DISASTER

READINESS AND
RISK REDUCTION Tools for monitoring
hydrometeorological
hazards and elements of
fire triangle in different
situations

Melo, Olaes, Valle

MOTIVATIONAL
ACTIVITY
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jumbled letters

RHOTEMEERT
MOTIVATIONAL
ACTIVITY
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DAARR
MOTIVATIONAL
ACTIVITY
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ZHASADR
MOTIVATIONAL
ACTIVITY
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BOCTUSONIM
MOTIVATIONAL
ACTIVITY
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MEETRORABS
TOOLS FOR
MONITORING
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
HAZARDS Monitor meteorological
hazards

Melo, Olaes, Valle

HYDROMETEROLOGICAL
HAZARDS
Hydrometeorological hazards are hazards
caused by extreme meteorological and
climate events which can lead to loss of life,
injury or other health impacts, property
damage, loss of livelihood, social and
economic disruption, or environmental
damage.

Forecasts pertaining to hydrometeorological

hazards are easier to predict with the help of
some important tools which can monitor
atmospheric conditions.
FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE
Thermometers are used to measure the
temperature and this is a very important
part of weather forecasting. It measures the
extent of a given substance's hotness or
coldness. Mercury is one of the liquids which
is overly sensitive to temperature changes.

THERMOMETER
FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE
This tool records air temperature
continuously on graphing paper during a
period in a given area. It uses digital infrared
imaging to record slight changes in
temperature. It usually consists of a cylinder
made to revolve once each week by means
of clockworks inside.

THERMOGRAPH
 FOR MEASURING ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

I. Mercurial Barometer
Mercurial Barometer is an instrument used for measuring the
change in atmospheric pressure. the atmospheric pressure
balances the mercury column, the height of which can be
measured precisely. Millibars, millimeters, or inches of mercury
are the units of measurements of pressure readings.

Barometers can tell if a good or bad weather is

on the way. Low pressure reading is indicative
BAROMETERS of a foul weather while high pressure reading
is a sign that the weather will be fair.
BAROMETER

II. Aneroid Barometer

Aneroid Barometer is a device for measuring atmospheric
pressure without the use of fluids. It consists of a partially
evacuated metal chamber, the thin corrugated lid of which is
displaced by variations in the external air pressure.

III. Barograph
A barograph is a barometer that records the barometric pressure
over time in the form of a graph. The pen point which traces the
pressure curve on the paper is made to move up or down by a
series of levers attached in tandem to aneroid cells.
FOR MEASURING ATMOSPHERIC RELATIVE HUMIDITY

A sling psychrometer can be used to find relative

humidity, which is expressed as a percentage. It is SLING PSYCHOMETER
computed by multiplying the amount of moisture in
the air at a given temperature, dividing by the maxi-
mum amount of moisture the air could contain at that
same temperature, and then multiplying the quotient
by 100.
FOR MEASURING ATMOSPHERIC RELATIVE HUMIDITY

A hygrometer is an instrument used in meteorological

science to measure the humidity, or amount of water
HYGROMETER
vapor in the air. This system uses an organic material
that expands and contracts as a result of the humidity
around. This change can be made to move an
indicator needle that moves across a scale, with
graduations ranging from 0 to 100%.
FOR MEASURING PRECIPITATION

The 8-inch gauge used in the National

Weather Service is of a standardized
design used throughout the world for
official rainfall measurements. It is exactly
8 inches above a funnel which leads rain
into a cylindrical measuring tube or
receiver. The collector's volume is 10
times that of the measuring tube.

8-INCH RAIN GAUGE

FOR MEASURING PRECIPITATION

A recording rain gauge in which the water

collected continuously drains through a
funnel into one of a pair of chambers or
buckets that are balanced bitable on a
horizontal axis. Once the rain is caught,
the tips of the bucket are empty. This tip
is recorded and precipitation volumes and
rates are transmitted as the number of
tips and the rate at which they occurred.

TIPPING BUCKET
RAIN GAUGE
FOR MONITORING CLOUDS

CEILING LIGHT
PROJECTOR A projector with ceiling light project a small
beam of light vertically onto a cloud
foundation. The cloud base height is
determined by using a clinometer positioned
at a known distance from the projector to
calculate the elevation angle contained on the
cloud by the illuminated spot, the
measurement, and the projector.
FOR MONITORING CLOUDS

CEILING LIGHT
PROJECTOR This is another way of finding the height of the
cloud base. A ceiling balloon is a
meteorological balloon whose rate of rise has
been predetermined. It is lighter filled with gas
than air, usually hydrogen, and released. The
release time is recorded, and the time the
balloon disappears into the cloud.
SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS
A Pilot Balloon is a weather balloon lighter than air
filled with gas. When used in conjunction with a
theodolite the pilot balloon is used to determine wind
speed and direction at different atmospheric levels.
Theodolite is similar to a transit made by an engineer.
It consists of a sighting telescope mounted in such a
way that it is free to rotate around a horizontal and
vertical axis and has graduated scales so that the
rotation angles may be measured while tracking the
pilot balloon.

Pilot Balloon/
Theodolite
SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS

The radiosonde is an airborne instrument

used in the upper air for measuring sound,
temperature, and relative humidity. A
meteorological balloon inflated with
hydrogen takes the instrument up aloft.

Radiosonde
SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS

The rawindsonde is an electronic tool used

aloft to determine wind speed, strain,
temperature, and humidity. It is also
attached to a balloon and, as it rises through
the atmosphere, it measures the required.

Rawindsonde
SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS
Through radar echoes it determines the
speed and direction of winds aloft. A radar
target is attached to a balloon and it is this
target that the ground radar tracks. A
receiver measures the bearing and the
interval time of the echoes.

Wind Finding
Radar
SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS
A Weather Surveillance Radar is of the long
range type that detects and tracks typhoons
and cloud masses 400 kilometers or less
away. This radar has a rotating antenna disk
preferably mounted from any physical
obstruction on top of a building. The radar is
a useful instrument for monitoring and
tracking tropical cyclones.

Wind Surveillance
Radar
ELEMENTS OF FIRE
TRIANGLE IN
DIFFERENT
SITUATIONS Oxygen, Heat, Fuel

Melo, Olaes, Valle

FIRE TRIANGLE
FIRE TRIANGLE

HEAT

A heat source is responsible for the initial ignition of fire, and is also needed to
maintain the fire and enable it to spread. Heat allows fire to spread by drying
out and preheating nearby fuel and warming surrounding air.

REMOVING THE HEAT. The goal here is to lower the temperature which is usually
accomplished by adding water as an extinguishing agent. Other extinguishing
agents include chemical and mechanical foams.
FIRE TRIANGLE

FUEL

Fuel is any kind of combustible material. It’s characterized by its moisture

content, size, shape, quantity and the arrangement in which it is spread over the
landscape. The moisture content determines how easily it will burn.

REMOVING THE FUEL. In most cases, removing the fuel from the fire is not a
practical way of extinguishing fire except when dealing with flammable liquid fires,
valves can be shut off and storage vessels pumped to safe areas to help eliminate
the supply of fuel to the fire.
FIRE TRIANGLE

OXYGEN

Oxygen supports the chemical processes that occur during fire. When fuel
burns, it reacts with oxygen from the surrounding air, releasing heat and
generating combustion products. This process is known as oxidation.
REMOVE THE OXYGEN. Removal of the air or oxygen can be accomplished by
separating it from the fuel source or by displacing it with other gases. Examples of
separation would be foam on a flammable liquid fire, a wet blanket on a trash fire,
or a tight-fitting lid on a skillet fire.
CONCLUSION Tools for monitoring meteorological hazards

Hydrometeorological hazards are hazards

caused by extreme meteorological and climate
events
These are easier to predict with the help of
some important tools which can monitor
atmospheric conditions
Hydrometeorological monitoring uses several
types of technology such as radars, advanced
weather balloons, satellites, and numerical
and mathematical models
CONCLUSION Elements of fire triangle in different situations

Fuel. A fire cannot ignite without an object or

material present to enable the fire to burn.
Heat. Heat will also help to ignite a fire and
keep it burning. As a combustible material
succumbs to a fire, heat will be naturally
produced.
Oxygen. Despite 21% of the Earth’s
atmosphere being made up of oxygen, this
small amount is just enough to both ignite a
fire and sustain it, should the other two
elements be present, too.
POST-TEST
Tools for monitoring
hydrometeorological
hazards and elements of
fire triangle in different
situations

Melo, Olaes, Valle

KNOWLEDGE
Multiple choices - 5 Points

1. These weather tools are used for measuring

relative humidity.

a. anemometer and barometer

b. hygrometer and psychometer
c. rain gauge and radar
d. wind vane and wind-finding radar
KNOWLEDGE
2. Which of the following is NOT an element of
the fire triangle?

A. fuel
B. heat
C. hydrogen
D. oxygen
KNOWLEDGE

3. All of the following are hydro meteorological

hazards except _______.

a. coronavirus
b. drought
c. flood
d. heatwaves
KNOWLEDGE

4. What is determined by a ceiling balloon?

a. air pressure
b. height of cloud base
c. temperature
d. wind direction
KNOWLEDGE

5. The percentage of the Earth's atmosphere

being made up of oxygen

a. 23%
b. 22%
c. 21%
d. 20%
KNOWLEDGE
Enumeration - 5 Points

List down the five special instrument or

tool in monitoring hydrometeorological
hazards.
PROCESS
Constructed response - 10 points

The weather forecast tomorrow says there

will be a 15 mph northeast wind and a high
temperature of 52 degrees. What instruments
will a meteorologist use to make this
prediction? How do you say so?

Explain how oxidation occur during fire.

THANKS