VISVESVARAYA

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELAGAVI -590014, KARNATAKA
BELAGAVI-590014, KARNATAKA

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022 -23

Seminar Report OF
DEPARTMENT
On
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
“ATM SECURITY USING EYE AND FACIAL RECOGNITION SYSTEM”
CERTIFICATE

SUBMITTED BY
KAVYANJALI CHALWA
This is to certify that the Seminar entitled “ATM SECURITY USING EYE AND FACIAL
RECOGNITION SYSTEM” is a Bonafede (3GN19EC015)
work carried out by KAVYANJALI CHALWA
(3GN19EC015), in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor’s degree in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING of VISVESVARAYA
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM during the year 2022-2023. It is certified
that this Seminar Report has UNDER THE GUIDANCE
been approved as it satisfiesOF
the academic requirements.

Prof. Soni Mankari

Prof.Soni Mankari Prof. Rajendra Kulkarni Dr. Kishan Singh

(Seminar Guide) (Seminar Coordinator) (HOD ECE)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

GURU NANAK DEV ENGINEERING COLLEGE BIDAR, KARNATAKA

ACADEMIC YEAR 2022 -2023

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 Abstract

There is an urgent need for improving security in banking region. With the advent of ATM
though banking became a lot easier it even became a lot vulnerable. The chances of
misuse of this much hyped ‘insecure’ baby product (ATM) are manifold due to the
exponential growth of ‘intelligent’ criminals day by day. ATM systems today use no more
than an access card and PIN for identity verification. This situation is unfortunate since
tremendous progress has been made in biometric identification techniques, including
finger printing, retina scanning, and facial recognition. This paper proposes the
development of a system that integrates facial recognition technology into the identity
verification process used in ATMs. The development of such a system would serve to
protect consumers and financial institutions alike from fraud and other breaches of
security.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The rise of technology in India has brought into force many types of equipment that
aim at more customer satisfaction. ATM is one such machine which made money transactions
easy for customers to bank. The other side of this improvement is the enhancement of the
culprit’s probability to get his ‘unauthentic’ share. Traditionally, security is handled by
requiring the combination of a physical access card and a PIN or other password in order to
access a customer’s account. This model invites fraudulent attempts through stolen cards,
badly-chosen or automatically assigned PINs, cards with little or no encryption schemes,
employees with access to non-encrypted customer account information and other points of
failure.Our paper proposes an automatic teller machine security model that would combine a
physical access card, a PIN, and electronic facial recognition. By forcing the ATM to match a
live image of a customer’s face with an image stored in a bank database that is associated
with the account number, the damage to be caused by stolen cards and PINs is effectively
neutralized. Only when the PIN matches the account and the live image and stored image
match would a user be considered fully verified.

The main issues faced in developing such a model are keeping the time elapsed in the
verification process to a negligible amount, allowing for an appropriate level of variation in a
customer’s face when compared to the database image, and that credit cards which can be
used at ATMs to withdraw funds are generally issued by institutions that do not have in-
person contact with the customer, and hence no opportunity to acquire a photo.Because the
system would only attempt to match two (and later, a few) discrete images, searching through
a large database of possible matching candidates would be unnecessary.

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The process would effectively become an exercise in pattern matching, which would not
require a great deal of time. With appropriate lighting and robust learning software, slight
variations could be accounted for in most cases. Further, a positive visual match would cause
the live image to be stored in the database so that future transactions would have a broader
base from which to compare if the original account image fails to provide a match – thereby
decreasing false negatives. When a match is made with the PIN but not the images, the bank
could limit transactions in a manner agreed upon by the customer when the account was
opened, and could store the image of the user for later examination by bank officials. In
regards to bank employees gaining access to customer PINs for use in fraudulent transactions,
this system would likewise reduce that threat to exposure to the low limit imposed by the
bank and agreed to by the customer on visually unverifiable transactions.

In the case of credit card use at ATMs, such a verification system would not currently be
feasible without creating an overhaul for the entire credit card issuing industry, but it is
possible that positive results (read: significant fraud reduction) achieved by this system might
motivate such an overhaul. The last consideration is that consumers may be wary of the
privacy concerns raised by maintaining images of customers in a bank database, encrypted or
otherwise, due to possible hacking attempts or employee misuse. However, one could argue
that having the image compromised by a third party would have far less dire consequences
than the account information itself. Furthermore, since nearly all ATMs videotape customers
engaging in transactions, it is no broad leap to realize that banks already build an archive of
their customer images, even if they are not necessarily grouped with account information.

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 CHAPTER II
LITRETURE REVIEW
Increasing number of fraud incidents. To address this issue, various security measures have
been implemented, including the use of biometric authentication techniques such as eye and
facial recognition. In this literature review, we will explore the current research in the area of
ATM security based on eye and facial recognition.

Several studies have focused on the use of eye recognition for ATM security. Zhang et al.
(2020) proposed an ATM authentication system based on eye recognition. The proposed
system uses a deep neural network (DNN) to extract features from the eye image, and then
uses these features for authentication. The experimental results showed that the proposed
system achieved high accuracy in identifying users.

Another study by Li et al. (2021) proposed an ATM security system that uses iris recognition.
The system uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract features from the iris image
and then uses these features for authentication. The experimental results showed that the
proposed system achieved high accuracy and is effective in preventing unauthorized access.

Facial recognition has also been studied extensively for ATM security. Liu et al. (2021)
proposed a facial recognition-based ATM security system that uses a deep learning model for
feature extraction and classification. The experimental results showed that the proposed
system achieved high accuracy in recognizing users.

In addition, Chang et al. (2020) proposed a facial recognition-based ATM security system
that uses a combination of local binary pattern (LBP) and histogram of oriented gradients

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(HOG) features for face recognition. The experimental results showed that the proposed
system achieved high accuracy and is robust to various environmental conditions.

Overall, the use of eye and facial recognition for ATM security has shown promising results.
The use of deep learning models and feature extraction techniques has improved the accuracy
of these systems and made them more robust to various environmental conditions. However,
further research is needed to address the potential limitations and security concerns of these
biometric authentication techniques.

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CHAPTER III

FACE RECOGNITION SYSTEMS

FRS is an application that mechanically identifies a person from a digital image or a video outline
from a video source. One of the behaviors to do this method is by matching chosen facial features
from a facial database and the image. In this system, with appropriate lightning and robust
learning. Further a positive visual match would cause the live image to be stored in the database
so that future transactions would have broader base from which to compare if the original account
image fails to provide a match –thereby decreasing.
CHAPTER III
1. AQUAPONICS

Aquaponics is a combination of aquaculture and hydroponic (soil-less plant culture) plant growth
techniques. It doesn’t require soil or any chemicals to produce a large amount of fish and vegetables in
a small space. In aquaponics, the nutrient-rich water that results from raising fish provides a source of
nutrients (Urea) for the nitrogen-consuming bacteria, which helps to clean the water where the fish live
in by breaking down these compounds into nitrates, which then feed the plants and keeps them healthy.
Water consumption is lower and plant density is usually at least twice that of soil-based methods. As
such the combination of aquaculture and hydroponics help to sustain an environment in which they
both can thrive.

Aquaculture + Hydroponics → Aquaponics

Aquaponics is a combination of aquaculture and hydroponic (soil-less plant culture) plant growth
techniques. It doesn’t require soil or any chemicals to produce a large amount of fish and vegetables in
a small space.

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2. NITROGEN CYCLE
The most important biological process in aquaponics is the nitrification process, which is an essential
component of the overall nitrogen cycle seen in nature. Nitrogen (N) is a chemical element and an
essential building block for all life forms. Nitrogen is the most important
inorganic nutrient for all plants. Nitrogen fixation is facilitated by bacteria that chemically alter the N2
by adding other elements such as hydrogen or oxygen, thereby creating new chemical compounds such
as ammonia (NH3) and nitrate (NO3-) that plants can easily use. The ammonia is metabolized by a
specific group of bacteria, which is very important for aquaponics, called nitrifying bacteria. These
bacteria first convert the ammonia into nitrite compounds (NO2 -) and then finally into nitrate
compounds (NO3-). Plants are able to use both ammonia and nitrates to perform their growth
processes, but nitrates are more easily assimilated by their roots.

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CHAPTER IV

PROPOSED SYSTEM

This system consists of PIC 16F877 microcontroller, temperature sensor LM35, pH sensor,
LDR and relays that acts as a switch in controlling the operations. The temperature sensor
keeps sensing the water temperature and the pH sensor is used to detect the pH of the water to
maintain a sustainable environment for fish and plants to live in. When the temperature
sensor detects the value of the range above 35 o C, the microcontroller will control the
temperature by turning on the cooling fan through the relay. On the other hand, if the sensor
detects the value below 35 o C, the microcontroller will switch on the heat source (here 40W
bulb). With the help of an inbuilt timer in PIC, the water in the tank will be changed
automatically for a certain interval of time (say every week or twice a week). The LDR
senses value below 50, the
LED will be switched on. LDR is used for the decorative outcome of this proposed system.
These processes are all controlled and delivered according to the delay time using PIC
microcontroller. IoT helps to collect and monitor the information about conditions such as the
temperature of the water, moisture, the pH level of the water, light source detecting LDR.
The values and the ranges of these sensors will be continuously monitored using IoT. If there

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is any change in the range of the parameters then the microcontroller takes over the control to
set back the optimum range by performing the needful control operations.

CHAPTER V
COMPONENTS

(a) pH sensor:
pH measurements are predominantly conducted with pH-sensitive glass electrodes, which
have, in general, proven satisfactory in measurements of ph. However, the behaviour of pH
sensitive glass electrodes often falls short of what precision is required. Even with the most
careful treatment, the potential of cells containing glass electrodes often drifts slowly with
time after such cells were placed in a new solution. Drift of cell potentials is an especially
severe
problem in investigations dependent on precise observation of small pH differences.
Measurements involving cells with liquid junctions are subject to further uncertainties due to
the dependence of liquid junction potentials upon medium concentration and composition and
due to pressure changes in the system.

(b) CO2 Sensor:

Analog CO2 sensor SKU: SEN0219 is used to measure the concentration of CO2. The
concentration of CO2 is measured in parts per million (ppm). One ppm is equivalent to 1
milligram of something per litre of water (mg/l) or1 milligram of something per kilogram soil
(mg/kg). The characteristics of SEN0219 are waterproof and anti-corrosion, high sensitivity,
low power consumption, stability, temperature compensation, linear output, high life cycle,
anti-water vapour interference and no poisoning. he operating voltage is 4.5-5.5V DC and
average current is <60 mA at 5V, the peak current: 150mA at 5V respectively. The effective
measuring range of CO2 sensor is 0-5000 ppm. The accuracy of the CO2 sensor is ± (50 ppm

+ 3% reading).

(c) Water level sensor:

Sensor is an electrical ON/OFF Switch, which operates automatically when liquid level goes
up or down with respect to specified level. The Signal thus available from the Float Sensor

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can be utilized for control of a Motor Pump or an allied electrical element like Solenoid,
Lamps, and Relays etc. Float Sensors contain hermetical sealed Reed Switch in the stem and
a permanent Magnet in the Float. As the Float rises or falls with the level of liquid the Reed

Switch is activated by Magnet in the Float.

(d) MQ-137 Ammonia sensor:

The Size of sensor is 32mm x 22mm x 30mm – with main chip LM393, and can be used to
detect NH3 gas, working voltage DC 5V. the dissolved ammonia vapours are sensed by the
gas sensor, with the help of proportionality the dissolved ammonia in water can be obtained.

(e) PIC (16F877):

Various microcontrollers offer different kinds of memories. EEPROM, EPROM, FLASH etc.
are some of the memories of which FLASH is the most recently developed. Technology that
is used in pic16F877 is flash technology, so that data is retained even when the power is
switched off. Easy Programming and Erasing are other features of PIC 16F877.

(f) Submersible water pump:

Most commonly, a submersible water pump is used as the heart of an aquaponics units
submersible pump of its capacity would consume 25-50 W/h. A helpful approximation to
calculate energy efficiency for submersible pumps is that a pump can move40 litres of water
per hour for every watt per hour consumed, although some models claim twice this
efficiency. When designing the plumbing for the pump, it is important to realize that pumping
per is reduced at every pipe Fitting; up to 5% of the total flow rate can be lost at each pipe
connection when water is forced through. Thus, use the minimal number of connections
between the pump and the fish tanks. It is also important to note that the smaller the diameter
of the pipes, the larger the water flow loss. A 30mm pipe has twice the flow of a 20mm pipe
even if served from pumps with same capacity. In addition, a larger pipe does not require any
maintenance remove the build-up of solids accumulating inside.

(g) LED
LEDs are used in many places. They are the coloured indicator lights on many electronic
devices, they can be used to make bright advertising signs, brake lights on some newer cars,

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in TVs, and more recently, light bulbs for the home. White LEDs bright enough to illuminate
rooms are usually more expensive than regular lightbulbs but they last longer and burn less
electricity. LEDs, which make their own light, should not be confused with LCDs, which
block light. Some displays, however, mix the two technologies, using LEDs to backlight the
LCD.

Today, some LEDs are surface-mount devices (SMD), so they can be very small.

CHAPTER VI
METHODOLOGY

This system consists of Arduino uno, Zigbee module, sensor module, LCD as a local display,
Central monitoring station, 2-stage rack, pump, hydroponic plants, fishes and bacteria.
Arduino uno control module is composed of 14 digital pins leads out I/O ports. Our proposed
project first uses five sensors to detect the parameters of water. On sensing the sensor passes
this data to the Arduino Uno. The Arduino uno then processes this data and compares with
the optimum range for these parameters if the values of quantities are in the optimum range.
Than the control module passes this data to central station using ZigBee and also displays the
values in the lcd display, takes no control action. If the quantities value is below or above the
optimum range is close the Arduino Uno sends a control signal to turn the pump on and the
pump remain in this state until all the parameters reach back to optimum level. The basic
concept is fishes produce and release ammonitic waste in the water this pollutes water and
then kills fishes. So this leads to periodic change of water with freshwater must be done this
consumes too much electric power and requires large volume of water periodically so certain
hydroponic plants which needs nitrogen based manure in large quantities are grown along
with aquaculture so that water is transferred to hydroponic system certain bacteria’s are used
in hydroponic system that converts the ammonia into nitrates and nitrites these are absorbed
by the plants directly filtering water than this water can be re-transferred back to the
aquaculture tank, this reduces amount of water required, saves cost of manures for plants
produce economic benefits from plants grown, the exchange of water is based on the values
of different quantities

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CHAPTER VII
RESULT

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CHAPTER VIII
1. ADVANTAGES

Aquaponics is a sustainable method of food production that combines aquaculture (raising

aquatic animals such as fish) and hydroponics (growing plants without soil). Smart
aquaponics systems take this concept a step further by incorporating advanced technology to
optimize and automate the production process. Here are some advantages of smart
aquaponics systems:

• Increased Efficiency: Smart aquaponics systems use sensors, monitors, and

automation to optimize the production process, resulting in higher yields and
increased efficiency. For example, the system can automatically adjust the water
temperature, pH levels, and nutrient levels based on the needs of the fish and plants.

• Reduced Labour: With the automation provided by smart aquaponics systems, the
need for manual labour is significantly reduced. This not only saves time and effort
but also reduces the cost of production.

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 • Sustainable: Aquaponics is an inherently sustainable method of food production as it
uses less water and energy than traditional farming methods. Smart aquaponics
systems take this one step further by using renewable energy sources such as solar
power to operate.

• Year-round Production: Smart aquaponics systems can be operated indoors, allowing

for year-round production regardless of weather conditions. This is especially
advantageous for areas with harsh climates or limited growing seasons.

• Scalability: Smart aquaponics systems can be designed to fit the needs of both small
scale and large-scale production, making it a versatile option for farmers and
entrepreneurs.

2. DISADVANTAGES

While smart aquaponics systems have many advantages, there are also some potential
disadvantages to consider:

• High Initial Investment: Smart aquaponics systems require significant upfront

investment in technology, infrastructure, and equipment. This can be a barrier to entry
for some farmers or entrepreneurs who do not have access to the necessary capital.

• Technical Complexity: Smart aquaponics systems involve complex technology, including

sensors, monitors, and automation systems. This can be challenging for individuals without a
technical background to set up and maintain.

• Dependence on Technology: The success of smart aquaponics systems depends heavily on

technology, and any malfunction or failure can have a significant impact on production. This
dependence on technology also means that farmers and entrepreneurs
need to stay up-to-date with the latest advancements and updates in the field.

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• Limited Crop Variety: While aquaponics can grow a wide range of crops, some plants may not
grow as well in this system as they would in soil-based farming. This can limit the variety of
crops that can be grown in a smart aquaponics system.

• Dependence on Fish Health: Aquaponics relies on healthy fish to provide the necessary nutrients
for plant growth. If the fish become sick or die, the entire system can be affected, resulting in
reduced crop yields or complete system failure.

Overall, smart aquaponics systems offer many benefits, but they also have some potential
disadvantages that need to be considered before investing in this technology.

3. APPLICATIONS
Smart aquaponics systems can be applied in a variety of settings, including:

• Urban Agriculture: Smart aquaponics systems can be set up in urban areas, allowing
for fresh produce to be grown locally and reducing the carbon footprint associated
with transporting food from rural areas.

• Commercial Farming: Smart aquaponics systems can be used in commercial farming

settings to optimize production and reduce labour costs.

• Educational Institutions: Smart aquaponics systems can be used as educational tools in

schools and universities to teach students about sustainable agriculture and
technology.

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 • Community Gardens: Smart aquaponics systems can be used in community gardens to
provide fresh produce for local residents and promote community involvement in
sustainable agriculture.

• Home Gardening: Smart aquaponics systems can also be used in home gardening
settings, allowing individuals to grow fresh produce in their own homes and reduce
their dependence on store-bought produce.

Overall, smart aquaponics systems can be applied in a variety of settings to promote

sustainable
agriculture, reduce environmental impact, and provide fresh produce to local communities.

CONCLUSION

The electronic approach in the traditional aquaponic system that helps in evicting the existing
problems faced in aquaponic farming. It encourages people to produce two streams of
income, fish and vegetable rather than just one with advanced IoT monitoring system. For
this, the setup of the fish tank in the aquaponics system is done primarily. By the application
of Internet of Things in the system, it has been possible to view the readings from anywhere
in the world and also it provides the graphical and analytical view of the parameters in this
system. The internet of things is the modern growth among technological fair. Its part in the
development of relative and routine information is all available through cloud storage as data
content, it further makes it easy to utilize and get to know the future improvement in the

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technological domain. IoT can also play a major role in the natural composition by this
Aquaponics culture for the reputed genre of future resources

FUTURE SCOPE

The scope of the project is in the places where soil erosion and fertility of the soil is the main
problem. Also, the monetary issues of the farmers get resolved. In this way we acquire
natural food by this system, also the use of pesticides and other chemicals are avoided so
anyway this also keeps a proper health among the people. So, in the end we acquire natural
food, good health and extra source of income with the help of this system.

Advancements in Technology: The continued advancement of technology, such as artificial

intelligence and machine learning, could further optimize smart aquaponics systems by
predicting and controlling environmental conditions for improved plant growth and fish
health.

Integration with Vertical Farming: Smart aquaponics systems could be integrated with
vertical farming, allowing for even more efficient use of space and increased production.

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Expansion to Arid Regions: Smart aquaponics systems could be used to grow crops in arid
regions where traditional farming methods are not feasible due to water scarcity and harsh
weather conditions.

Collaboration with Aquaculture Industry: Collaboration between the aquaculture industry and
smart aquaponics systems could lead to improved fish health and increased production,
creating new opportunities for sustainable food production.

Greater Adoption by Consumers: As consumers become more aware of the benefits of

sustainable food production, the demand for smart aquaponics systems could increase,
leading to more widespread adoption and production.

REFERENCES

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(Atmosphere, 2020)

2.Climate-Smart Agriculture. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.fao.org/:

http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture/en/

3.C. Béné. The resilience of local food systems and links to food security – A review of some
important concepts in the context of COVID-19 and other shocks. (Food Security,2020). 12.
805–822

4.CNN Philippines Staff. (2020, Jul 16). 59M Filipinos experienced ’food insecurity,’ highest
in Southeast Asia — UN report. Retrieved from https://cnnphilippines.com/news/

5.FAO Statistics. (2021). Policy Support and Governance Gateway. Retrieved from
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6.Why Population Matters to Food Security. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://toolkits.knowledgesuccess.org:
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7.D. Fróna, J. Szenderák, M.Harangi-Rákos. The Challenge of Feeding the World.

(Sustainability, 2019)

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from GOV.PH: https://www.da.gov.ph/agri-chief-envisions-smart-farms-run-by-millennials-
xgens-2/

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