ENGINEERING

UTILITIES 2
CE314

APPLE GRACE S. DAGANATO

BSCE 3J C10
GEARS
What are GEARS?

Gears are toothed mechanical transmission

devices used to convey motion and power
between machine components.

Gears work in pairs engaging one to transmit

power. Gears can increase or decrease the
speed of rotation and can easily be used to
reverse the direction of rotation.

In this presentation, we cover the many types

of available gears and how gears function.
Parts of GEARS
Pitch Circle
An imaginary circle that
connects the teeth of a gear at
the actual sites where the teeth
mesh with another gear: the
pitch circles of two entangled
gears are tangent.

Pitch circle diameter - the

diameter of pitch circle.
 Pitch Surface
A pitch surface is the outside of a theoretical
friction wheel as a reference surface for
positioning the gear teeth. It is categorized as
a cylindrical gear if the pitch surface is
cylindrical.

Pitch Point
A pitch point is the point of tangency
between the two pitch circles occurs
when a pair of gears is in mesh.
 Face of the tooth
The face of the tooth is the portion of the
tooth that is above the pitch circle.

Circular Pitch
The distance between the corresponding
points of the neighboring teeth, as measured
on the pitch circle, is known as the circular
pitch or the space between the teeth.

Flank of the tooth

The term "flank of the tooth" refers to
the tooth's surface below the pitch
circle.
 Circular Pitch, Pc
Pc, the symbol for circular pitch, is equal to pi
times the diameter of the pitch circle divided
by the number of teeth.

Diametral Pitch
Pd, or dimetral pitch, is represented as
the ratio of the pitch circle's diameter
to the number of teeth.
Width of the tooth
The distance from the one edge of the
tooth to the other is called the width of the
tooth.

Top Land
The topmost surface of the tooth is
called the top land.

Tooth Thickness
Tooth thickness is the width of the
tooth measured along the pitch circle.
 Tooth Space
Tooth space, the width of space between
the two adjacent teeth measured along the
pitch circle.

Addendum
Addendum, is the height of the pitch
circle to the top of the tooth.

Dedendum
Dedendum, is the radial distance from the
pitch circle to the bottom of the tooth.
Addendum Circle
The circle drawn through the top of the
teeth is called addendum circle.

Dedendum Circle
The circle drawn through the bottom
of the teeth is called dedendum
circle or root circle.
 Total Depth
The total length from the top land of
the tooth to the bottom of the tooth.

The sum of the addendum and

dedendum.

The distance between addendum

circle to dedendum circle measured
along the radial direction.

Clearance
When two gears are meshing, clearance
refers to the space that remains between
their top and bottom lands.
 Working Depth
The radial distance from the
addendums of two gears in meshing
condition.

Backlash
Backlash is the distance between a pair of
gears' conjugated gear teeth sides. It
prevents the gears from jamming in
meshing condition.
TYPES OF GEARS
AND ITS USES
Spur Gear
Spur gears are cylindrical, toothed parts that
belong to the parallel shaft gear group and are
the most widely used gear. The larger of the
meshing pair is called gear, while the smaller
one is called the pinion.

It is commonly used in washing machines,

clothes dryers, blenders, fuel pumps,
construction pieces of equipment, and mills.

These straightforward gears offer a positive,

constant speed drive to simplify regular
industrial processes and are reasonably priced,
robust, and reliable.
 Helical Gear
Helical gears are used with parallel shafts like
spur gears. It is a type of cylindrical gear that
meshes better than spur gears and has
winding tooth lines. They are suitable for high-
speed applications because of their increased
quietness and ability to convey heavier loads.

Helical gears create thrust force in an axial

direction necessitating the use of thrust
bearing.

Helical gears come with a right-hand twist and

a left-hand twist that require opposing hand
gears to mesh together.
 Double Helical Gear
Double helical gear is a variation of a
helical gear with a gap between two
helical faces placed next to each other.
Each helical face is identical but has
opposite helix angles employing a double
helical set of gears that eliminates thrust
loads and provides smoother operation.

It is commonly use in eclosed gear drives

 Herringbone Gear
Herringbone Gear is similar to double
helical gear, only it does not have a gap
between the two helical faces.

They are typically smaller than double

helical gear and are ideal for high shock
and vibration applications.

Herringbone gears are expensive to

produce and tricky, which prevents
frequent use.
 Bevel Gear
Bevel Gear has a cone-shaped appearance
and is used to transmit force between two
shafts that intersect at one point. It has a
cone on its pitch surface and its teeth are
cut along the cone. They are most often
mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees
apart or at any angle.

Bevel gears have diverse applications such

as locomotives, marine application, printing
press, automobiles, cooling towers, power
plants, steel plants, and railway track
inspection machines.
 Spiral Bevel Gear
Spiral Bevel Gear are bevel gears with
curved tooth lines. It is superior to bevel
gears in efficiency strength vibration and
noise due to its higher tooth contact ratio.

They are also more difficult to produce

and causes thrust forces in the axial
direction because of their curved teeth.
 Miter Gear
Miter gears are bevel gears with a speed
ratio of one as an engaging pair will
always have the same number of teeth. It
trasnmit power between intersecting axis.

It is commonly used in machines to

change the direction of rotation.
Spiral Miter Gear
Spiral miter gears have teeth that are
shaped in spiral patterns. It produces axial
thrust necessitating the need for proper
bearing location and firm support.
Straight Miter Gear
In Straight miter gears, the pitch cone's
generators and the teeth are both parallel
and straight and does not deal with any
axial thrust.
 Worm Gear
A worm gear is a type of gear that drives a toothed
wheel using a shaft having a spiral thread.

Worm gears are often used in lower horsepower

applications and have a unique characteristic of
locking the gear pair rotation. It is utilized in self-
locking mechanisms. And lubrication is needed for a
smooth operation as sliding occurs during
transmission.

Worm drive are used in conveying engineering,

presses, rolling mills, and mining industry machines.
Worm gears are also use in lifts, escalator, and
elevator due to their compact size and non-reverse
ability.
 Hypoid Gear
Hypoid gears are similar to spiral bevel
gear, only its shafts does not intersect.
These gears are placed offset to the
crown wheel is usually a spiral bevel gear.

It has higher speed reduction to the large

contact ratio which also permits higher
load transmissions while suppressing
noise and vibration.
 Gear Rack
Gear racks are used to transform rotating
motion into linear motion. A gear rack is a
compact cylindrical gear that consists of
teeth cut in a straight row on a flat surface
that meshes with a spur gear.

When the spur gear rotates, it pushes the

rack in a straight line. This system is
commonly used in automobiles, railways,
and stairlifts.
 Crown Gears
Crown gears are a type of bevel gear
whose teeth are projected at right angles to
the plane of the wheels.

The teeth resemble the pint of a crown and

can only mesh with another bevel gear or
spur gear depending on the tooth design .

Crown gear are typically use with pinion to

allow a rotary motion to be shifted at 90
degrees and for applications that call for
minimal noise-emitting gears.
 Screw Gears
Screw gears (crossed helical gears) are a
pair of the same hand helical gears with the
twist angle of 45 degrees on non-parallel
and non-intersecting shafts.

Its tooth contact is the point that their load

carrying capacity is low and are not suitable
for large power transmission.
 Internal Gears
Internal gears have teeth cut inside the
cylinder or cones and paired with external
gears. Its main use is for planetary gear
drives and gear type shaft couplings.

The rotational directions of the external and

internal gears are the same. While they are
opposite when two external gears are in
mesh.
Rack and Pinion
A rack-and-pinion is a type of linear
actuator that comprised of circular gear
(pinion) engage in a linear gear (rack).
Torque can be converted to linear force by
meshing a rack with a round gear known as
pinion.

The pinion moves while the rack moves in a

straight line. This mechanism is used in
automobiles to convert the rotation of the
steering wheel into the right and left motion
of the tie rod.
Epicyclic Gear
An Epicyclic gear consists of one or more
gear. It is used as a transmission system
to get various speed ratios in forward as
well as in reverse directions.

Examples of this type of gear are sun and

planet gearing. Sun and planet gearing is
a method of converting reciprocating
motion into rotary motion that is used in
steam engines.
 Harmonic Gear
Harmonic gear or strain wave gear is a
specialized gearing system that is
frequently employed in robotics, aircraft,
and industrial motion control.

Its advantage over other gearing systems is

its lack of backlash, compactness, and high
gear ratios.
Cycloid Gear
A cycloid gear is a form of toothed gear
used in mechanical clocks. It is based on
the epicycloid and hypocycloid curves in
which the curves are generated by a circle
rolling around the outside and inside of
another circle.

This gear works for a constant distant

distance between centers of two gears.
Cage Gear
A cage gear (lantern gear) has a cylindrical
rod for teeth parallel to the axle and
arranged in a circle around it. At each end
of the arrangement, discs are used to
secure the tooth rods and axle.

Cage gears are more efficient than solid

pinions. It can be constructed using simple
tools by drilling holes and inserting rods.

This type of gear can be used in clocks and

should always be driven by a gear wheel.
 Magnetic Gear
A magnetic gear functions in a manner similar to a
mechanical gear, but it has magnets in place of teeth.

All cogs of each gear component of magnetic gears

act as a constant magnet with the periodic altercation
of opposite magnetic poles on mating surfaces.

Its gear component is mounted with a backlash

capability. It is also immune to wear as it works
without touching, have very low noise, no power
losses from friction, and ca slip without damage
 REFERENCES:
https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/machinery-tools-supplies/understanding-gears/
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ndrical%20gear.
https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rapidproto/mechanisms/chpt7.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2aftYe1sAuk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRW-mNLIPxA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edZnqd638-w
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