭﺳﺑﻘﻪ ﺣﺭﻑ ﺳﺎﻛﻥ‬y ) ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﻬﻲ ﺑﺣﺭﻑ‬ ‫ ( ﻭﺳﺑﻘﻪ ﺣﺭﻑ ﻣﺗﺣﺭﻙ‬y ) ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﻬﻲ ﺑﺣﺭﻑ‬

. ( ies ) ‫ ( ﺛﻡ ﻧﺿﻳﻑ‬y ) . ( s ) ‫ ( ﺛﻡ ﻧﺿﻳﻑ‬y ) ‫ ( ﻧﺗﺭﻙ ﺍﻝ‬a, e, i , o , u )

Singular Plural Singular Plural

city cities boy boys

baby babies key keys

‫ ﻧﺿﻳﻑ‬, ‫ ( ﻭﺳﺑﻘﻪ ﺣﺭﻑ ﺳﺎﻛﻥ‬o ) ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﻬﻲ ﺑﺣﺭﻑ‬ ‫ ( ﻭﺳﺑﻘﻪ ﺣﺭﻑ ﻣﺗﺣﺭﻙ‬0 ) ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﻬﻲ ﺑﺣﺭﻑ‬

. ( es ) . ‫ ( ﻓﻘﻁ‬s ) ‫ﻧﺿﻳﻑ‬

Singular Plural
Singular Plural

potato potatoes
radio radios
tomato tomatoes
zoo zoos

( fe ) ‫( ﺃﻭ‬f ) ‫ ( ﻧﻘﻠﺏ ﺍﻝ‬fe ) ‫ ( ﺃﻭ‬f ) ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﻬﻲ ﺑﺣﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭ‬
. ( es ) ‫ ( ﺛﻡ ﻧﺿﻳﻑ‬v ) ‫ﺍﻟﻲ‬

Singular Plural Singular Plural

shelf shelves classroom classrooms

knife knives policeman policemen

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 : ‫◄ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺫﺓ‬

Singular Plural

man ‫ﺭﺟﻝ‬ men ‫ﺭﺟﺎﻝ‬

woman ‫ﺃﻣﺭﺃﺓ‬ women ‫ﻧﺳﺎء‬

child ‫ﻁﻔﻝ‬ children ‫ﺃﻁﻔﺎﻝ‬

person ‫ﺷﺧﺹ‬ people ( persons) ‫ ﻧﺎﺱ‬/ ‫ﺃﺷﺧﺎﺹ‬

foot ‫ﻗﺩﻡ‬ feet ‫ﺃﻗﺩﺍﻡ‬

tooth ‫ﺳﻧﺔ‬ teeth ‫ﺃﺳﻧﺎﻥ‬

goose ‫ﻭﺯﺓ‬ geese ‫ﺃﻭﺯ‬

mouse ‫ﻓﺄﺭ‬ mice ‫ﻓﺋﺭﺍﻥ‬

Uncountable Nouns ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎءﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭﻣﻌﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬

. ( a , an ) ‫ ( ﻭﻻ ﻧﺿﻊ ﻗﺑﻠﻬﺎ‬es ) ‫ ( ﺃﻭ‬s ) ‫◄ ﻻ ﻧﺿﻳﻑ ﻟﻬﺎ‬

flour ‫ﺩﻗﻳﻖ‬ food ‫ﻁﻌﺎﻡ‬ oil ‫ﺯﻳﺕ‬ rain ‫ﻣﻁﺭ‬

salt ‫ﻣﻠﺢ‬ fish ‫ﺳﻣﻙ‬ blood ‫ﺩﻡ‬ steel ‫ﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬

butter ‫ﺯﺑﺩ‬ chicken ‫ﻟﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺟﺎﺝ‬ music ‫ﻣﻭﺳﻳﻘﻰ‬ grass ‫ﻋﺷﺏ‬

sugar ‫ﺳﻛﺭ‬ water ‫ﻣﺎء‬ hair ‫ﺷﻌﺭ‬ wood ‫ﺧﺷﺏ‬

rice ‫ﺭﺯ‬ tea ‫ﺷﺎﻱ‬ knowledge ‫ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬ sand ‫ﺭﻣﻝ‬

bread ‫ﺧﺑﺯ‬ coffee ‫ﻗﻬﻭﺓ‬ information ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬ gold ‫ﺫﻫﺏ‬

cheese ‫ﺟﺑﻥ‬ juice ‫ﻋﺻﻳﺭ‬ furniture ‫ﻣﻔﺭﻭﺷﺎﺕ‬ glass ‫ﺯﺟﺎﺝ‬

meat ‫ﻟﺣﻡ‬ milk ‫ﺣﻠﻳﺏ‬ snow - ice ‫ﺛﻠﺞ‬ paper ‫ﻭﺭﻕ‬

. ‫◄ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬

Ex : Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.

Milk has many minerals.

. ‫◄ ﻭ ﻟﻛﻥ ﻟﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﺕ ﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬

Ex: Two cups of tea are not enough for me.

Five liters of oil do not operate this machine.

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 ( ‫ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ) ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء‬

singular ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬ plural ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬

Uncountable ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﺩﻭﺩ‬
A / an ( one ) two / three / four ( water , tea , coffee …..)
The The The
( my / his / her.. ) ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ‬ ( my / his / her.. ) ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ‬ ( my / his / her.. ) ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ‬
Every / Each ‫ﻛﻝ‬ All ‫ ﻛﻝ‬/ most ‫ﻣﻌﻅﻡ‬ All ‫ ﻛﻝ‬/ most ‫ﻣﻌﻅﻡ‬

A lot of ( lots of ) / A lot of ( lots of ) /

Plenty of Plenty of
some ‫ ﺑﻌﺽ‬/ any ‫ﺃﻱ‬ some ‫ ﺑﻌﺽ‬/ any ‫ﺃﻱ‬
enough ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ enough ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬
many / more / several / much / more / a
a number of ‫ﻛﺛﻳﺭ‬ a quantity of / a mount of
A few / few ‫ﻗﻠﻳﻝ‬ A little / little / less ‫ﻗﻠﻳﻝ‬

( some / any ) ‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬

( some ) ‫ﺃﺛﺑﺎﺕ‬ ( any ) ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺳﺅﺍﻝ ) ﺣﺳﺏ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺳﺅﺍﻝ‬

I have some books . I don’t have any books. Do you have any books ?
. ‫ ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﺅﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬any ) ‫◄ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬

I’d like some juice . I wouldn’t like any juice . Would you like some juice ?

I want some milk . I don’t want any milk . Can I have some milk ?

. ‫ ( ﻓﻲ ﺳﺅﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ‬some ) ‫◄ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬

( many / much / a lot of ) ‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬

( a lot of ) ‫ﺃﺛﺑﺎﺕ‬ ( many / much ) ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬ ( many / much ) ‫ﺍﻟﺳﺅﺍﻝ‬

I have a lot of books . I don’t have many books. Do you have many books ?

I’d like a lot of juice . I wouldn’t like much juice . Would you like much juice ?

too many / too much ( too ) ‫ ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺛﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬many / much ) ‫◄ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬

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 ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻛﺭﺓ‬
Definite & Indefinite Articles

.‫ ( ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‬The ) .‫ ( ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺄﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻧﻛﺭﺓ‬a / an ) ◄

a book – a pen – a tree – a car – a man - a girl .‫ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑﺩﺃ ﺑﺣﺭﻑ ﺳﺎﻛﻥ‬a ‫◄ ﻧﺿﻊ‬

an apple – an egg – an ice cream – an orange (a , e , i , o , u ) ‫ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑﺩﺃ ﺑﺣﺭﻑ ﻣﺗﺣﺭﻙ‬an ‫◄ ﻧﺿﻊ‬

( a/an ) ‫ﺃﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬

.‫ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬ a table - an egg

.‫ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻳﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺳﻳﺔ‬ He is an engineer. She is an English women.

“‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ”ﻛﻝ‬ He washes his hands four times a day.

‫ﺷﻭﺍﺫ‬ an hour / a European city ( h / E ) ‫◄ﺣﺭﻭﻑ ﺻﺎﻣﺗﺔ‬

( an umbrella ) an ‫ ﻧﺿﻊ‬a u ‫◄ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻧﻁﻘﻧﺎ‬
. ‫ ( ﻓﻘﻁ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﻖ‬a / an ) ‫◄ ﻧﺿﻊ‬
( a university ) a ‫ ﻧﺿﻊ‬y u ‫◄ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻧﻁﻘﻧﺎ‬

( The ) ‫ﺃﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬

.‫ﺍﻻﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻣﻧﻪ ﺳﻭﻯ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ‬ The Ka’aba / The sun / The earth / The universe
/ The world / The sky ….
‫ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺣﻳﻁﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﻠﺟﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺑﺎﻝ‬ The Arabian Gulf / The River Nile / The Red Sea
.… ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺻﺣﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺯﺭ‬ / The Pacific Ocean / The Alps / The Sahara
desert
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺗﺟﻬﺎﺕ‬ The north / the south / The east / The west

‫ﻣﻊ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ‬ The top / The bottom / The left / The right / The
centre / The middle / The corner
‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﺃﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺫﻛﺭ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ I saw a man. The man was young .

‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‬ The president / The manager / The door / The
roof / The police / The army / The country

‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﻬﻭﺭﺓ‬ The airport / The museum / The club ….

.‫ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺳﻳﻘﻳﺔ‬ The piano / The drum / The oud / The guitar

( Who ‫ﻗﺑﻝ ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻝ ) ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺿﻣﻳﺭ ﻭﺻﻝ ﻣﺛﻝ‬ I know the boy who took your bike .

‫ ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻔﻳﺔ‬Of ) ‫ﻗﺑﻝ‬ The name of …/ The winner of…/ The capital of

( ‫ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺎﺕ ) ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺛﻧﻳﻥ‬ The tallest / The most exciting

‫ﻣﻊ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ‬ The first / The second / The third / The fourth ….

‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ‬ The radio / The internet / The end / The same

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 ( The ) ‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬

( ‫ﻗﺑﻝ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻥ ) ﺃﺫﺍ ﺃﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ home / bed / hospital / school / college /
university / prison /….

: ( The ) ‫◄ ﺃﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻧﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻓﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬

Ex : I go to school ( ‫ ) ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ‬/ My father came to the school yesterday . ( ‫) ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺧﺎﺹ‬

( ‫ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺋﻳﺔ ) ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ Breakfast / lunch / dinner

: (The ) ‫◄ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﻧﺎ ﻧﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺟﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬

The lunch in this restaurant will be very delicious .

‫ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ France / Egypt / Cairo / Dubai / South

America
: ‫ ( ﻗﺑﻝ ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺟﻣﻬﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﻟﻙ‬The ) ‫◄ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬

The U.A.E. / The K.S.A. / The U.S.A. / The U.K. ( The united kingdom )

‫ﻗﺑﻝ ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺷﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﺩﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬ Times Square / Hope Street / Dubai Road
‫ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﻳﺔ‬ English / Maths / IT / Arabic / History ….

‫ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ‬ tomorrow / yesterday / last ( day … )/ next (

day ….)

‫ﻗﺑﻝ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺑﻭﻉ ﻭﺷﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬ Monday / April / May ………

( ‫ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﺩﻭﺩﺓ ) ﺃﺫﺍ ﺃﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ music / water / work / life / weather / fish
…..
: ( The ) ‫◄ ﺃﺫﺍ ﺃﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻧﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺧﺎﺹ ) ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ( ﻓﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬

Ex : I don’t like cold weather. ( ‫ ) ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ‬/ The weather is cold today . ( ‫) ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺧﺎﺹ‬

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 Helping Verbs ‫ﺃﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬

Verb to Be ‫ ﻓﻌﻝ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬Verb to Have ‫ﻓﻌﻝ ﻳﻣﺗﻠﻙ‬ Verb to Do ‫ﻓﻌﻝ ﻳﻌﻣﻝ‬

‫ﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ‬ am / is are have / has do / does
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ was were had did

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬ Verb to Be ‫ﻓﻌﻝ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬ Verb to Have Verb to Do

I am (’m ) have (’ve ) do

He is (’s ) has (’s ) does

She is (’s ) has (’s ) does
It is (’s ) has (’s ) does
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬ is (’s ) has (’s ) does

We are (’re ) have (’ve ) do

You are (’re ) have (’ve ) do
They are (’re ) have (’ve ) do
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬ are (’re ) have (’ve ) do

‫ﻧﻔﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻝ‬ am not is not are not was not were not
‫ﺃﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩ‬ ’m not ’s not ’re not
not ‫ﺍﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭ‬ isn’t aren’t wasn’t weren’t

‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻝ‬ have not has not had not do not does not do not
‫ﺃﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩ‬ ’ve not ’s not ’d not
not ‫ﺍﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭ‬ haven’t hasn’t hadn’t don’t doesn’t don't

Verb to Be ‫ﻓﻌﻝ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬

Verb to Have ‫ﻓﻌﻝ ﻳﻣﺗﻠﻙ‬
am / is are ‫ ﻓﻌﻝ‬+ ing have / has ‫ﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺛﺎﻟﺙ‬
was were had

Verb to Do ‫ﻓﻌﻝ ﻳﻌﻣﻝ‬

do / does ‫ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ‬
did

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 Pronouns ‫ﺍﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋﺭ‬

Subject Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive Pronouns

Pronouns Pronouns
Adjectives Pronouns ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬ ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻌﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ‬

I me my mine ‫ﻣﻠﻛﻲ‬ myself ‫ ﺑﻧﻔﺳﻲ‬/ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻲ‬

He him his his ‫ﻣﻠﻛﻪ‬ himself ‫ ﺑﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬/ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬

She her her hers ‫ﻣﻠﻛﻬﺎ‬ herself ‫ ﺑﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ‬/ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ‬

It it its its ‫ ﻣﻠﻛﻬﺎ‬/ ‫ﻣﻠﻛﻪ‬ itself ‫ ﺑﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ‬/ ‫ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ‬/ ‫ ﺑﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬/ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬

( ‫) ﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻝ‬ ( ‫) ﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻝ‬
We us our ours ‫ﻣﻠﻛﻧﺎ‬ ourselves ‫ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺳﻧﺎ‬/ ‫ﺃﻧﻔﺳﻧﺎ‬

They them their theirs ‫ﻣﻠﻛﻬﻡ‬ themselves ‫ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺳﻬﻡ‬/ ‫ﺃﻧﻔﺳﻬﻡ‬

You you your yours ‫ﻣﻠﻛﻙ‬ yourself ‫ ﺑﻧﻔﺳﻙ‬/ ‫ﻧﻔﺳﻙ‬

You you your yours ‫ﻣﻠﻛﻛﻡ‬ yourselves ‫ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺳﻛﻡ‬/ ‫ﺃﻧﻔﺳﻛﻡ‬

‫ﺃﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋﺭ‬ Usage ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬ Examples ‫ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬

Subject ( ‫ ◄ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭﻳﺔ ) ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ‬- Ali is a good boy . He always gets high marks.
Pronouns ( ‫ ◄ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﺅﺍﻝ ) ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩ‬- Where do they go ? – They go to the club.
‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬
Object ( ‫ ◄ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺻﻑ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ) ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ‬- My friend gave me a pen .
Pronouns ( for - of ..) ‫ ◄ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺣﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺟﺭ‬- The little boy made it for her.
‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻌﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ‬
Possessive ‫ ◄ﻗﺑﻝ ﺃﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺷﺊ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺗﻠﻙ‬- I play football with my friends .
Adjectives
‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ‬
Possessive ‫ ◄ ﺗﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﺳﻡ‬- These shoes are mine .
Pronouns - I met a friend of mine yesterday .
‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ‬
Reflexive . ‫◄ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻫﻭ ﻧﻔﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻌﻭﻝ‬ - He fell down and hurt himself .
Pronouns ‫◄ ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛﻳﺩ ) ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻗﺎﻡ‬ - I do the homework myself .
‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺱ‬ ( ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺩﺙ ﺑﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬ - Help yourself .
. ‫◄ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭﺍﺕ‬ - Enjoy yourself.
- Behave yourself.
- I live by myself. ( I live alone )

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 ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ‬

Present Simple ( play - go ) ‫ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ‬ always ‫ ﺩﺍﺋﻣﺎ‬- usually ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬-

( plays-goes ) ( ‫ ﻓﻌﻝ‬+ s ) sometimes ‫ ﺃﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ‬-often ‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ‬-
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬ never ‫ﺃﺑﺩﺍ‬

Every / Each ( day – week-

month- year…)
. ‫◄ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
Past Simple ( ed ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﻅﻡ ) ﻧﺿﻳﻑ ﻟﻪ‬yesterday ‫ ﺃﻣﺱ‬- last ( day -
( played ) week - month - year ) -
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬ ( ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺫ ) ﻳﺣﻔﻅ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ‬ago ‫ ﻣﻧﺫ‬- in the past –
( went ) In 1990 – Once – One day

Present Continuous
( am / is / are ) + ‫ ﻓﻌﻝ‬+ ( ing ) now – at the moment –
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ‬ ( am / is / are ) + playing Look ! - Listen ! -
at the present time

Past Continuous ( was / were ) + ‫ ﻓﻌﻝ‬+ ( ing ) While ( As ) - When

( was / were ) + playing
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ‬

Future Simple ( will / shall ) + ‫ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ‬ tomorrow – next ( day…)

will play soon – today – in the future
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬ hope / wish ‫ﻳﺗﻣﻧﻰ‬
am /is /are + going to + ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ‬

Present Perfect ( have / has ) + ‫ﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺛﺎﻟﺙ‬ just / already - ever- never
(have / has )+ played / gone for- since – yet –
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻡ‬ several times – so far –
lately / recently

Past Perfect ( had ) + ‫ﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺛﺎﻟﺙ‬ After – As soon as –

had played / gone Till / until
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻡ‬ Before / By the time

. ‫◄ ﺷﻛﻝ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻧﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺛﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﺅﺍﻝ ( ﻣﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬
. ( Verb to Do ‫◄ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ ) ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﺅﺍﻝ ﺑﻌﺩ‬
Examples
‫ﺃﺛﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺅﺍﻝ‬
He plays football . He doesn’t play football . Does he play football ?
He played football . He didn’t play football . Did he play football ?

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 ‫ﺍﻷﺛﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﺅﺍﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩ ﺭ‬ ‫ ﻓﻌﻝ‬+ S don’t ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩ ﺭ‬ Do

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬ inf
doesn’t Does .

live lives Do play

go goes don’t ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬ live
Watch watches play Does go
try tries live
study studies doesn’t go Yes, ….. ( do / does )
play plays No, …….( don’t / doesn’t )

I I I
We We we
You ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩ ﺭ‬ You don’t + inf. Do you + inf.
They They they
‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺟﻣﻊ‬

He He he
Does
She She she + inf.
‫ ﻓﻌﻝ‬+ s doesn’t
It It + inf it
‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬

I usually go to school. I don’t go to school . Do you go to school ?

Yes, I do. / No, I don’t .

Ali plays football. Ali doesn’t play football. Does Ali play football ?
Yes, he does . / No, he doesn’t .

They ride bikes . They don’t ride bikes . What do they ride ?
They ride bikes .

My sister reads stories . My sister doesn’t read stories. What does your sister read ?
She reads stories .

: ‫◄ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬

Always ‫ ﺩﺍﺋﻣﺎ‬-usually ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬- sometimes ‫ ﺃﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ‬-often ‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ‬-seldom / scarcely / rarely ‫ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ‬-never ‫ﺃﺑﺩﺍ‬
Every / Each ( day – week- month- year…) ( ‫ﻛﻝ )ﻳﻭﻡ – ﺃﺳﺑﻭﻉ – ﺷﻬﺭ – ﺳﻧﺔ‬

Once day
Twice a week
Three times month
year

- I usually go to the park . ‫( ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻧﺗﻅﻣﺔ‬1 : ‫◄ ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﻋﻥ‬

The sun rises in the east . ‫ ( ﺣﻘﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻣﻳﺔ‬2
My father works in an office. ‫( ﺣﻘﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﻭﻣﻳﺔ‬3

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 ‫ﺍﻷﺛﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﺅﺍﻝ‬

didn’t ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩ ﺭ‬ Did ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬ inf

‫ﻣﻧﺗﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺫ‬
.
watch watched watched didn’t watch Yes , …… ( did )
live lived lived didn’t live No , ……. ( didn’t )
study studied studied didn’t study
play played played didn’t play
go went went didn’t go
see saw saw didn’t see

‫ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺫﺓ‬

am / is was are were do / does did
have / has had sell sold tell told
drink drank swim swam ring rang
sing sang run ran come came
become became drive drove ride rode
write wrote take took give gave
get got forget forgot fall fell
speak spoke choose chose break broke
fly flew grow grew blow blew
draw drew smell smelt feel felt
sleep slept eat ate make made

I went to school yesterday. I didn’t go to school. Did you go to school ?

Yes, I did . / No, I didn’t .

Ali played football . Ali didn’t play football . Did Ali play football ?
Yes, he did . / No, he didn’t .

They rode bikes last week. They didn’t ride bikes . What did they ride ?
They rode bikes .

My father didn’t travel last When did your father travel ?

My father traveled last year.
year. He traveled last year.

: ‫◄ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬

yesterday ‫ ﺃﻣﺱ‬- last ( day - week - month - year ) ‫ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ ( ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻳﺔ‬-‫ ﺍﻟﺷﻬﺭ‬-‫ ﺍﻷﺳﺑﻭﻉ‬-‫) ﺍﻟﻳﻭﻡ‬

( two days - two weeks …..) ago ( ...... ‫ ﻣﻧﺫ ) ﻳﻭﻣﻳﻥ – ﺃﺳﺑﻭﻋﻳﻥ‬- In the past ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬- Once ‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺭﺓ‬

One day ‫ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻳﻭﻡ‬- Once upon a time ‫ ﻳﺣﻛﻲ ﺃﻥ‬- In 1990

: ‫◄ ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﻋﻥ ﺣﺩﺙ ﺗﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺃﻧﺗﻬﻲ ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ‬

Ex : I watched a good film on TV. last night .
My friend bought a new car last week .
My sister swam in the sea three weeks ago .
I saw many monkeys when I went to the zoo .
I didn’t come because I was ill .

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 ‫ﺍﻷﺛﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﺅﺍﻝ‬

am am not Am
‫ ﻓﻌﻝ‬+ ing ‫ ﻓﻌﻝ‬+ ing ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻝ‬
is isn’t Is
+ing
are aren’t Are

am (’m )
is (’ s ) Yes , … ( am / is / are ) .
are ( ’re ) No , … ( am not / isn’t / aren’t ).

I am I am not Am I

He He He
She She
isn’t Is
She ‫ﻓﻌﻝ‬
It is It It
‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬ +ing

We We We
You are You aren’t You
They They Are They
‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺟﻣﻊ‬

I’m eating fish now. I am not eating fish . Are you eating fish ?
Yes, I am . / No, I’m not .

Look ! Ali is playing football . Ali isn’t playing football . Is Ali playing football ?
Yes, he is . / No , he isn’t .

They aren’t singing . Are they singing ?

Listen ! They're singing . Yes , they are . / No, they aren’t .

I'm not studying now . What are you doing now ?

I'm studying now . I'm studying now .

: ‫◄ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ‬

now ‫ ﺍﻷﻥ‬- at the moment ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﺣﻅﺔ‬- Look ! ‫ﺍﻧﻅﺭ‬- Listen ! ‫ ﺃﺳﺗﻣﻊ‬- today ‫ﺍﻟﻳﻭﻡ‬
This ( day – week ……) ( ...... ‫ ﻫﺫﺍ ) ﺍﻟﻳﻭﻡ – ﺍﻷﺳﺑﻭﻉ‬- at the present time ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ‬
Be quiet ! ‫ ﻛﻥ ﻫﺎﺩﺋﺎ‬- Watch out ! ‫ ﺃﺣﺗﺭﺱ‬- Be careful ! ‫ﻛﻥ ﺣﺭﻳﺻﺎ‬

: ‫◄ ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻓﻌﻝ ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﺍﻷﻥ ) ﻟﺣﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻼﻡ ( ﺃﻭ ﺣﺩﺙ ﻣﺅﻗﺕ‬
Ex : My father is reading a newspaper at the moment .
Look ! My friend is climbing a tree .
We are having exams this week .
Listen ! She is singing a beautiful song .
: ( ing ‫◄ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭﺓ ) ﻻ ﻧﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‬
like / love ‫ ﻳﺣﺏ‬- see ‫ ﻳﺭﻱ‬- hear ‫ ﻳﺳﻣﻊ‬- have ‫ ﻳﻣﺗﻠﻙ‬- think / believe ‫ ﻳﻌﺗﻘﺩ‬- feel ‫ ﻳﺷﻌﺭ‬-
understand ‫ ﻳﻔﻬﻡ‬- prefer ‫ ﻳﻔﺿﻝ‬- hope / wish ‫ ﻳﺗﻣﻧﻲ‬- seem / appear ‫ﻳﺑﺩﻭ‬
sound ‫ ﻳﺑﺩﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺻﻭﺗﻪ‬- want ‫ ﻳﺭﻳﺩ‬- need ‫ ﻳﺣﺗﺎﺝ‬- know ‫ ﻳﻌﺭﻑ‬- cost ‫ﻳﻛﻠﻑ‬
: ‫◄ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻧﺳﻣﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻻ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ‬
Ex : I hear a loud sound now .

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was wasn’t ‫ ﻓﻌﻝ‬+ ing Was

‫ ﻓﻌﻝ‬+ ing ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻝ‬
were weren’t Were
+ing

I was I wasn’t Was I

He He He
She She wasn’t Was She
It was It It ‫ﻓﻌﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬ +ing
We We We
You were You weren’t Were You
They They They
‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺟﻣﻊ‬

I was eating fish at 6:00 I wasn’t eating fish at 6:00 Were you eating fish ?
yesterday . yesterday . Yes, I was . / No, I wasn’t .

Ali was playing football . Ali wasn’t playing football . Was Ali playing football ?
Yes, he was . / No ,he wasn’t .

They were singing . They weren’t singing . Were they singing ?

Yes , they were .
/ No, they weren’t .

: ‫◄ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ‬

at 6:00 yesterday ‫ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻣﺱ‬- all day yesterday ‫ ﻁﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻳﻭﻡ ﺃﻣﺱ‬- While / As ‫ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ‬-When ‫ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ‬

: ‫◄ ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺣﺩﺙ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬
My father was sleeping at 12:00 last night .
It was raining all night yesterday .
While I was walking , I met my friend .
When I saw Ali , he was playing football .

While / As ‫ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ‬ - When ‫ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬ While / As ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ‬
My father came while I was studying . / While I was studying , my father came .

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ‬ When ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬

I was riding my bike when I fell down . / When I fell down , I was riding my bike .
I fell down when I was riding my bike .
: ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺎﺕ‬
‫ ( ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬When ) ‫ ( ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ‬While / As ) ‫◄ﺑﻌﺩ‬
. ‫◄ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺣﺙ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﻣﺩﺓ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺣﺩﺙ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ‬
. ‫◄ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺣﺩﺛﺎﻥ ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ‬
Ex : While I was studying , my sisters were playing .

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will (’ ll ) won’t Will

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩ ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩ ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩ ﺭ‬
shall shan’t Shall

. ‫ ( ﻓﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋﺭ‬will ) ‫ ( ﺃﻣﺎ‬I , we ) ‫ ( ﻓﻘﻁ ﻣﻊ‬shall ) ‫◄ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬

I will come tomorrow . I won’t come tomorrow . Will you come tomorrow ?
Yes , I will . / No , I won’t .

I will travel next week . I won’t travel next week . When will you travel ?
I’ll travel next week .

‫ﺷﻛﻝ ﺃﺧﺭ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‬

am am not
Am
is isn’t
+ going to + ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ‬ + going to + ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ‬ Is + going to + ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ‬
are aren’t
Are

I’m going to watch TV today . I’m not going to watch TV today. Are you going to watch TV ?
Yes , I am . / No , I’m not .

My friend is going to study . My friend isn’t going to study . Is your friend going to study ?
Yes , he is . / No , he isn’t .

: ‫◄ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬

tomorrow ‫ ﻏﺩﺍ‬- next ( day – week – month – year ) ‫ ﺍﻟﺷﻬﺭ – ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ ( ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‬-‫) ﺍﻟﻳﻭﻡ – ﺍﻷﺳﺑﻭﻉ‬
soon ‫ ﻗﺭﻳﺑﺎ‬- hope / wish ‫ ﻳﺗﻣﻧﻲ‬/ ‫ ﻳﺄﻣﻝ‬- In the future ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‬- In 2050

: ‫◄ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻓﻌﻝ ﺳﻭﻑ ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‬

Ex : My father will travel next week .
I think he will come soon .
I’m hungry . I will have a sandwich .
My friend will go to the park tomorrow .
There are dark clouds . It’s going to rain .

. ‫ ( ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‬am / is / are + ‫ ﻓﻌﻝ‬+ ing ) ‫◄ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ‬
Ex : My father has got a ticket . He is traveling next week .

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have haven’t Have

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ‬
hasn’t ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬ P. P
has Has

have (’ve ) Have played

has (’s ) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬ lived
Has gone
have / has played haven’t / hasn’t played
have / has lived haven’t / hasn’t lived Yes, … (have / has )
have / has gone haven’t / hasn’t gone No, … ( haven’t / hasn’t )

I I I
We We we
You have You haven’t + + P.P Have you + P.P
They They they
‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﺟﻣﻊ‬

He He he
She She hasn’t + P.P she + P.P
It has It Has it
‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻡ ﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬

I have already studied .
My father has just gone out .
I haven’t studied yet .
My father hasn’t gone out
yet .
Have you already studied ?
Yes , I have . / No, I haven’t .
Has your father gone out ?
Yes , he has . / No, he hasn’t .

Have gone / Have been

Have gone ( went but didn’t return ) ‫ﺫﻫﺏ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻳﻌﺩ‬
Ex : My father has gone to Paris . ( He is still in Paris )
Have been ( went and returned ) ‫ﺫﻫﺏ ﻭﻋﺎﺩ‬
Ex : My father has been to Paris . ( He isn’t in Paris now )

: ‫◄ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻡ‬

just ‫ ﺣﺎﻻ‬- already ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻝ‬- for ‫ ﻟﻣﺩﺓ‬- since ‫ ﻣﻧﺫ‬- ever ‫ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ‬- never ‫ ﺃﺑﺩﺍ‬- yet ‫ﺣﺗﻲ ﺍﻷﻥ‬
so far / up till now ‫ ﺣﺗﻲ ﺍﻷﻥ‬- lately / recently ‫ ﻣﻧﺫ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ‬- several / many times ‫ﻣﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺩﻳﺩﺓ‬

. ‫◄ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺣﺩﺙ ﺣﺻﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺗﻬﻰ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻟﺣﻅﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺗﻬﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻭ ﻻﺯﺍﻟﺕ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬
Ex : I have lived in Cairo for six years .
I have not visited him since 1995 .
She has written three letters just now .
He has made a great progress in the project .
I have washed my car . ( It looks lovely now )
He is very hungry . He hasn’t eaten anything since morning .

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‫ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬

Just ‫ﺗﻭﺍ‬ ( ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ‬have/ has ‫ ◄ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺛﺑﺎﺕ) ﺑﻳﻥ‬He has just / already gone out .
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﺅﺍﻝ ) ﻟﻸﺳﺗﻐﺭﺍﺏ ﻋﻥ‬already ‫◄ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬
Have you already studied your
already ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻝ‬ . ( ‫ ﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺃﻧﺗﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﺣﺩﺙ‬lessons ?

ever ‫ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ‬ . ( ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﺅﺍﻝ ) ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ‬ever ‫ ◄ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬Have you ever been to Paris ?
never ‫ﺃﺑﺩﺍ‬ ( ever ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻔﻳﺔ ) ﻟﻠﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﺅﺍﻝ‬never ‫ ◄ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬No, I have never been to Paris .
. ( never ) ‫ ﻗﺑﻝ‬not ( n't ) ‫ ◄ ﻻ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬Yes , I went there last year .
‫◄ ﺃﺫﺍ ﺃﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻧﺎ ﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬
. ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﻓﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬

yet ‫ﺣﺗﻲ ﺍﻷﻥ‬ . ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺗﻔﻬﺎﻣﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻔﻳﺔ‬yet ‫◄ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬ Have you finished yet ?
No , I haven’t finished yet .

Since For

Since 6 : 00 For an hour ( one hour ) / two hours ……..

Since Monday For a day ( one day ) / two days ………
Since 2003 For five years .
Since yesterday For a day ( one day ) .
Since last ( day / week / month / year ) For a ( day / week / month / year )
Since last decade For ten years
Since last century For 100 years
Since my birthday For a long time ‫ﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ‬
Since World war ‫׀׀‬ For ages ‫ﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ‬
Since morning For a while / a moment ‫ﻟﻠﺣﻅﺔ‬
Since he came For a minute ‫ﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ‬

: ( ‫ ( ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻣﺩﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ) ﻻ ﻧﻌﺭﻑ ﺑﺩﺍﻳﺗﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺗﻬﺎ‬For ) ‫◄ ﺑﻌﺩ‬

Ex : I have known him for a long time .
: ‫ ( ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺯﻣﻥ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‬Since ) ‫◄ ﺑﻌﺩ‬
Ex : I have known him since 1995 .

Since ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺗﺎﻡ‬ ( Since ) ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬

Ex : I have Known him since we were children .
I haven't seen him since he traveled .
( Since ) ‫ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬, ‫ﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺗﺎﻡ‬
Since he traveled , I haven't seen him .
. ( Since ) ‫◄ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﻧﺎ ﻧﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻡ ﺗﻧﺗﻬﻲ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻓﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻡ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻭﺑﻌﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺗﺎﻡ‬ ( Since ) ‫ﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺗﺎﻡ‬

Ex : He has missed a lot of things since he has traveled abroad . ( He is still abroad )

( How long ) ‫ ( ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬Since , For ) ‫◄ ﻟﻠﺳﺅﺍﻝ ﻋﻥ‬

Ex : How long have you visited Paris ?
I have visited Paris for several times .
I have visited Paris since 1998 .

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had hadn’t
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ‬
Had ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬ P. P

had (’d )
had played hadn’t played played
Had ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬
had lived hadn’t lived + + lived
had gone hadn’t gone gone

Yes, … (had ) / No, .. ( hadn’t )

I had done my homework . I hadn’t done my homework . Had you done your homework ?
Yes , I had . / No, I hadn’t .

:‫◄ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻡ‬

after ‫ ﺑﻌﺩ‬-as soon as ‫ ﺑﻣﺟﺭﺩﺃﻥ‬-till / until ‫ ﺣﺗﻲ‬- No sooner ‫ ﺑﻣﺟﺭﺩ ﺃﻥ‬- hardly/ scarcely ‫ ﺑﺻﻌﻭﺑﺔ‬/ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﺩ‬
before / by the time ‫ ﻗﺑﻝ‬- when ‫ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ‬
: ‫◄ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺣﺩﺙ ﺗﻡ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺣﺩﺙ ّﺃﺧﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬
Ex : I drove the car which my father had bought .
I found the key which I had lost .
After I had done my homework , I went to the park .
I had eaten my breakfast before I went to school .
I had no sooner finished my work than I went to the club .
No sooner had I finished my work than I went to the club .
I didn’t go out till / until I had studied my lessons .
I had hardly / scarcely done my homework when I went to the club .
Hardly / Scarcely had I done my homework when I went to the club .

: ( had + P.P ) ‫◄ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻳﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎﻡ‬

After - As soon as - Till / Until - No sooner - Hardly/ Scarcely
After my father had got money , he bought a new car .
My father bought a new car after he had got money .
After ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎﻡ‬ , ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬ After ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎﻡ‬

. ( had + P .P ) ‫ ( ﻭﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎﻡ‬didn’t + ‫ ( ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﻣﻧﻔﻲ ) ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ‬Till / Until ) ‫ﻗﺑﻝ‬
My father didn’t buy a new car till / until he had got money .
: ‫◄ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻳﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬
Before / By the time
Ex : Before my father bought a new car , he had got money .

My father had got money before he bought a new car.

Before ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬ , ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎﻡ‬ Before ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬

: ‫ ( ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻡ‬When ) ‫◄ ﺑﻌﺩ‬

When I had finished my homework , I went to the club .
When I went to the club , I had finished my homework .

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 If ( Conditional sentences ) ( ‫ ﻟﻭ ) ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁﻳﺔ‬/ ‫ﺃﺫﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻝ ﺟﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁ‬

( ‫ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺷﺊ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﻲ ) ﺣﻘﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻣﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺑﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺑﺳﻁ‬

inf. / V + s don’t / inf. / V + s don’t /

doesn’t + inf. doesn’t + inf.
Ex : If I eat fish , I get ill .
If we heat water , it boils .
. ‫ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺷﺊ ﻣﺣﺗﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺑﺳﻁ‬
will (’ll ) / won’t
can / can’t
inf. / V + s don’t /
doesn’t + inf.
shall / shan’t inf. ( ‫) ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ‬
may / may not
must / mustn’t
Ex : If it rains , I won’t go out .
If I have money , I will buy a new car .

‫ﺷﻭﺍﺫ‬
. ( ‫( ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺟﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁ ) ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺣﺫﻭﻑ‬1
Ex : If you meet Ahmed , tell him about the party .
: ‫( ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺻﻳﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺟﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁ ﺑﺄﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺛﻝ‬2
( should , have to / has to , ought to , must )
Ex : If you are ill , you should go to the doctor .

. ‫ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺧﻳﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺊ ﻣﺳﺗﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬
Would (’d ) / wouldn’t
Could / couldn’t inf. ( ‫) ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ‬
ed / ‫ﺷﺎﺫ‬ didn’t + inf.
Might / might not
Ex : If I were a bird , I would fly .
If I had money , I would buy a new car .

. ‫ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺗﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﻓﻌﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎﻡ‬
Would (’d ) / wouldn’t
had + p.p hadn’t + p.p
Could / couldn’t have + p.p
Might / might not
Ex : If I had studied hard , I would have succeeded .
If I had had money , I would have bought a car .

( not ‫ ﻭﻟﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺷﻳﺭ ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻲ ) ﻻ ﻧﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬If ‫ﻣﺛﻝ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬

Ex : Unless you study , you won’t pass the exam . ( If you don’t study , you won’t pass
the exam . )
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 ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﻬﻭﻝ‬
Active & Passive

: ‫ ( ﻧﺗﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬Passive ) ‫ ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﻬﻭﻝ‬Active ) ‫ﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬

( ‫ ) ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻌﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻭﺟﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬.ً‫ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻌﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺻﺑﺢ ﻓﺎﻋﻼ‬.1

.‫ ( ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻣﻔﻌﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ‬Verb to be ) ‫ ﻧﺿﻊ ﻓﻌﻝ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬. 2

.‫ ﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ‬.3

ً‫ ( ﻭﻗﺩ ﻳﺷﻁﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﻣﻳﺭﺍ‬by ) ‫ ﻧﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻣﺳﺑﻭﻗﺎ ﺏ‬. 4

.‫ ﺃﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻳﻭﺿﻊ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻳﻳﺭ‬.5

: ‫ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬Verb to be ‫◄ ﻳﺻﺭﻑ ﻓﻌﻝ‬

am, is, are ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬

was, were ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬

shall be, will be ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ‬

am being, is being, are being ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ‬

was being, were being ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ‬

has been, have been ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻡ‬

had been ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻡ‬

can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought to be ‫ﻛﻝ ﻓﻌﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩ‬

Examples

Active ‫ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ Passive ‫ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﻬﻭﻝ‬

Ali writes letters everyweek . Letters are written ( by Ali ) everyweek.

She wrote a letter yesterday. A letter was written ( by her ) yesterday.

Saleh will buy a car next year . A car will be bought (by Saleh) next year.

Khaled is helping Ahmed now. Ahmed is being helped ( by Ali ) now.

She has already eaten the apple. The apple has already been eaten.

You should study your lessons . Your lessons should be studied .

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 Connectors

‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ‬ Examples ‫ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬

Because / As / Because of / • He didn’t come because he was ill .
Since / For Due to / • He didn’t come because of his
‫ﻷﻥ‬ As a result of illness .
‫ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻝ‬/ ‫ﺑﺳﺑﺏ‬ • He didn’t come due to being ill .
On account of • I didn’t go out as a result of the
cold weather .
• Although he is poor, he is happy.
Although • He is happy though he is poor .
Though Despite /
Even In spite of • He is poor. Nevertheless, he is happy.
though ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻣﻥ‬ • He is poor. However, he is happy.
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻣﻥ‬ • He is poor but he is happy .
• Despite being poor , he is happy .
• In spite of his poverty , he is happy.
Nevertheless
However ‫ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
But ‫ﻭﻟﻛﻥ‬

So / Thus / Therefore / • He was ill so he didn’t go to school .

As a result / consequently
So ‫ ﻅﺭﻑ‬/ ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬that
Such a / an ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬+ ‫ ﺍﺳﻡ ﻣﻔﺭﺩ‬that
‫ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬enough to + ‫ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ‬
‫ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬enough for + ‫ ﻓﻌﻝ‬+ ing
• He didn’t study . As a result , he failed
the exam .
• The exam was so difficult that I
couldn’t answer it .
• It was such a difficult exam that I
couldn’t answer it .

‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ‬ Examples ‫ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬

in order that To / in order to • I study hard so that I can get high
So that ‫ﻟﻛﻲ‬ So as to ‫ﻟﻛﻲ‬ marks .
• I study hard so as to get high marks .
In order not to • I study hard in order not to fail the
So as not to ‫ﻟﻛﻲ ﻻ‬ exam .

• I study hard for good marks .

For ‫ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ‬ • I study hard for getting good
‫ ﻓﻌﻝ‬+ ing marks .

As, as if, as • He speaks as if he were a king.

though • It looks as if it would rain.

. ‫ ( ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺟﺭﺩ ﺧﻳﺎﻝ‬was ) ‫ ( ﺑﺩﻻً ﻣﻥ‬were ) ‫ﻻﺣﻅ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬

. ‫ ( ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺟﺭﺩ ﺧﻳﺎﻝ‬will ) ‫ ( ﺑﺩﻻً ﻣﻥ‬would ) ‫ﻻﺣﻅ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬

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