1

FUNCTIONS

1. A relation f trom DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAE

a set A into a
f for each set B is said to
x E A there be a
f:A>B. exists a unique y e B function or
mapping from A into B
such that (x, y) ¬f. It is denoted by
2. Iff:A>B is a function and (x, v) e f
f-inverse image or preimage of y. Furtherthenisy is called f-image of x and x is called
3. A relation f from y denoted by f )
a set A into a set B is said to be
if i)x e A>f) ¬B a
function or mapping from A into B
4. i)x,x, E A, X=x^ fx) =fG)
If f:A>B is a function, then A is called
S(A) {fx):x e A} is called range of f.
= domain, B is called codomain and
5. Iff: A-B is a function then
6. If A, B are two finite sets, then
sB. f(4)
the number of functions that can be detined
into B is n(By) from A
7. A function f: A >B is said to be one
one function or
different elements in A have different f-images in B. injection from A into B if
8. A functionf: A> B is one one
iff x,, x ¬ A, x #X2 ®f(r) -f(x,)
9. A function f:A>B is
one one iff xi, x,
10. A functionf: A>B which is not one one is called
many one function.
11. Iff: A >B is one one and A, B are finite then n(4) S n(B).
12. If A, B are two finite sets, then the number of one one functions that can be defined
from A into B is ' P
13. A function f: A >B 1s said to be onto function or surjection from A onto B it
f(4) = B.
14. A function f: A>Bis ontoitf y e B-=ireA3f(x) =y.
15. A function f: A >B which is not onto is called an intofunction.
16. If A, B are two finite sets andf:A>B is onto then n(B) S n[4).
17. If 4. B are rwo finite sets and n{B) = 2, then the number of onto functions that can

be defined from 4 onto B is 24-2.

 EAMCET Mathem:
matics
The nmber of onto functions that can be defined from a finite
11A
18. set A into
is mcIn(B)]"_ " C ,( B ) - 1 " + C , [n(B) - 2]") - "C,n(B)- 3 )
.

finite set B
.if n(A)
19. A functionf: A> B is said tobe one one onto function or bijection frorn d
f:A> B is both one one function and onto function.
A-> B is one one onto iff
20. A functionf:
i)x, E A,S(x1) =(7%) > x =* ii)y E B 3xe A >f(x) =y
21, f A, B are two finite sets and f:A >B is a bijection, then n(A) ==nlh
22. If 4, B are two finite sets and n(4) = n{B), then the number of
(B).
of bijection
be defined from A onto
B is n(A)!. bijections that can
23. The number functions from
oflinear [a, b] into [c, d] is 2.
24. Iff:A->B, g :B->Care two functions then the composite relation g.fin
from A into C.
25. I f f:A->B, g: B->C are two functions then the function gf: A->
1->CC dat
defined by
Vxe A is called
(go (x) gS(«)].
= composite functionoffand g.
26. Iff: A->B, g: B-Care two
one o ne
functions then gof: A
Cis also one -> a
one.
27. Iff:A ->B,g:B->Care two onto functions, then gof:A -> Cis also onto.
28. Iff: A-> B, g: B>C are two one one onto functions then gf:A > C is also onne
one onto.
functions.
29. f:A->B, g: B->Care two
B is one one.
i) If gf: A>Cis one one thenf: A
>

ii) If gof:A-> Cis onto then g:B-> Cis

onto.

30. Two functions:A > B, g: C->Dare said to be equalif

It is denoted byf= g.
i) A C, B =D ii)fx) =g(x), Vx eA.
=

31. Iff:A-> B, g : B>C,h:C+D are three functions, then ho(go) = (hog)f.

32. IfA is a set, then the identity relation I on A is one one onto.
33. If A is a set, then the function I on 4 defined by (x) =x, Vxe4, is called identity
function on A. It is denoted byl4
34. 1ff:A->B and I , l are identity functions on A, B respectively then fal, = lgf=f

35. Iff:A->A thenfsl = 1f=f, where / is the identity function on 4.

36. Iff:A->B is bijection, then the inverse relationf from B into A is also a bijection.

bijection, then the function r' : B->A defined by fo)=x iff

37. If f:A>B is a
S)=y, vy e B is called in verse Jiunction otj.
38. Iff:A->Bis a bijection, thens s=lS=lp
39. Iff:A>A is a bijection then f f=/f'= l
40. Iff:4+B,g:B- Caretwobijections then (g) =fo
-*D"
41. Iff:4>B,g B-> A : are two functions such that gf= I, and fg 1, then/:A
=

a bijection and =g D-7*

42. A function f: A B is said to be left invertible if there exists function 8:
a

such that gf: 4 The function g is called left in verse off.

7
D
A be righr in
vertible there exists if a function g
43.
function f:A
> B is said to
4 such thatfog = / . The function g is called right inverse off.
Functions

invertible.
44. A functionf: A-> B is said to be invertible if it is both left and right -> B
is of a function f: A
45. Ifg:BA a left inverse and h: B->A is a right inverse
then g = h.

46. Afunction f: A >B is left invertible iff f: A->B is one onc

47. A functionf: A-> B is
right invertibleifff: A+B 1s onto.
48. A functionf: A->B is invertible iff f: A->B is one one ono
o1y
49. A functionf: A -> B is said to be a constantfunction if the range
one element i e , f ) = c, VxeAwhere c is a fixed element ot b.

50. Real numbers : The set of all real numbers is denoted by .

i) Ifa e Rand a > 0, then a is called a positive real number
i) Ifa e Rand a < 0, then a is called a negative realnumber
51. The set of all positive real numbers is denoted by R'. The set of all negat a

numbers is denoted by R. R=R° URU{0}.

and is deined
52. lfxe R, then the modulus or the absolute value of x is denoted by x
as follows. i) Ifx20, then|x =x. i) Ifx < 0, then |x|=
53. Properties of modulus
1. xeR|120
2. xER|d=max {x, -x}
3. Ifx e R then |x| =0r=0
4 xeR=|=|-x
5. xER|=*
6. , yER>|x+y S+
7. x,y E R>|x-y2||x-ll
8. x,y e R>|x+y2||x-ly
9. x,yER=>|X-yS|X+|
10. x, y ¬ R>|xj=|xy

11. ,y eR,y 0~ |
12. Ifx,o e R, ð> 0 then |x <ð-ð<x<o
13. Ifx, a, ð e R, S> 0 then |x -al <ô a - ô <x<a+o
14. Ifx, 8 e R, S> 0 then | x|> ô x»dorx<-ö
¬ A.
54. A subset Aof Ris said to be aninterval ifx, y e A, a eR,x<a<ya
Then
55. Types of intervals: Let a, b e R and a<b.
1. (a, 6) ={x e R:a<I<b} is called open interval
2 [a, b] {x eR: asrsb} is called closedinterval
=

3. (a, b] {x e R: a<<rsb} is called left open right closed

=
interval
4. [a, b) = {x e R: aSx <b} is called leftclosed right open interval
5. (a, x)= {x e R:x>a}
6. a,)= {x e R:x2a}
7. ( - ,a) = {x e R:I<a}
8. ( - , a] ={r e R:xsa}
9(-x, z) =R
 EAM

if A e

functon
able
varlahr
H
tionit
c

real
to
be u

vadued
valuefun
R, B
said

Ac
reat

6 His
be a on if
fiunction/;A -> to fiunelon
will
said
then its
domain be
real
bea
>is

A cified,
A
56. saidto indefine cle
s p e c i l i n

l u n c t i o n
: not
function
is fune
A / : A - > D i s
f u n c t i o n the
x)
o i

57.
real in
which
w h i c h

defined
ns( f +
o fP
function

58. A
d o m a i n
of
a
s u b s e t
A NiANV"
IN
the
thenf t
If VreA
(k)(r)
p o s s i b l e

59. m (x)kf(x),

as (K)
aximum

definedas
B->R
R,g: defined
If/:A-> A>
Ris
R is
60. E A N B Rthen
k: A
Vre Anh
R a n d k e
Vr e
+ 1edr
t ) / ( ) ,
glx).
61.
I f : A - > R

then(-N =/(x) k/(x)

(x)==kf(x)
g ) (x)
+Igx), VxE,
/ + ls)
-8)
(kf+
62.
I f f : A - > R

B->R,
then
7e R,
then (
defined as Ue) x)- (x)l)
defi
Iff:A
R , g: andk, g : A n B > R
is
R,g:B>R,
63.
1f:A
then
64. g:B>R

xeA:/(x) 200}
VreA

65. Iff:A
* E A : / a ) >

) ,
r E A N B .
/"x)= Bw
={
h e r eB=
Nthen where
->R,ne V(u),
V (),
Vr
VIE
eB Cwhere
66. I f : A / (=
)= as)-Ve
67.
Iff:A->R,
n
then
)

then :
C-R
isdefined
is defined g)
f:A->Rg:B->R

68. If Vx e A.
gtr)* 0 = /(),
C-{reAOB:

defined there as| (a) exist a unique realInu nber

:A->Ris
|M real number and y
x is called de
depe
then
cach ribale and formaent
then for
Iff:A->R
69. varibale
function, called
independent
v a r i a b l e s is of the
a real is the
70. Iffis Then x between

=f(r). relation
such that y Swhose
The function
variable. dependent variable y of a
d the dependent
and
variable
function. variable x
is calledexplicit
function
independent called implicit
between the function is
relation 0then that
71. If the
formfa, y) =
J: R > R defined h by
isof the ¬R, a, *0, then the
runction deereenn.
function of
function
agG,a a1, polynomial
72. If ne 2, n20,
Vx e R is
called
or simniv
a
ax + . . . +af,
+ polynomialfunction
f)=4, +ax called a constant
function degree 0 is of
73. A polynomial
a constant fiunction. the quotient is calleda f/g
functions, then
polynomial
74. Iff:R-R, g: R->Rare
two

rationalfunction. due to performing a finite

arises
il its relation
said to be algebraic multiplication, division, root
75. A function is addition, subtraction,
number of fundamental operations
polynomial functions.
extraction etc., on

Then
76. Letf:A>R bea function.
A if x, X ¬ A, x, <x^®f(a) Ss (t;)
i) fis said to bemonotonically increasing
on

ii) fis said to bestrictly increasing on A ifx, x

E , x, <®f(x,) <f(x)
ii) fis said to be monotonically decreasing on Aifx, x A, x <x^f a,)2/(X) e

A
iv) fis said to be strictly decreasing on A ifs,, x ¬ A, x, <x^®fr) >f(%;)
v) fis said to be monotonic on A iffis either monotonically increasing or monotonicai,
decrasing on A.
 1
Functions
exists real
numbers Kis
bounded or A ifthere
77. A function f: A-> 1 is said to be
such that k, SJ) Sk% VxeA.
78. A runctionf:A->R is said to be an even
function iff(-x)=/X)% Ve*A.
iff(-x)= -/}
79. A tunctionf: A->R is said to be an odd function cafled an e p "
then the function
f(x) d is
f: R -> R defined as =

80. t a ER, a>ó 13 alled

tialfunction. defined asf(x)
=

lo%, x
then the function f: (0, o)->R
81.
ra K, a>0, a*1
E

alogarthmic function. Z such that 5x nt nE

n
P
=

fz) =n where
byJ )
82. The function R->R defined as
f: function. t is denoted
integer
X E R I S Called
step function orgreatest 0 is called
signum
for xa0 and f(0) =

R >R defined as fCx)=E

83. The
function f: x

function. It is denoted by sign (»). sec x or

cosec x
are called
rigonomen
cot x,
= sin x, cos x, tan x,
84. 1he functionsf(x) 'x are called
functions. Cot'z, Sec'x or Cosec
Cos'z,Tan'z,
85. functions f(x) =Sin'z,
The trigonometricfunctions. called hyper
inverse sech x or
cosech x are
tanh x, coth x,
The functions f(x) sinhx, cosh x,
=
x are
85.
, Sech'x Cosech
or
bolicfunctions. Tanh', Coth
functions flx) =Sinh'x, Cosh',
87. The
called inversehyperbolicfunctions.
below
functions are given
domains and ranges
of s o m e standard Range
88. The Domain
Function (0, co)
R R
1.
loga
(0, 0 Z
R [0, co)
3 R
[0, o)
[0, c)
5.
-1,0,1
R
sign () -1,1]
6 R
sin r -1,1]
R
cos R
8. R-((2n+1):ne 2}
tan x R
9. R- {nt:n eZ}
10.
cotr (-o,-1]U[1, )
R-((2n+1):ne 2)
11.
secx
R- {nt: n e 2}
-o,-1]u[1, »)
cosecx -1,1]
12 Sin x
-/2, /2]
(-1,1
13 0, T) R
Cos x - 2 , t/2)
Tan x
R
(0, 7) *)
(-o,-1] u[l,
Cotx
[0, 2) (T2, 7)
16 Sec
 -
r/2]
(0, T/2, T/2]
09
(-n/2,

0, Tt
Cosec

-/2, T/2)
Sin (0, )
Cos (T/2, r|
20 R 0, n/2)
Tan o) u(0, n/21
21 1]
UfI, -/2, 0)
Col --1/U[I,o)
22
- R
Sec 1, )
23 R
Cosec
(-1,1)
24 R
(-,-1)O0,)
sinh
R
5. c o s hr
(0,) (0, 1]
6. tanh x (-,
0) U
( - , 0) (0, )
U
R
27 coth x
o) R
28 sech x
(-,
0)U (0,
c O s e c h r
R [0, o)
30 Sinh'r R
31 Cosh'r (-1, 1) (-o, 0) (0, co)
32 (--1)
U(1,o)
Tanh-x [0,)
33
34.
Coth (0,1) (-o, 0) U (0, )
Sech'x
)U(0, co)
35. -,
Cosech'
TIPS AND TRICKS
36. +f1/
=f(x)
function
such that f(x)f(1/x)
polynomial
Iff() is
a
1. i) thenf(x) =a"
orf()=-r+1.
+y) =/ISO),
So)=*+1

function suchthatf(r thenf)=log, x.

is a
i) tfa) =Ar)+/0),
a function
suchthat f(rxy) +a
ii) Iffo)is thenf() =

+/f-y)=2ft«)S0)
2
iv) Ifft) is a function such thatf(r +y)
thenf(n) =
nf(1).
is a function suchthatf(x
+p) =f) +f0)
v)Iffr)
/()s)-5+/w)|=0 thenf)= cos (log
vi) Iffr) is function such
a that
a" +b.
Iffo) is function such thatf(n + 1) af(n) + b(1 -a) thenf(n) =
=

vi) a

one onto).
2. i) Iff(r) ax +b (linear factor), thenf: R -> R is a bijection (one
=

i) Iff*) is a strictly monotonic function, thenf: R >R is a bijection.

3. Ifp=fc) = t h e n () (x) = x or fy) = x.
CX-a

4. iIf) =ax +b, thenf" () = i) Itft)=+bthen() = - -d

a
CX+a a-C
5. i) Iff, g are even thenfg is even
i)
ii) Iffis even function and g is an oddIff, g are odd then fg is even
function then fg is an odd function
 Functions

6. - ) >0, a < B r < a orv> 0 i x -d)(x- p) < 0, 1 p *

ii)x-o <0 - a <x< iv)xa>0>x<- or r >a
7. i) The domain
of Va-x is [-a, al
i) Domain of va -

a is (-o, alula, )
iii) Domain of V(r- a) (b-x) when a < b is [a, b}
iv) Domain of V(x- a) (r- b) when a <b is(-, a]U {b, 9)

8. i) The domain of V 1s (-a, a)

ii) Domain of is (-0, a)U(, 9)
ii) Domain of 1 when a < b is (a, b)
r-a)(b-x)
iv) Domain of b is (-o, a)U(b, o)
V(x- a) (x - b) when a
<

9. i) Domain of V when a <b is (-, ujUb, )

ii) Domain of V when a > b is (-, b}Ula, )

x-b]
i) Domain of V when a <b is [a, b).
Lb-x
iv)
iv) Domain
Domain of
or V when a >b is (b, aj.
b-x
10. i) Domain oflog(a-x) is (-a, a)
i) Domain oflog(r* d) is (-o, -a)u (a, *)
-

ii) Domain oflog(r -a) (b x) when a < b is (a, b)

-

o)
iv) Domain of log(x -a) (r- b) when a <b is (-o, aU(6,

11. i) Domain oftan mx when m eN is R- {(2n + 1) :ne Z}

11) Domain ofcotmxwhen m

e N is R- EneZ m
neZ

12. i) Range off(x)

=
Va -x is [0, a]
[e va + b,c+Na b]
+
bsin x + c is -

i) Range off() = a cos x+

13. Iffx) is a function then odd function

function. i)f(a) -f-x) is an
i)f(a) +f(-x) is an even
14. Ifa+b+cc =p, then the range of ab +be +ca is [-p/2,p].
sOLVED EXAMPLESs
be defined from the set B to the set A when
functions that can
1. The number of one-one is
b,-}
A=(a,a 4 , , B = {b, b, 3) n! 4)-
1)0 2)(-1)!
Ans:3
one functions =P ="P.- =n!
Sol: Required number of one
 EAMCET
10
c a n be
defined from the set X= {x
Mathemeaatter in
MathemAtes i
that
2. The number ofsurjections
set=Di>» Va1s
2) 15
3) 150
4) P
1)0
Ans: 3 2'+c,=243-96+3 =150.
-3-c,
Sol: Number ofsurjections functions
that can be defined from
3 The number
of constant

b, *b,} is the
ay,a,}tothesetB ={b, 3) n 4) 0
A=la,a,
2) n!
1) n
Ans:3 n.
functions
=
n(B) =

Sol: Number ofconstant

is
then (go/)
4. Iff- 8()=-2 4) 1
1)x 3)-3
Ans:3
X

1--2 V-37
Sal:
%0)-g Uo]=V1- V1-2
logx then [ho(gof)] (Vn/4)
is
Iff)=r;g(t)=tan z, (t)
h =

5.
3) 2 4) 4
1)0 2)1
Ans: 1
=h lstr/4)] =h(1) log 1 0.
= =

Sol: holgo)] (Vn/4)=h [g{f(Vn/4)}]

by log | x*--7x+ 12 is
6. The domain ofthereal valuedfunctionfdefined
3) (3,41 4) [3,4)
1)R-(-3,4) 2)R-13,4}
Ans 2
Sol: log-7x+12|isdefined
r-7x+12 0>(r-3)\x-4) #0>x#3,x*4.
Domain=R- {3,4).
is
The domain of the real function f defined byf(x)
=

1)(-o, 0) 2)(-1,0) 3)(-,0 4) (0, )

Ans 1
Sol: fx)= i s defined » | - x > 0|d>xar«0. :. Domain = (-o, 0).
Vx-X
8. 1Iff) is a polynomial inx (0) satisfying theequationfr) +f(l/1) =f) f
then f(x) =

1) 2)+1 3)-1 4) 1
Ans:2
Sol: f)f(1/) =ft)+s01/x)=f(«)f(1/x)-flx) =f1/x)
f)
f(1/)-1
Now f(t)f1,/t) =J/)-1fa-
x =
f(l/xi -1] f(r) 1]=!
-

flr)-1=#r'=f(x) =tr +1
Function8 11

9. The domain of
the function f)-
1)R-{2nt:n e éi
Vlogo| sin
Ans 3 2)R 3)R-(m:neZ) 4)o
Sol: For all x * nn, ne Z, sin x 0
.0<sin <1= sin>1log1olin. Thus, domain off is R- (m:ne Z)
10. Letf()= ax +
b, a <0, then f'a)= f(x) V x if and
1)a-- 1,beR
only 1
Ans 1 2)a-2,b- 4 3)a-3,beR 4) none of these

Sol: f(x) =aa +b» f' -

a

Thus, a ) =f() V x es a r 4 hY res r-b=dr+ ab es (d - 1)x +ab +b=07

a-1= 0and ab +b =0 esa= I and b -

e R.
10
11. Ifa e R andf: RR is defined by f(x)= then
4a 2
1) 11 2) 10 4) 5
3)
5 5
Ans:4
a
Sol:1 +a andf(1-)--a 2-2
4+a a d +a a+d
J)+f(1-x)=
ta_,
a
10
rE1 =5.

12. Iff: R-0-R defined by4ft)+5 then2)

1) 1/2 2) 7/9 3) 9/7 4) 2
Ans 2

Sol: 4f)+51 4/2)+5- 5 ( ) and

45f)- 1(2
()x5-25/2)+2011-5: (1)x4» 16/2)+20 -2. 9/02)=7f0)=
sets A and B have n and 2 elements respectively. The total number
of
13. Two finite
relations from A to B is 240 more than the total number of functions from A to B.
Then the value of n is
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4)4
Ans:4
Sol: Number of elements in A x B = 2n. Number of relations from A to B = 2

Number of functions from A to B =2"

22 2+240 2" (2"-1)=240 =16x 15 =2'(2"-1). n=4
defined by f(r+y) =f(x) +fo) -xy-1 for all x,y eR and f(1) =
1,
14. If f: R >R N is
then the number ofsolutions offn) =n, n E

2)2 3) 3 4) intinite
1)1
 1/(0)-1-T

12 f(14
1)-(0)
+1
=/(m)
-n-1
and
thatf(1)=I +/(1)
-n-I
allnEN
Sol: Given
(n +
1)=f(m)
f(m+ )</(n)for
for
fin+
me M,)-/m) -n<f() <S()=I
<0)</(2)
onlyforn =1,
1)<..
<f(n- holds

+1)</(n) .
n
fn Hence/(m)-

))
+/(r)) =* +/(r) for allx e Ris
=r +ft).

Sm)<1 for alln> functions offsatistying/(r

4) 4
linear 3) 2
15.
15 The numberof
2)1
1)0
function.
Ans:3 linear
+ b (a
0) be a
# > / | a + )r+b]=x+ ax +b
a.

Letf() ar +0) =X+ar +b

=

Sol:
f( +ar (a + 1)(a 1)x+ ah
s +f)=r +ft)
=(a+ 1Ma
1)x + ab =(a+ 1)r
-

+b =>a(a+
+b=x+ar
l(a+1)r +b]a
atl,b=0®f(0)=tr. + 11. Then the d o m a i .
[0, 7] and g(r) |2r
=

function with
domain
16. Let fbe a
21-7,0
3)-4, 31 4)-3,4]
1)[0,7)
Ans:3
but the domain offis [0, 7]
Sol: (g) (1) =fg (w)) =f12r+ 1,1 | S 7 e - 7 s 2 x + 1 S 7 - 8 s 2 r S 6 s - 4 s r < 3
0s|2+1|S7 /2+
Domain of ogMx) is [-4, 3
17. Two finite sets A and B have n and 2 elements respectively. For n 2 2, if the numho
mber
of surjections from A to B are 62, then n =

3) 7 4) 31
1)5 2)6
Ans: 2
Sol: Inthenumberofsurjections from AtoB are ?-2=62=»2"= 64 =2= n=6.

18.
1f4=eR: x-3
+2 then Acontains
1)-3,-1)
3)(2,5)
Ans: 1,2
Sol:

Lety - 3 )
x(x-1x-2)
A=(-,0) u(1,2) u(3, o). 0,y<0, y>0yc0 y>0
0 2 3

EXERCISE 1A (FUNCTIONS)
1.
CHOOSETHE CORRECT ANSwER FROM THE
Ifa set A contains
functions
10 elements
and a set
ALTERNATIVES I. 2.3 OR 4 GIUEN
from A into Bis B contains 20
1) P0 elements then the number of
2. Set A has 2) 10x 20
n
elements. The number 3) 1030 4) 2010
1) of functions that can be
2) n! defined from A into A is
3) 4) n
IT 851