Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Useful Vocabulary Collections
Useful Vocabulary Collections
- nonetheless conj. & adv. & prep. however, yet, anyway
- notwithstanding conj. & adv. & prep. however, even, besides
- however conj. & adv. nevertheless, still, even
- hence adv. therefore, consequently, accordingly
- consequently adv. hence, accordingly, therefore
although conj. & adv. however, besides, despite
- regardless adv. & prep. anyway, nonetheless, however
- furthermore conj. & adv. however, even, still
- howbeit adv. & conj. however, even, besides
- though conj. & adv. however, besides, despite
- hence conj. besides, despite, also
Types of Euphemisms
To Soften an Expression
Some euphemisms are used in order to make a blunt or unpleasant truth seem less harsh.
Examples of euphemisms that fall into this category include:
Passed away instead of died
Departed instead of died
He / She didn’t make it instead of died
Negative patient outcome instead of dead
Correctional facility instead of jail
Differently-abled instead of handicapped or disabled
Mentally / physically challenged instead of handicapped or disabled
Fell off / Got off the back of a truck instead of stolen
Ethnic cleansing instead of genocide
Turn a trick instead of engage in prostitution
Relocation centre instead of prison camp
Collateral damage instead of accidental deaths
Letting someone go instead of firing someone
Put to sleep instead of euthanize
Pregnancy termination instead of abortion
On the streets instead of homeless
Full-figured ( for women ) instead of fat
Let himself go ( for men ) instead of fat
To Be Polite
Other euphemisms are used to take the place of words or phrases you might not want to say in polite
company.
Examples of euphemisms that fall into this category include:
Adult entertainment instead of pornography
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1) Souvenir = a thing that you buy and/or keep to remind yourself of a place, an occasion or a holiday/vacation.
EG : I bought the ring as a souvenir of Greece.
2) Sarcastic = a way of using words that are the opposite of what you mean in order to be unpleasant to sbdy or to make
fun of them.
3) Castle = a large strong building with thick high walls and towers, built in the past by kings or queens, or other
important people, to defend themselves against attack.
4) Tent = a shelter made of a large sheet of canvas, nylon, etc. that is supported by poles and ropes fixed to the ground,
and is used especially for camping.
5) Tolerate = to allow sbdy to do sth that you do not agree with or like
= to accept sbdy / sth that is annoying, unpleasant, etc. without complaining.
6) Precipitation = rain, snow, etc. that falls: the amount of this that falls
7) Menace = ( to sbdy/sth ) a person or thing that causes, or may cause, serious damage, harm or danger
= an atmosphere that makes you feean al threatened or frightened
8) Dilapidated = ( of furniture and buildings ) old and in very bad condition
9) Blueprint = a photographic print of a plan for a building or a machine, with white lines on a blue background.
= ( for sth ) a plan which shows what can be achieved and how it can be achieved.
10) Siege = a military operation in which an army tries to capture a town by surrounding it and stopping the supply of food.
11) Revamped = a change to the form of sth, usu to improve it’s appearance.
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12) Cog = one of a series of teeth on the edge of a wheel that fit btw the teeth on the next and cause it to move
13) Edible = any substance that can be used as food ; suitable for use as food.
14) Susceptible = ( to sbdy/sth) very likely to be influenced, harmed or affected by sbdy/ sth ; easily influenced by feelings
and emotions
15) Fungi = a plant without leaves, flowers that usu grows on plants.
EG: Mushroom and mildew are both fungi.
16) Pore = one of the very small holes in your skin that sweat can pass through; holes in the surface of a plant or rock.
17) Salvage = the things that are saved from a disaster or accident.
18) Synthesis = ( of sth ) the act of combining separate ideas, beliefs. Style etc
19) Voyager = a person who goes a long journey, esp by ship to unknown parts of the world.
20) Reticence = a dislike of telling people about things
21) Disastrous = very bad, harmful or unsuccessful
22) Disaster = (N) an unexpected event, such as a very bad accident, a flood or a fire, that kills a lot of people or causes a
lot of damage.
23) Evolution = the gradual development of plants, animals, etc. over many years as they adapt to changes in their
environment.
= the gradual development of sth
EG: In politics Britain has preferred evolution to revolution.
24) Revolution = an attempt, by a large number of people, to change the government of a country, esp by violent action.
= a great change in conditions, ways of working, beliefs, etc, that affects large numbers of people.
25) Connotation = an idea suggested by a word in addition to its main meaning.
EG: The word “ Professional “ has connotations of skill and excellence.
26) Irreversible = that cannot be changed back to what it was before.
EG: an irreversible change/decline/decision
27) Juvenile = connected with young people who are not yet adults.
EG: juvenile crime/employment.
28) Exemplify = ( sth ) to be a typical example of sth.: to give an example in order to make sth clearer
29) Suite = a set of rooms, esp in a hotel : ;a set of matching pieces of furniture
EG: honeymoon suite, bathroom/bedroom suite
30) Trampoline = a piece of equipment that is used in gymnastics for doing jumps in the air. It consists of a sheet of strong
material that is attached by springs to a frame.
31) Reciprocal = involving two people or groups who agree to help each other or behave in the same way to each other
EG: The two colleges have a reciprocal arrangement whereby students from one college can attend classes at the other.
32) Revert = to reply
EG: Excellent openings – kindly revert with your updated CV. ; We request you to kindly revert back if you have any
further requirements.
33) Terrific = excellent. Wonderful Eg: I feel absolutely terrific today. :; She’s doing a terrific job.
34) Thorough = done completely; with great attention to detail
EG: a thorough knowledge of the subject. ;: The police carried out a thorough investigation.
35) Legend = a story from ancient times about people and events, that may or may not be true; this type of story.
EG: the legend of Robin Hood.
36) Habitat = the place where a particular type of animal or plant is normally found.
EG: The panda’s natural habitat is the bamboo forest.
37) Salmon = a large fish with sliver skin and pink flesh that is used for food. Salmon live in the sea but swim up rivers to
lay their eggs.
38) Delicate = adj easily damaged or broken
EG: delicate china teacups
= ( of a person ) not strong and easily becoming ill/sick
39) Strip = to take off all or most of your clothes or another person’s clothes ; SYN undress
40) Stripped-down = keeping only the most basic or essential features, with everything else removed.
EG: a stripped-down version of the song.
41) Fractured = broken or cracked
= split into several parts so that it no longer functions or exists.
Eg: He suffered a badly fractured arm.
42) Fragile = adj ; easily broken or damaged ; weak and uncertain ; easily destroyed or spoilt.
EG ; Be careful not to drop it, it’s very fragile. ; The economy remains extremely fragile.
43) Fiddle = (with sth ) to keep touching or moving sth with your hands, esp bec you are bored or nervous.
EG: He was fiddling with his keys while he talked to me.
44) Presume = SYN Assume = to suppose that sth is true, although you do not have actual proof: ; to accept that sth is
true until it is shown not to be true, esp in court.
EG ; I presumed that he understood the rules. ; Twelve passengers are missing, presumed dead.
45) Stacked = if a surface is stacked with objects, there are large numbers or piles of them on it.
EG: a table stacked with glasses.
46) Scandal = behaviour or an event that people think is morally or legally wrong and causes public feelings of shock or
anger.
EG: a series of sex scandals , There has been o hint of scandal during his time in office.
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47) Scarecrow = a figure made to look like a person, that is dressed in old clothes and put in a field to frighten birds away.
48) Sculpture =( N) a work of art that is a solid figure or object made by carving or shaping wood, stone clay, metal, etc.
49) Maze = (N) a system of paths separated by walls or hedges built in a park or garden, that is designed so that it is
difficult to find your way through ;;;a large number of complicated rules or details that are difficult to understand.
EG: The building is a maze of corridors.; Many applicants for the grant are put off by the maze of regulations and
conditions.
50) Hedges = (N) a row of bushes or small trees planted close together, usu along the edge of a field, garden/yard or road
= ( against sth) a way of protecting yourself against the loss of sth, esp money. Eg: to buy gold as a hedge against
inflation.
51) Predator = (N) an animal that kills and eats other animals :;; a person or an organization that uses weaker people for
their own advantage.
EG: Some animals have no natural predators. ;;to protect domestic industry from foreign predators.
52) Mammal = (N) any animal that gives birth to live babies, not eggs, and feeds its young on milk. Cows, humans and
whales are all mammals.
53) Stunned = (adj) very surprised or shocked; showing this.
EG: She was too stunned to speak.
54) Congregation = (N) a group of people who are gathered together in a church to worship God ; a group of people who
regularly attend a particular place of worship.
55) County = (N) an area of Britain, Ireland or the US that has its own government
56) Costume = (N) the clothes worn by people from a particular place or during a particular historical period.
57) Foyer = SYN Lobby (N) a large open space inside the entrance of a theatre or hotel where people can meet or wait.
58) Smashed = (adj) very drunk
EG: They go out and get smashed four or five times a week.
59) Metaphor = (N) a word or phrase used to describe sbdy/sth else, in a way that is different from its normal use, in
order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful, for example She
has a heart of stone ; the use of such words and phrases.
EG: a game of football used as a metaphor for the competitive struggle of life.
60) Intrigued = (adj) very interested in sth/sbdy and wanting to know more about it/them.
EG: He was intrigued by her story.
61) Pad = (N) a thick piece of soft material that is used, for example, for absorbing liquid, cleaning or protecting sth.
Eg: medicated cleansing pads for sensitive skin.
62) Acoustic = (adj) related to sound or to the sense of hearing ;; ( of a musical instrument or performance) designed to
make natural sound, not sound produced by electrical equipment.
63) Ceramic = (adj) made of clay that has been made permanently hard by heat.
64) Binocular = (adj) using two eyes to see
EG: binocular vision
65) Shabby = (adj) ( of buildings, clothes, objects, etc,) in poor condition bec they have been used a lot.
EG: She wore shabby old jeans and a T-shirt.
66) Static = (adj) not moving, changing or developing
Eg: The balance sheet provides a static picture of the financial position at a point in time.
67) Clown = (N) an entertainer who wears funny clothes and a large red nose and does silly things to make people laugh.
Eg: Robert was always the class clown (=he did silly things to make the other students laugh )
68) Cog =(N) one of a series of teeth on the edge of a wheel that fit btw the teeth on the next wheel and cause it to move
69) Distinctive = (adj) SYN Characteristic = having a quality or characteristic that makes sth different and easily
noticed.
EG: clothes with a distinctive style.:; The male bird has distinctive white markings on its head.
70) Epidemic = (adj) (of sth bad) occurring more and more frequently in a particular place
EG: Car theft is now reaching epidemic proportions.
71) Millennial = (adj) connected with a period of a thousand years ;;; connected with the generation of people who
became adults around the year 2000
Eg: millennial celebrations , millennial generation
72) Pore = (N) one of the very small holes in your skin that sweat can pass through; one of the similar small holes in the
surface of a plant or a rock.
73) Robust = (adj) strong and healthy ;;; strong: able to survive being used a lot and not likely to break.
EG: She was almost 90, but still very robust.
74) Compelling = (adj) that makes you pay attention to it bec it is so interesting and exciting ;;;; so strong that you must
do sth about it.
EG: Her latest book makes compelling reading. A compelling need/desire.
75) Oboe = (N) a musical instrument of the woodwind group. It is shaped like a pipe and has a double reed at the top that
you blow into.
76) Flute = (N) musical instrument of the woodwind group, shaped like a thin pipe. The player holds it sideways and blows
across a hole at one end.
77) Cello = (N) a musical instrument with strings, shaped like a large violin. The player sits down and holds the cello btw
his or her knees.
78) Xylophone = (N) a musical instrument made of two rows of wooden bars of different lengths that you hit with two
small sticks.
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79) Continent = (adj) connected with the control of your feelings, esp your desire to have sex ; exercising self-restraint,
esp sexually.
EG: They were sexually continent all their lives.
80) Porcelain = (N) a hard white shiny substance made by baking clay and used for making delicate cups, plates and
decorative objects; objects that are made of this .
EG: The design is copied from Japanese porcelain of the 14th century.
81) Cloakroom = (N) (usu North AE checkroom, coat check, coatroom) a room in a public building where people can
leave coats, bags, etc, for a time.
82) Trivial = (adj) not important or serious; not worth considering
EG: a trivial detail ;;; I know it sounds trivial, but I’m worried about it .
83) Crumbly = (adj) that easily breaks into very small pieces
EG; crumbly soil/cheese
84) Fertile = (adj) (of land or soil) that plants grow well in ;; ( of people, animals or plants ) that can produce babies,
young animals, fruit or new plants.
EG: The treatment has been tested on healthy fertile women under the age of 35.
85) Terrain = (N) used to refer to an area of land when you are mentioning its natural features, for example, if it is rough,
flat, etc..
EG: They walked for miles across steep and inhospitable terrain.
86) Devoid = (adj) (of sth) completely lacking in sth
EG: The letter was devoid of warmth and feeling…. The land is almost devoid of vegetation.
87) Plough = (N) a large piece of farming equipment with one or several curved blades, pulled by a tractor or by animals.
It is used for digging and turning over soil, esp before seeds are planted.
88) Manure = (N) the waste matter from animals that is spread over or mixed with the soil to help plants and crops grow.
89) Lawn = (N) an area of ground covered in short grass in a garden/yard or park, or used for playing a game on.
EG: In summer we have to mow the lawn twice a week.
90) Trim = (V) (sth) to make sth neater, smaller, better, etc,,, by cutting parts from it.
EG: to trim your hair. a neatly-trimmed beard.
91) Packed = (adj) extremely full of people SYN Crowded
EG: The restaurant was packed;;; The show played to packed houses. ( = large audiences )
92) Frustrate = (V) ( sbdy ) to make sbdy feel annoyed or impatient bec they cannot do or achieve what they want.
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EG: What frustrates him is that there's too little money to spend on the project.
= ( sbdy/sth ) to prevent sbdy from doing sth; to prevent sth from happening or succeeding
EG: The rescue attempt was frustrated by bad weather.
93) Contents = (N) the things that are contained in sth ;;; the different sections that are contained in a book.
EG: Fire has caused severe damage to the contents of the building... A table of contents/ a contents page
94) Pledge = (N) a serious promise SYN commitment ;;; a sum of money or sth valuable that you leave with sbdy to prove
that you will do sth or pay back money that you owe.
EG: a pledge of support, ,,, Will the government honour its election pledge not to raise taxes?
95) Modestly =(Adv) in a way that is not very extreme, expensive, important,etc,;;;; in a way that does not praise your own
abilities or possessions ;;;; in a way that does not show much of the body ;;;; in a way that is not intended to attract
attention, esp in a sexual way.
EG: I'm not a very good painter, he said modestly.... She is always modestly dressed.
96) Faculty = (N) any of the physical or mental abilities that a person is born with ;;; a particular ability for doing sth ;;; a
department or group of related departments in a college or university
EG: She retained her mental faculties (= the ability to think and understand ) until the day she died.... He had a faculty
for seeing his own mistakes..... the Faculty of Law....the Arts Faculty.
97) Dean = (N) a person in a university who is in charge of a department of studies ;;;; ( in a college or university, esp at
Oxford or Cambridge ) a person who is responsible for the discipline of students.
EG: the dean of the Faculty of Medicine.... He was appointed dean of the faculty of theology at London University.
98) Plagiarism = (N) Plagiarize = (V) to copy another person's ideas, words or work and pretend that they are your
own.
EG: He was accused of plagiarizing his colleague's results.
99) Fascinating (adj) = extremely interesting and attractive
EG: a fascinating story/subject... The results of the survey made fascinating reading.... It's fascinating to see how
different people approach the problem.
100) Nourishing = (adj) (of food or drink ) helping a person, an animal or a plant to grow and be healthy;;; (to sth)
allowing a feeling, an idea, etc, to develop or grow stronger.
EG: Vegetarian food can be both nourishing and cheap.... The environment was nourishing to the young girl's
developing personality.
101) Bunch = (N) (of sth) a number of things of the same type which are growing or fastened together ;;; a large amount of
sth ; a large number of things or people/ a group of people.
EG: She picked me a bunch of flowers.... I have a whole bunch of stuff to do this morning. The people that I work with
are a great bunch.
102) Enormous = (adj) extremely large SYN Huge, Immense.
EG: an enormous house/dog... an enormous amount of time...enormous interest... The problems facing the President
are enormous.
103) Nautical = (adj) connected with ships, sailors and sailing
104) Foyer = (N) a large open space inside the entrance of a theatre or hotel where people can meet or wait ;;; an entrance
hall in a private house or flat/apartment. SYN Lobby.
EG: I'll meet you in the foyer at 7 o'clock..... An elegant foyer leads directly to the living room.
105) Elegant = (adj) (of people or their behaviour) attractive and showing a good sense of style.;; attractive and designed
well
EG: She was tall and elegant... an elegant dress.... an elegant room/restaurant
106) Quay = (N) a platform in a harbour where boats come in to load, etc. Eg: A crowd was waiting on the quay.
107) Voyage = (N) a long journey, esp by sea or in space
EG: an around-the-world voyage.. a voyage in space... The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage (= first journey )
108) Crockery = ( N) plates, cups, dishes, etc...
EG: They would like crockery and cutlery as wedding presents.
109) Perishable = ( adj ) ( esp of food ) likely to decay or go bad quickly
EG: Perishable goods/foods ... Many fresh foods are highly perishable.
110) Rationale = (N) ( behind/for/of sth ) the principles or reasons which explain a particular decision, course of action,
belief, etc. SYN Reason
Eg: What is the rationale behind these new exams?
111) Aisle = (N) a passage btw rows of seats in a church, theatre, train, etc, or btw rows of shelves in a supermarket.
Eg: Coffee and tea are in the next aisle... She looked radiant as she walked down the aisle on her father's arm.
112) Gondola = (N) a long boat with a flat bottom and high parts at each end, used on canals in Venice. ;;; the part on a
cable car or ski lift where the passengers sit.
113) Impulse =(N) (to do sth) a sudden wish or need to do sth, without stopping to think about the results.;;; sth that
causes sbdy/sth to do sth or to develop and make progress
EG: He had a sudden impulse to stand up and sing. I resisted the impulse to laugh.
114) Bump = (V) to hit sbdy/sth by accident ;;; to move across a rough surface.;;; bump sbdy + adv/prep... to move sbdy
from one group or position to another ; to remove sbdy from a group.
EG: Be careful not to bump your head on the beam when you stand up. The airline apologized and bumped us up to first
class.
115) Flange = (N) an edge that sticks out from an object and makes it stronger or ( as in a wheel of a train) keeps it in the
correct position.
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116) Strand = ( N) a single thin piece of thread, wire , hair, etc.... one of the different parts of an idea , a plan, a story, etc...
the land along the edge of the sea or ocean, or of a lake or river...
EG: a few strands of dark hair.... She wore a single strand of pearls around her neck... We heard every strand of political
opinion.
117) Spectator = (N) a person who is watching an event, esp a sports event.
118) Huff and puff = (idoms) to breathe in a noisy way bec you are very tired .;;; to make it obvious that you are annoyed
about sth without doing anything to change the situation.
EG: Jack was huffing and puffing to keep up with her.... After much huffing and puffing, she finally agreed to help.
119) Curiosity = (N) (about sth) (to do sth) a strong desire to know about sth;;;; an unusual and interesting thing.
EG: Children show curiosity about everything. ... The museum is full of historical curiosities.
120) Curious = (adj) (about sth) (to do th) having a strong desire to know about sth.;;;; strange and unusual
EG: They were very curious about the people who lived upstairs.... Everyone was curious as to why Mark was
leaving.
121) Stumble = (N) a problem or temporary failure when you are on the way to achieving sth;;;; a act of falling or almost
falling, esp bec you hit your foot against sth;;; a mistake that causes you to stop when you are reading, speaking or
playing music. SYN (Obstacle) Stumbling block (to sth) (to doing sth) sth that causes problems and prevents you
from achieving your aim.
122) Immerse = (V) (sbdy/sth) to put sbdy/sth into a liquid so that they or it are completely covered.... (immerse
yourself/sbdy in sth ) to become or make sbdy completely involved in sth.
EG: She immersed herself in her work.
123) Fame = (N) the state of being known and talked about by many people.
EG: The town's only claim to fame is that there was once a riot there..... She went to Hollywood in search of fame and
fortune.
124) Eminent = (adj) (of people) famous and respected, esp in a particular profession. ;; (of good qualities) unusual,
excellent...
EG: an eminent architect... a man of eminent good sense.
125) Surpass = (V) (sbdy/sth/yourself) to do or be better than sbdy/sth
EG: He hopes one day to surpass the world record.... Its success has surpassed all expectations.
126) Sludge = (N) thick, soft, wet mud or a substance that looks like it.;;; industrial or human waste that has been treated
EG: There was some sludge at the bottom of the tank... industrial sludge.
127) Excretion = (N) the act of passing solid or liquid waste matter from the body; the solid or liquid waste matter that is
passed in this way.
EG: the excretion of toxic substances through the skin.
128) Glandular = (adj) connected with a gland or glands (=an organ in a person's or an animal's body that produces a
substance for the body to use)
EG: glandular tissue.
129) Mucus = (N) a thick liquid that is produced in parts of the body, such as the nose, by a mucous membrane.
130) Snail = (N) a small soft creature with a hard round shell on its back, that moves very slowly and often eats garden
plants. Some types of snail can be eaten
131) Outrageously =(adv) in a way that is very shocking and unacceptable.;;; in a way that is very unusual and slightly
shocking .
EG: an outrageously expensive meal... They behaved outrageously.
132) Hue = (N) ( literary or specialist) a colour; a particular shade of a colour.;;; a type of belief or opinion.
EG: His face took on an unhealthy whitish hue... supporters of every political hue
133) Hue and cry (Idioms) = strong public protest about sth..
EG: Further cuts in welfare have raised a hue and cry among American public.
134) Dye = (V) to change the colour of sth, esp by using a special liquid or substance.
EG : She dyed her hair blonde.
135) Haunted = (adj) (of a building) believed to be visited by ghosts;;; (of an expression on sbdy's face) showing that sbdy
is very worried.
EG: a haunted house,,,,,There was a haunted look in his eyes.
136) Poised = (adj) in a position that is completely still but is ready to move at any moment.;;; in a position that is
balanced but likely to change in one direction or another.;;; ready for sth or to do sth
Eg: Tina was tense, her hand poised over the telephone.... The cup was poised on the edge of the chair... The economy is
poised for recovery.
137) The brink (of sth) = if you are on the brink of sth, you are almost in a very new, dangerous or exciting situation.
EG: on the brink of collapse/war/death/disaster.
138) Intermittently =(adv) in a way that stops and starts often over a period of time; not regularly
EG:: Protests continued intermittently throughout November.
139) Foster =(V) foster sth ; to encourage sth to develop SYN Encourage, Promote. Foster (sbdy) to take another
person's child into your home for a period of time, without becoming his or her legal parents.
EG:: They have fostered over 60 children during the past ten years.... We couldn't adapt a child, so we decided to foster.
140) Tenuous = ( adj ) so weak or uncertain that it hardly exists;;;; extremely thin and easily broken...
EG: a tenuous hold in life... the tenuous threads of a spider's web.
141) Mere = (adj) used when you want to emphasize how small, unimportant, etc. sbdy/sth is.;;;; used when you are saying
that the fact that a particular thing is present in a situation is enough to have an influence on that situation.
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EG: It took her a mere 20 minutes to win.... The mere fact that they were prepared to talk was encouraging.... The mere
thought of eating made him feel sick.
142) Orbit = (N) a curved path followed by a planet or an object as it moves around another planet, star, moon, etc.
EG: the earth's orbit around the sun.... a space station in orbit round the moon.
143) Inconceivable = ( adj ) impossible to imagine or believe. SYN Unthinkable ..
EG: It is inconceivable that the minister was not aware of the problem.... The thought of leaving her family was
inconceivable to her.
144) Attenuated = (adj) made weaker or less effective ;;; (of person) very thin...
EG: an attenuated form of the virus....
145) Traverse = (V) (traverse sth) to cross an area of land or water.
EG: skiers traversing the slopes... The region is traversed by several roads.
146) Parched = (adj) very dry, esp bec the weather is hot.;;;; very thirsty
EG: dry parched land ,,,, soil parched by drought,,, Let's get a drink - I'm parched.
147) Reptile = (N) any animal that has cold blood and skin covered in scales, and that lays eggs. Snakes, crocodiles and
tortoises are all reptiles.
148) Crustacean = (N) any creature with a soft body that is divided into sections, and a hard outer shell. Most crustaceans
live in water. Crabs, lobsters and shrimps are all crustaceans.
149) Woodlouse =(N) ( Pl. woodlice ) a small grey creature like an insect, with a hard shell, that lives in decaying wood
or damp soil.
150) Millipede = (N) a small creature like an insect, with a long thin body divided into many sections, each with two pairs
of legs..
151) Centipede = (N) a small creature like an insect, with a long thin body and many legs.
152) Worm = (N) a long thin creature with no bones or legs, that lives in soil;;; long thin creatures that live inside the
bodies of humans or animals and can cause illness.
EG: Worms burrow down through the soil... The dog has worms.
153) Invasion = (N) the act of an army entering another country by force in order to take control of it.
EG: the German invasion of Poland in 1939.
154) Dugong = (N) a large sea animal with thick greyish skin, which lives mainly in the Indian Ocean and eats plants.
155) Ancestor = ( N) a person in your family who lived a long time ago;;;
EG: His ancestors had come to America form Ireland.
156) Ashore = (adv) towards, onto or on land, having come from an area of water such as the sea or a river.
EG: The cruise included several days ashore... natural gas brought ashore by pipelines.
157) Breed = (V) (of animals) to have sex and produce young ;;; to keep animals or plants in order to produce young ones
in a controlled way.
EG: Many animals breed only at certain times of the year. Breed, Bred, Bred
158) Gill = ( N) one of the openings on the side of a fish's head that it breathes through.
181) Emission = (N) the production or sending out of light, heat, gas, etc.
EG: the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
182) Robust = (adj) strong and healthy;;; strong; able to survive being used a lot and not likely to break
EG: She was almost 90, but still very robust.
183) Hostile = (adj) very unfriendly or aggressive and ready to argue or fight
EG: The speaker got a hostile reception from the audience.
= (to sth) strongly rejecting something
EG: hostile to the idea of change;;; The proposals have provoked a hostile response from opposition parties.
184) Tranquillity = (N) the state of being quiet and peaceful.
EG: an atmosphere of peace and tranquillity.
185) Telepathy = (N) the direct communication of thoughts or feeling from one person to another without using speech,
writing, or any other normal method.
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186) Meditation = (N) practice of thinking deeply in silence, especially for religious reasons or in order to make your mind
calm.
EG: She found peace through yoga and meditation.;; He was deep in meditation and didn’t see me come in.
187) Derision = (N) a strong feeling that somebody/something is ridiculous and not worth considering seriously, shown by
laughing in an unkind way or by making unkind remarks
EG: Her speech was greeted with howls of derision. ;;;; He became an object of universal derision.
188) Sceptical = (adj) (about/of sth) having doubts that a claim or statement is true or that sth will happen.
EG: I am sceptical about his chances of winning. ;;; The public remain sceptical of these claims. ;; She looked highly
sceptical.
189) Rigorous = (adj) done carefully and with a lot of attention to detail.;; demanding that particular rules, process, etc, are
strictly followed.
EG: a rigorous analysis,;; Few people have gone into the topic in such rigorous detail. ;;; The second team adopted a
much more rigorous approach to the problem.;; The work failed to meet their rigorous standards.
190) Drastically = (adv) in an extreme way that has a sudden, serious or violent effect on something
EG: Output has been drastically reduced.;;; Things have started to go drastically worong.
191) Rudimentary = (adj) dealing with only the most basic matters or ideas ;;; not highly or fully developed SYN Basic
EG: They were given only rudimentary training in the job.;;; His understanding of the language is very rudimentary.;;
Some dinosaurs had only rudimentary teeth.
192) Fortuitous = (adj) happening by chance, especially a lucky chance that brings a good result
EG: a fortuitous meeting.;;; His success depended on a fortuitous combination of circumstances.
193) Archaeological = (adj) connected with the study of cultures of the past and of periods of history by examining the
remains of buildings and objects found in the ground.
EG: archaeological excavations/evidence.
194) Resemble = (v) (not used in the progressive tenses) resemble somebody/sth to look like or be similar to another
person or thing.
EG: She closely resembles her sister. ;;; So many hotels resemble each other.;; The plant resembles grass in appearance.
195)
SUBJECTS
196) Science
197) Politics
198) History
199) Biology
200) Architecture
201) Law
202) Geography
203) Archaeology = (N) the study of cultures 0f the past, and of periods of history by examining the remains of buildings
and objects found in the ground.
204) Literature
205) Business Management
206) Agriculture
207) Statistics
208) Mathematics
209) Logic
210) Physics
211) Psychology
212) Anthropology = (N) the study of the human race, esp of its origins, development, customs and beliefs
213) Economics
214) Philosophy
215) Performing Arts
216) Visual
217) Arts
218) Chemistry
219) Humanities
Studying at College/University
220) Course Outline
221) Group Discussion
222) Handout
223) Written Work
224) Report Writing
225) Research
226) Proofreading = (N) to read and correct a piece of written or printed work.
227) Experiment = (N) a scientific test that is done in order to study what happens and to gain new knowledge
EG: The results of the experiment were inconclusive.
Facts can be established by observation and experiment.
228) Experience
229) Reference
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230) Textbook
231) Dictionary
232) Student Advisor
233) Teamwork
234) Module
235) Assessment
236) Library
237) Attendance
238) Deadline
239) Give a talk
240) Speech
241) Computer Laboratory
242) Certificate
243) Diploma
244) Placement Test
245) Facilities
246) Accommodation
247) Home stay
248) Media Room
249) Resources Room
250) Staff
251) Commencement
252) Dissertation
253) Leaflet
254) Faculty = (N) any of the physical or mental abilities that a person is born with.
= a particular ability for doing something
= a department or group of related departments in a college or university
EG: the faculty of sight
She retained her mental faculties (= the ability to think and understand ) until the day she died.
He had a faculty for seeing his own mistakes.
the Faculty of Law
the Arts Faculty
255) Internship = (N) a period of time during which a student or new graduate gets practical experience in a job, for
example during the summer holiday/vacation.
256) Feedback
257) Tasks
258) Outcomes
259) Extra Background
260) Student support services
261) Student retention
262) Schedule
263) School reunion
264) Registrar's office
265) Stationery
Nature
266) Field
267) Footbridge = (N) a narrow bridge used only by people who are walking
268) Environment
269) Waterfall
270) River
271) Mountain
272) Forest
273) Village
274) Coast
275) Reef = (N) a long line of rocks or sand near the surface of the sea.
EG: a coral reef
the Great Barrier Reef.
276) Lake
277) Valley
278) Hill
[12]
279) Cliff = (N) a high area of rock with a very steep side, often at the edge of the sea or ocean.
280) Island
281) Peninsula = (N) an area of land that is almost surrounded by water but is joined to a larger piece of land.
282) Earthquake
283) Avalanche = (N) a mass of snow, ice and rock that falls down the side of a mountain.
EG: alpine villages destroyed in an avalanche
He was killed in an avalanche while skiing.
284) Tornado = (N) a violent storm with very strong winds which move in a circle. There is often also a long cloud which is
narrower at the bottom than the top.
285) Typhoon
286) Desertification = (N) the process of becoming or making something a desert.
287) Volcano = (N) a mountain with a large opening at the top through which gases and lava (=hot liquid rock) are forced
out into the air, or have been in the past.
288) Disaster
289) Catastrophe = (N) a sudden event that causes many people to suffer. SYN Disaster
Eg: Early warnings of rising water levels prevented another major catastrophe.
290) Erosion
291) Landslides = (N) a mass of earth, rock, etc, that falls down the slope of a mountain or a cliff.
292) Storm
293) Flood
294) Hurricane
295) Pond = (N) a small area of still water, esp one that is artificial
EG: a fish pond
296) Jungle
297) Oasis = (N) an area in the desert where there is water and where plants grow
= a pleasant place or period of time in the middle of something unpleasant or difficult.
298) Dam
299) Canyon = (N) a deep valley with steep sides of rock.
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Health
300) Yoga
301) Tai-chi
302) Keep-fit
303) Salad bar = (N) a place in a restaurant or supermarket where you can get a salad or ingredients to make a salad
304) Vegetarian
305) Outdoor Activities
306) Leisure Time
307) Disease
308) Meal
309) Protein
310) Balanced diet
311) Food pyramid
312) Vitamin
313) Carbohydrates
314) Rice
315) Pasta = (N) an Italian food made from flour, water and sometimes eggs, formed into different shapes and usu served
with a sauce. It is hard when dry and soft when cooked.
316) Potatoes
317) Pizza
318) Tomatoes
319) Bread
320) Minerals
321) Zinc
322) Meat
323) Seafood
324) Yoghurt
325) Citrus Fruit = (N) fruit belonging to the group of fruit that includes oranges, lemons, limes and grapefruit
326) Green pepper
327) Blackcurrant = (N) a small black berry that grows in bunches on a garden bush and can be eaten.
328) Egg yolk = (N) the round yellow part in the middle of an egg.
Environment
329) Greenhouse effect
330) Acid rain
331) Global warming
332) Carbon dioxide
333) Fossil fuel
334) Exhaust fumes
335) Deforestation = (N) the act of cutting down or burning the trees in an area.
336) Smog = (N) a form of air pollution that is or looks like a mixture of smoke and fog, especially in cities.
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337) Climate
338) Pollution
339) Temperature
340) Landfill = (N) an area of land where large amount of waste material are buried under the earth
341) Cattle = ( N) cows and bulls that are kept as farm animals for their milk.
342) Wind turbine
343) Soar power
344) Hydroelectric
345) Renewable
346) Reliable
347) Environmentally
348) Desert
349) Degradation = (N) a situation in which sbdy has lost all self-respect and the respect of other people
350) Ocean currents
351) Coal
352) Firewood
353) Drought
354) Contaminate = (V) sth/with sth ) to make a substance or place dirty or no longer pure by adding a substance that is
dangerous or carries disease.
371) Livestock
372) Creature
373) Penguin
Plants
374) Mushroom
375) Fungus
376) Seed
377) Core
378) Bark
379) Trunk
380) Twig
381) Branch
382) Stem
383) Roots
384) Cluster
385) Fertilizer
Continents
386) South America
387) North America
388) Africa
389) Asia
390) Europe
391) Australia
392) Antarctica
Architecture and Buildings
393) Dome
394) Palace
395) Fort
396) Castle
397) Glasshouse
398) Pyramid
399) Log cabin
400) Lighthouse
401) Hut
402) Skyscraper
403) Sculpture
Homes
404) Semi-detached house
405) Duplex
406) Terraced house
407) Town house
408) Row house
409) Bungalow
410) Thatched cottage
411) Mobile home
412) Houseboat
413) Blocks of flats
414) Apartment
415) Condominium
416) Chimney
417) Landlord
418) Tenant
419) Neighbourhood
420) Suburb
421) Dormitory
422) Hallway
Rating and Qualities
423) Reasonable
424) Satisfactory
425) Dangerous
426) Safe
427) Strongly
428) Recommended
[16]
437) Adaptable
438) Adventurous = (adj) (of a person)willing to take risks and try new ideas; enjoying being in new, exciting situations
= full of new, exciting or dangerous experiences
EG: For the more adventurous tourists, there are trips into the mountains with a local guide.;;; My interests include
anything adventurous or challenging.
439) Affable = (adj) pleasant, friendly and easy to talk to
EG: He greeted everyone in the same relaxed and affable manner.
440) Affectionate = (adj) showing caring feelings and love for sbdy
EG: He is very affectionate towards his children.
441) Agreeable
442) Ambitious = (adj) determined to be successful, rich, powerful, etc.;;; needing a lot of effort, money or time to succeed
EG: They were very ambitious for their children. (=they wanted them to be successful );;; the government’s ambitious
plans for social reform. ;;; Jogging every morning? That’s very ambitious, isn’t it?
443) Amiable =(adj) pleasant, friendly and easy to talk
EG: an amiable tone of voice;;; Her parents seemed very amiable.
444) Amicable =(adj) done or achieved in a polite or friendly way and without arguing.
EG: an amiable relationship;; In spite of their disagreement they parted on amicable terms.
445) Amusing
446) Brave
447) Bright
448) Broad-minded
449) Calm
450) Careful
451) Charming = (adj) very pleasant or attractive ;;; used to show that you have a low opinion of somebody’s behaviour
EG: The cottage is tiny, but it’s charming.;;;; What a charming name.
452) Communicative
453) Compassionate = (adj) feeling or showing sympathy for people who are suffering.
EG: Politicians are not usually regarded as warm or compassionate people.
454) Conscientious = (adj) taking care to do things carefully and correctly.
EG: a conscientious students/teacher/worker ;;; She was a popular and conscientious teacher.
455) Considerate
456) Convivial = (adj) cheerful and friendly in atmosphere or character SYN Sociable
EG: a convivial evening/company;;; Alan was convivial, affable and engaging.
457) Courageous = (adj) showing courage SYN Brave
EG: a very courageous decision;; I hope people will be courageous enough to speak out against this injustice.
458) Courteous = (adj) polite, especially in a way that shows respect.
EG: a courteous young man ;;; The hostel staff are friendly and courteous.
459) Creative
460) Decisive
461) Determined
462) Diligent = (adj) showing care and effort in your work or duties.
EG: a diligent student/worker
463) Diplomatic
464) Discreet = (adj) careful in what you say or do, in order to keep something secret or to avoid causing embarrassment or
difficulty for somebody
EG: He was always very discreet about his love affairs.;;; You ought to make a few discreet enquiries before you sign
anything.
465) Dynamic
466) Easy-going
467) Emotional
468) Energetic
469) Enthusiastic
470) Exuberant =(adj)full of energy, excitement and happiness ;;;;; (of plants, etc) strong and healthy; growing quickly
and well
EG: an exuberant personality/imagination ;;; He was exuberant as a child. ;;; the exuberant growth of high summer.
[17]
471) Fair-minded
472) Faithful
473) Fearless
474) Forceful
475) Frank
476) Friendly
477) Funny
478) Generous = (adj) giving or willing to give freely; given freely
EG: to be generous in giving help;;;; It was generous of him to offer to pay for us both.
479) Gorgeous = (adj) very beautiful and attractive; giving pleasure and enjoyment SYN Lovely
EG: a gorgeous girl/man;; gorgeous weather (=warm and with a lot of sun);;; you look gorgeous! It was absolutely
gorgeous.
480) Gentle
481) Good
482) Gregarious = (adj) liking to be with other people ;;;; ( of animals or birds) living in groups. SYN Sociable
EG: She’s very outgoing and gregarious.;;; He was a popular and gregarious man.
483) Hard-working
484) Helpful
485) Honest
486) Humorous = (adj) funny and entertaining; showing a sense of humour…
EG: He gave a humorous account of their trip to Spain.;; He had a wide mouth and humorous grey eyes.
487) Imaginative
488) Impartial = (adj) not supporting one person or group more than another.
EG: to give impartial advice;;;; As chairman, I must remain impartial.
489) Independent
490) Intellectual
491) Intelligent
492) Intuitive = (adj) (of ideas) obtained by using your feelings rather than by considering the facts ;;;; (of people) able to
understand sth by using feelings rather than by considering the facts.;; (of computer software) easy to understand and to
use
EG: He had an intuitive sense of what the reader wanted.
493) Inventive
494) Kind
495) Loving
496) Loyal
497) Modest
498) Neat
499) Nice
500) Optimistic
501) Passionate =(adj) having or showing strong feelings of sexual love or of anger, etc.;; having or showing strong feeligns
of enthusiasm for something or belief in something.
EG: a passionate interest in music;;; a passionate defender of civil liberties.
502) Patient
503) Persistent
504) Pioneering
505) Philosophical
506) Placid = (adj) (of a person or an animal) not easily excited or irritated;;; clam and peaceful, with very little movement
EG: a placid baby/horse
507) Plucky = (adj) having a lot of courage and determination. SYN Brave
EG: The plucky youngster had four operations during her long battle against the illness.
508) Polite
509) Powerful
510) Practical
511) Pro-active
512) Quick-witted = (adj) able to think quickly; intelligent.
EG: a quick-witted student/response
513) Quiet
514) Rational
515) Reliable
516) Reserved
517) Resourceful
518) Romantic
519) Self-confident
520) Self-disciplined
521) Sensible
522) Sensitive
523) Shy
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524) Sincere
525) Sociable
526) Straightforward
527) Sympathetic
528) Thoughtful
529) Tidy
530) Tough
531) Unassuming
532) Understanding
533) Versatile = (adj) (of a person) able to do many different things;; ( of food, a building,etc) having many different uses
EG: He’s a versatile actor who has played a wide variety of parts;; Eggs are easy to cook and are an extremely versatile
food.
534) Warm-hearted
535) Willing
536) Witty = (adj) able to say or write clever, amusing things.
EG: a witty speaker;; a witty remark
560) Dogmatic = (aaj) being certain that your beliefs are right and that others should accept them, without paying
attention to evidence or other opinions.
EG: a dogmatic approach;;; There is a danger of becoming too dogmatic about teaching methods.;; He was strident and
dogmatic in giving his opinions.
561) Domineering
562) Finicky
563) Flirtatious
564) Foolish
565) Foolhardy
566) Fussy
567) Greedy
568) Grumpy
569) Gullible
570) Harsh
571) Impatient
572) Impolite
573) Impulsive
574) Inconsiderate
575) Inconsistent
576) Indecisive
577) Indiscreet
578) Inflexible
579) Interfering
580) Intolerant
581) Irresponsible
582) Jealous
583) Lazy
584) Machiavellian
585) Materialistic
586) Mean
587) Miserly
588) Moody
589) Narrow-minded
590) Nasty
591) Naughty
592) Nervous
593) Obsessive
594) Obstinate
595) Overcritical
596) Over-motional
597) Parsimonious
598) Patronizing
599) Perverse
600) Pessimistic
601) Pompous
602) Possessive
603) Pusillanimous
604) Quarrelsome
605) Quick-tempered
606) Resentful
607) Rude
608) Ruthless
609) Sarcastic
610) Secretive
611) Selfish
612) Self-centred
613) Self-indulgent
614) Silly
615) Sneaky
616) Stingy
617) Stubborn
618) Stupid
619) Superficial
620) Tactless
621) Timid
622) Touchy
623) Thoughtless
[20]
624) Truculent
625) Unkind
626) Unpredictable
627) Unreliable
628) Untidy
629) Untrustworthy
630) Vague
631) Vain
632) Vengeful
633) Weak-willed