Name: LOHASHRI PALRAJ

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ID Number: AM1909006140 3

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MISS NABIRA BINTI MANSOR
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LOHASHRI A/P PALRAJ / AM1909006140 ERROR & CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS
ERROR ANALYSIS MISS NABIRA BINTI MANSOE

AN ANALYSIS OF ERRORS IN WRITTEN TRANSCRIPTION FORM BASED ON A VIDEO

OBTAINED FROM YOUTUBE OF A SECOND LANGUAGE SPEAKER

LOHASHRI PALRAJ (AM1909006140),

Bachelor of Arts (HONS) In Applied English Language Studies

Faculty of Education, Humanities and Arts

Kolej Universiti Poly-Tech MARA, Kuala Lumpur.

1. INTRODUCTION

When acquiring English as a second language, learners are often affected by the
native Language. Error analysis is a part of the linguistics branch that was originated in
the sixties. It was established to justify and analyze the learner's mistakes caused by the
learner's native Language, but it represented the formal learning and teaching
techniques (S.Karim, 2010). According to Khan and Khan, 2016, error analysis is
obtained through a qualitative technique that is considered a well-grounded method to
identify and emphasize the mistakes and errors made by learners' of second languages.
It also refers to the evaluation of the errors of second language learners and the
explanation to students and educators regarding the system of errors (M. Salehi & Ava
B, 2018). Clarifying and explaining the errors made by the second language learners
helps with reaching the target language levels with ease (James, 1988). Through the
help of error analysis, learners will be able to recognize or encrypt the errors made when
learning the target language. Therefore, the main focus of error analysis lays on the
proof obtained from the learners' mistakes and the underlying process of understanding
the target language (S.Karim, 2010). When comparing error analysis with contrastive
analysis, error analysis has better understanding and effect of the native Language on
errors made by the L2 learners (Khansir & Hozhabri , 2014).

For this article,the video obtained is from a local Youtuber living abroad named Nigel
Ng, a 29 year old Malaysian Chinese and a stand-up comedian based in the UK. He
began gaining his fame through his portrayal character of "Uncle Roger", an Asian
middle-aged man by reviewing an egg fried rice video published by the BBC food and
Chef Hersha Patel. Though he speaks the English Language fairly well, his first
language is Chinese and Cantonese. However, with Uncle Roger's creation, he has used
the famous Manglish and Chinese developed dialects to portray the Asian English
Language. His famous video titled "Uncle Roger DISGUSTED by this Egg Fried Rice
Video" has been selected to be reviewed and analyzed.

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Uncle Roger's English is adapted by other culture and Language. Due to his
complexed Language from his native land, his English Language lacks linguistic
features. Malaysian English is also known as Manglish, and rojak language is a fusion of
Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin Tamil. The local English is known for its exaggeration of
words and sounds in the sentences when conversing such as adding the sounds "ma",
"ah", "lorr", "lah" and "aiyo" or exaggeration and doubling of words as "very very" or "so
so". This differs from the usual standard British and American English that is known and
used globally.

2. Data Collection

Due to Uncle Roger’s background and influence of Asian background and native
language, his target language (English language) lacks proper pronunciations and proper
speaking skills of a standard English Language speaker.

Data were collected from a 5 minute 22 seconds Youtube video. The audio was
transcribed from the video into text form. The transcription follows the speaker’s
pronunciation in the video as seen in Appendix A. By using the analysis model, the
transcription has been carefully analyzed and has been illustrated in different types of errors
that focuses on the linguistics descriptions of Errors by dividing into two main types of errors
as follows:
1. Interlingual errors are errors that occur due to the influence caused by the native
language, which disrupts the acquisition of the second language. It is categorized
into three parts which are:

i. Substitution of words
ii. Shortening of long vowels
iii. Transfer of morphological elements

2. Intralingual errors are errors that occur due to the misuse of rules in the target
language. It is focused on the target language alone. It is categorized into two parts
which are:

i. Overgeneralization
ii. Faulty categorization

The following data were analyzed through the forms of errors as well:

1. Omission
2. Addition
3. Substitution

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3. Analysis of Errors Based on the model

The chosen video is transcribed in written form to analyze the errors made in-depth
and detail. The video is originally 7 minutes and 56 seconds long. However, to meet the
criteria, it has been edited and reduced to 5 minutes and 22 seconds long. The written
transcription has been carefully analyzed to find the errors made by the speaker. There
were two-second language speakers found in the audio; however, Uncle Roger was
chosen for this assessment. The transcription has been divided into four parts for better
insight and explanation on the transcription. This section presents the highlighted errors
found in the speaker's transcription, followed by the tables of types and forms of errors
identified.

Picture 3.1

Picture 3.1 shows the errors made by the speaker. Purple highlights indicate the
incorrect sentence structures, missing or adding words. While the yellow highlights indicate
the spelling errors and the bolt words indicates the exaggerated and redundant words. As
seen above, the speaker's native language (L1) errors are affected. The speaker uses the
word or phrase "Haiya!" to exaggerate his feelings at the end of the sentences. The
particular words are redundant to be included in the speech... A common error that could be
found from above is interlingual. His mother tongue highly influences the speaker. This could
be found in his mispronunciation of words such as 'veedio' or 'weedio' instead
of video and 'fry' or 'fy' instead of egg fried rice. It is also seen, the speaker uses same words

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twice in the sentence "Just use finger, finger" when it could have been "Just use your finger
to measure the water level of the rice". Errors such as "Uncle Roger scare ghost but you
scare egg fry rice" falls under incorrect categorization which is a part of the error in
intralingual errors. When asking questions, as "Who afraid", "Why you", "Where your", the
speaker leaves out verbs 'is' or 'are' which results to forms of errors namely omission.
Moreover, in the context of "Who pay 8 pound..", it should have been "Who pays.." This
results in the interlingual error that occurs due to the transfer of the morphological elements
of L1.

Picture 3.2

In Picture 3.2. several sentences lack the nouns and articles and there are repetition
of certain words in the same sentence to express the speaker’s feelings better. As seen
above, the word “punny” is not correctly pronounced or used in this sentence. Due to
negative influence of native language, the word “funny” has been mispronounced as “punny”
and phrases such as ‘I dying laughing’ or I dead now does not fit the context but to express
or exaggerate the feelings. Therefore the correct term would be ‘I am dying of laughter’ and
‘I am dead now’. These are common mistakes done due to the influence of mother tongue.
There are a couple of omissions opted out of the sentences such as “is” in ‘She draining
rice’. Also, instead of conjoining the sentences into one, the speaker has unnecessarily
made the sentences too wordy and long which results in unnecessary errors as found in
“Don’t mess with sauce pan like this lady here. Don’t mess with colander”. The omission of

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the word ‘and’ makes the sentence lengthy. With the word ‘and’ it would be “Don’t mess with
the sauce pan and colander like the lady here.”

Picture 3.3

As seen above, Picture 3.3 has less sentence structure errors compared to the errors made
on the lack of usage of linking verbs, singular, plural and possessive adjectives. The
omission of letter ‘s’ in ‘Who cook’ and omissions of ‘are’, ‘d’ in ‘use’, ‘is’ and ‘a’ are common
errors that could be found above. The sentence ‘this woman, colander on the rice, then
water through the rice’ is a direct translation from the speaker’s native language which falls
under the categorization of interlingual errors. Instead, it should have been ‘..this woman
puts the rice in the colander then ran water through the rice..’. The word put water is
grammatical wrong because it is substituted to the word ‘put’ instead of ‘pour’.

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Picture 3.4

In Picture 3.4 it can be seen there is a repetitive of the word “Haiya!” quite often followed by
the mispronunciation of the word “fy” instead fry or fried as before. Again, errors such as
omission, substitution, and interlingual are spotted in this part of the transcription. There are
omissions of the words ‘are’ and ‘an’ in the sentence “Why you orphan?”, the letter ‘d’ in
‘use’ and ‘scrape’ and ‘is’. Apart from that, the substitution of words ‘cannot’ and ‘teach’
instead of ‘taught’, are also connected to the interlingual errors when put together in
sentences as it is clear that the speaker is influenced by his native language.

4. Findings & Discussion

All of the errors showed in the Picture 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 reflects the speaker’s own
understanding of the second language system. It can be proven that the speaker is highly
influenced by his native language and it affects his target language. Due to his negative
influence from his native language, is speech are mostly direct translated from his native
language. Also, there are certain words to wear he uses the sounds and consonants of the
mandarin words to pronounce certain words in English such as the word “punny”, “poud”,
“funny” and “fy” or “fry”. Mispronunciations of these words may bring out different meanings
or misunderstandings to English language speakers.

Another common error that was found during the analysis was the sentence structure.
The speaker has used complexed sentences in his speech resulting in wordiness and
grammatical errors in the sentences. Also, instead of using conjunctions such as ‘and’, the
speaker prefers to repeat the same sentence again but with different vocabulary which

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makes it redundant in the context. As seen in Picture 3.1,3.2 and 3.3, it is clear there are
more purple highlights which represents the wrong sentence structures followed by the red
and bold corrections words that represents the wrong usage of grammar and verb in the
speech that does not fit in the time frame of the speaker trying to express. Apart from that,
the speaker has repeatedly used the expression ‘Haiya’ to express his feelings of sigh or
tiredness in his speech which isn’t a common words used by English language speakers.

From the evaluation and data collected, the forms and types of errors found in the
transcriptions are interlingual errors, intralingual errors, faulty categorization, omission,
addition and substitution. However, the highest volume of errors occurred are categorized
under interlingual and omission. It is clear that the errors made are influenced by the
speaker’s native languages which are Mandarin and Cantonese. It is proven that the
negative influence of L1 has greatly affected the acquisition of L2. Whereas, it is possible
that the speaker is not aware of the mistakes made as in his opinion, this may be the correct
English language that is spoken whereas it is not.

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5. Conclusion

This study focuses on what error analysis is, the forms and types of errors obtained from
the audio transcription of a Youtube video titled “Uncle Roger DISGUSTED by this Egg Fried
Rice Video” and how native language affects the second language acquisition. From the
study conducted, these are the findings of error analysis that could be summarized as
follows:

 The speaker is greatly influenced by the native language

 Acquisition of L2 is affected by the influence of L1

In short, it is clear that the speaker’s influence of native language is affecting the
acquisition of English Language which results in wrong sentence structure which later
portrays a different meaning, mispronunciation of words that are influenced by the sounds
and consonants of mandarin and Cantonese language and usage of redundant words.
Acquiring second language depends on the environment and experience of the speaker. It is
clear that the speaker’s environment and experiences are more exposed to the usage of
native language more than second language and used to the mixtures of variety of
languages mixed when using the L2 in daily speech resulting in common errors such as
mispronunciations, wrong grammar structures and repetitive words.

In conclusion, it is proven that native language leaves greater effect on L2 and to acquire
the second language, proper rules and elements need to be considered in order to avoid the
errors.

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REFERENCE

James, C.(2013). Errors in language learning and use: Exploring error analysis. New York,
NY: Routledge.

Khan, S.R. , &Khan, M.R. (2016). Error Analysis in English Writing. Internationl
Multidisciplinary Research Journal.

James, C.(2013). Errors in language learning and use: Exploring error analysis. New York,
NY: Routledge.

Khansir, A.A., & Hozhabri, F. (2014). The effect of error correction and Irnina EFL learners
writing achievement. Internationl Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics
World.

Mohammad Salehi & Ava B., (2018), An Error Analysis of Journal Papers written by Persian
Authors, Cogent Arts & Humanities.

Hidayati, S. (2011). Error Analysis on a Short Speech: a Case of an ESL Indonesian

Learner. Manado State University, VOL 5,

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Appendixes

Appendix A:

Video : Uncle Roger DISGUSTED by this Egg Fried Rice Video (BBC FOOD)
By : mrnigelng
link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53me-ICi_f8&t=26s
Speaker : Uncle Roger (Nigel Ng) & Chef Hersha
_________________________________________________________________________

Uncle Roger : My name is Uncle Roger. Today, I will react to a weedo sent to me by a
fan. Is the BBc, good food. How to make egg fry rice veedio. Let’s play
the video.

Chef Hersha : Egg Fried Rice. Don’t be afraid. This is really simple. It’s cheap. It’s
delicious. really satisfying

Uncle Roger : Who afraid of egg fy rice? It’s the most common dish (,) everybody eat(s)
egg fry rice. Who afraid? Why you afraid of egg fry rice? Where your
courage? Uncle Roger scare ghost but you scare egg fry rice. Failure!

Chef Hersha : This is really simple. It’s cheap. It’s delicious. Really satisfying and it’s like
a take away. But, you haven’t paid that great for it.

Uncle Roger : Who pay(s) 8 pound for takeaway egg fy rice? My God! They think money
gow (grow) on tree paying 8 pound for egg fy rice. Haiya!

Chef Hersha : So, a lot of people get afraif of cooking rice. But, You can folloe s really
simple rule which is for very one part of rice you have, you need two parts
of water. It is as simple as that

Uncle Roger : Who? Ugh..why you measure water with cup? Just use finger, finger. You
put rice, put water until finger, first joint the finger. That’s how you
measure the water. Not with British tea cup.

Haiya! First step, all wrong already. I am not confident this video is gonna
be good.

Chef Hersha : Enough rice for around two people.

Uncle Roger : How you don’t wash the rice? Just cook the rice. Now the rice stinky like
you. Where you learn how to make rice? Some white people cooking
school or something.

Chef Hersha : so now the rice is on, it’s time to crack on with the eggs.

Uncle Roger : Oh haha. Crack on. I see what you doing. So punny. So humorous. I
dying laughing. I dead now.

Uncle Roger : I don’t like, Uncle Roger don’t like induction stove. You know those stove
with no fire. Uncle Roger need the fire. Who use induction stove. Is so
lame. So not satisfying. You go camping, you set up campfire. You don’t
set up camp induction stove. Oh,come everybody, come come sit around

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this camp induction stove. Let’s tell story. Let’s make marshmallow.

Chef Hersha : 10 minutes. Wang your eggs in.

Uncle Roger : Wang your..What, What she saying? Wang your eggs in. Don’t put wang
anywhere near your egg fried rice. Don’t wang anything in kitchen. Okay?
That’s how I got fired from chinese restaurant.

Chef Hersha : Onto plate. Leave it to one side.

Uncle Roger : Okay

Chef Kersha : kay, Rice! We are looking good.

Uncle Roger : The rice not looking good. You lying to people. So, Wet.

Chef Hersha : Drain it.

Uncle Roger : DRAIN IT? What she doing? WHAT SHE DOING? Drain the? Oh my god!
You killing me woman. Haiya. She draining rice with colander. Hai(sighs).
How can you drain rice with colander? This is not pasta. Don’t bring
colander into your rice cooking. Haiya. Get a nice rice cooker. Don’t mess
with sauce pan like this lady here. Don’t mess with colander. If your rice
too wet, you recook the rice. No way to save wet rice.

Chef Hersha : There’s quite a lot of starch in it. Which would make it….(interrupted by
Uncle Roger)

Uncle Roger : What the. What the hell?! Why you running water through rice (coughs).
You ruining the rice.

First, you use colander to dry the rice and then you put water then why
bother drying the rice? Who cook rice like this? How did this woman get
on BBC food?

They never ask Uncle Roger. Uncle Roger teach masterclass on making
rice but this woman,colander on the rice, then water through he rice. This
is..oh and oh(sigh).

Uncle Roger sad now.

Chef Hersha : and then you wanna put all the ingredients in. Rice.

Uncle Roger : Oh, the sad gloopy rice that ran through colander. This look okay but look
to healthy. Where your MSG? You don’t use MSG how to make good fry
rice? This is just, White people egg fy rice. MSG is the king of flavor. If
you sad in life, use MSG. If you happy in life, use MSG. Put MSG in
everything. It will turn it better. You just get a baby? Put MSG on baby. It
will be better baby. Smarter.

Chef Hersha : And that’s do

Uncle Roger : You using metal to scrape your sauce pan. Haiya, this is non- stick

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saucepan. Cannot use metal. Haiya! Your, your parents never teach you.
If I use metal on sauce pan at home growing up, I will be disowned. No
more parents. “Why you orphan? I use metal on sauce pan. Mom dont
want me anymore.”

Very few things break Asian people heart, one is when your rice run out.
Number two is when you scrape pen with metal soon. First, my wife leave
me. Now you scrape pan with metal. Haiya. Uncle Roger wanna suicide.

Chef Hersha : So delicious. Im very proud of myself.

Uncle Roger : Why you poud (proud) of yourself. You (sigh). You messed up
everything. You scrape sauce pan with metal. You dry the rice and wet
the rice and dry the rice with colander. You dont use MSG. (sigh) Why
this woman proud of herself? Egg fy rice, uncle roger know how to make
egg fy rice when uncle roger 3 year old and this lady, I dont know 34n
making egg fy rice on induction hub. “I’m so proud of myself” (immitating)

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APPENDIX B:

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53me-ICi_f8&t=127s

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