ENG REVIEWER.
• EXAMPLES- These include events or
COMPOSING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY.
Argumentative essay, also known as the
persuasive essay
It attempts to persuade a reader to adopt a
certain point of view or to take a particular
action.
Structure of a Five Paragraph
Introduction
(Paragraph 1 with 3-5 sentences)
▪ Hook: Grab the reader’s attention with a
quote, scenario, question, vivid description, etc.
It must
be related to your topic.
Body
(Paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 with 5-7 sentences each)
▪ Go back to paragraph one and find your first,
second and third argument. Then write a
paragraph about it for each argument.
▪ Use specific examples to support your
argument
Conclusion
(Paragraph 5 with 3-5 sentences)
▪ Summarize—restate your thesis statement and
three arguments in different words
▪ Make a strong closing statement. Tie your
closing statement back to your opening hook.
Logos (think LOGICAL Appeal)
• FACTS- These are valuable because they are
not debatable; they represent the truth
circumstances that your audience can relate to
their life
• PRECEDENTS- These are specific examples
(historical and personal) from the past
• AUTHORITY- The authority must be timely
(not out-dated), and it must be qualified to
judge the topic
• DEDUCTIVE/INDUCTIVE- Deductive reasoning
is when you pick apart evidence to reach
conclusions, and inductive reasoning is when
you add logical pieces to the evidence to reach
conclusions.
Pathos (think PASSIONATE or emotional
Appeal)
- Appeal that can be effective if it’s not
over done.
- The BEST way to incorporate pathos (or
emotional) appeals is by using words
that carry appropriate connotations.
Ethos (think ETHICAL Appeal of the Writer)
- You are proving personal experience
- Can be trusted.
- Mostly 3rd person view
A RHETORICAL DEVICE is a technique of using
language that will increase
the persuasiveness of a piece of writing
EXAMPLES OF RHETORICAL DEVICES
1. Rhetorical question
2. Emotive language
3. Parallel structures- Rhetorical device that
uses word phase multiple times emphasizes
idea
4. Sound patterns
5. Contrast
6. Description and Imagery
7. The ‘rule of three’
8. Repetition- By repeating letters, words, and
phrases, the author can reinforce an argument
and ensure that the point of view being made
stays in an audience's mind.
9. Hyperbole (using exaggeration for effect)
Argumentative essay should focus on the
author’s side.
USE A VARIETY OF INFORMATIVE, PERSUASIVE,
AND ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING TECHNIQUES
INFORMATIVE WRITING
- Informative writing is absolutely what
its name implies – writing that is
designed to inform the reader about a
given topic.
- It is sometimes called expository or
explanatory writing,
ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING
An argumentative essay is a piece of writing that
takes a stance on an issue. In a good
argumentative essay,
PERSUASIVE WRITING
Persuasive writing is a form of nonfiction writing
that encourages careful word choice, the
development of logical arguments, and a
cohesive summary. It is a written form of an oral
debate.
COMPOSE AN INDEPENDENT CRITIQUE OF A
CHOSEN SELECTION
CRITIQUE.
- This is a paper that gives a critical
assessment of a chosen selection.
- Its main purpose is not informational
but analytic and persuasive in nature.
a. describe - give the reader a sense of the
writer’s overall purpose and intent
b. analyze - examine how the structure and
language of the text convey its meaning
c. interpret - state the significance or
importance of each part of the text
d. assess - make a judgment of the work’s worth
or value
PURPOSE OF WRITING A CRITIQUE
The purpose for writing a critique is to evaluate
somebody's work in order to increase the
reader's understanding of it.
- Analysis means to break down and
study the parts.
1. STATISTICS- numerical facts or data
2. EXPERT OPINIONS - a belief or judgement
about something given by an expert on the
subject.
3. ETHICAL APPEAL - convinces an audience of
the authors credibility or character
4. EMOTIONAL APPEAL - the use of words that
have a lot of emotions and manipulation of
emotions to persuade or win an argument.5.
LOGICAL- reasonable
Structuralist/Formalist Approach & Marxist
Approach
Formalism is a literary criticism and literary
theory having mainly to do with structural
purposes of a particular text.
Formalist Criticism
In literary theory, formalism refers to critical
approaches that analyze, interpret, or evaluate
the inherent features of a text.
1. PLOT - It is the sequence of events in a story
or play. The short story usually has one plot so it
can be read in one sitting. There are five
essential parts of plot:
a. Exposition (introduction) - Beginning of the
story; characters, background, and setting
revealed.
b. Rising Action - Events in the story become
complicated; the conflict is revealed.
c. Climax - Turning point of the story. Readers
wonder what will happen next; will the conflict
be resolved or not?
d. Falling Action - Resolution begins; events
and complications start to fall into place. These
are the events between climax and resolution.
e. Resolution (Conclusion) - Final outcome of
events in the story.
2. SETTING - Time and location a story takes
place.
a. Place - Geographical location; where is the
action of the story taking place?
b. Time - Historical period, time of day, year,
etc.; when is the story taking place?
c. Weather conditions - Is it rainy, sunny,
stormy, etc.?
d. Social conditions - What is the daily life of
the characters like? Does the story
contain local color (writing that focuses on the
speech, dress, mannerisms, customs, etc. of a
particular place)?
e. Mood or atmosphere - What feeling is
created at the beginning of the story? Cheerful
or eerie?
3. CHARACTER - There are two meanings for
"character":
-Person in a work of fiction can be a:
• Protagonist – Principal character of a story
• Antagonist - Opposition or "enemy" of main
character.
-Characteristics of a character can be revealed
through:
• his/her physical appearance
• what he/she says, thinks, feels, dreams and
what he/she does or does not do
• what others say about him/her and how
others react to him/her
4. POINT OF VIEW - The angle from which the
story is told.
a. First Person - Story told by the protagonist or
a character who interacts closely with the
protagonist or other characters; speaker uses
the pronouns "I", "me", "we".
b. Second Person - Story told by a narrator who
addresses the reader or some other assumed
"you"; speaker uses pronouns "you", "your",
and "yours".
c. Third Person - Story told by a narrator who
sees all of the action; speaker uses the
pronouns "he", "she", "it", "they", "his",
"hers", "its", and "theirs". This person may be
a character in the story.
Moralist Approach
Moralist Criticism is a type of literary critique
that judges the value of the literature based on
its moral lessons or ethical teachings, it
evaluates the maturity, sincerity, honesty,
sensitivity, and courage of literature.
Literary Criticism Using Feminism, Historical,
and Reader-Response Approaches
Feminist literary critics remind us to consider
writings by women, both new and forgotten,
and also ask us to consider viewing familiar
literature through a feminist perspective.

Feminism is a literary approach which

underscores the characteristics of women and
their contribution to society.

Historical Criticism

The primary goal of historical criticism is to

discover the text’s original meaning in order to
understand “the world behind the text”. It
focuses on the subject’s relevance, relationship
with, and influence upon the historical period in
which it was written.

Reader-Response Criticism

This is a school of literary theory which focuses

on the role of reader as a contributory factor to
the meaning of a text. It examines, explains, and
defends one’s personal reaction to a text,
hence, there is no right or wrong answer to a
reading response.