ORTHODONTIA. ORAL HABITS AS A REASON OF MALOCCLUSION.

Bad Habits Effect

Lip biting Lips become dry and crack, teeth become crowded and wear away.
Nail biting Teeth become crowded and wear away.
Upper teeth flare out, lower teeth and lip turn inwards. Calling for
Thumb Sucking
an orthodontic treatment in future.
Occupational habits: holding pins, nails,
Teeth get indented and loss of tooth structure.
screws, thread between teeth
Sipping carbonated beverages (soft Causes dissolution of tooth structure and sugars allow cavities to
drinks) form rapidly.
Ice causes teeth to become brittle and dehydrate, eventually leading
Biting on ice
to cracking and tooth fractures.
Using sweetened pacifier for long
Continuous supply of sugars leads to low pH (acidic environment)
hours/frequent intake of candies, sugars,
in the mouth leading to dental decay.
etc
Leads to severe tooth loss on all or some opposing teeth. In
Jaw clenching/ Grinding/ Bruxism
addition, severe jaw muscle pain and soreness.
Leads to cheek ulceration and in severe cases a growth which can
Cheek Biting
predispose to precancerous lesions.
Leads to hypersensitivity in teeth and loss of tooth structure near
Brushing with hard bristles
the roots (abrasion).
Brushing with immense pressure in a Leads to hypersensitivity in teeth and loss of tooth structure near
horizontal direction the roots (abrasion).
Toothpastes have Fluoride for anticavity effect. If swallowed it can
Swallowing toothpaste esp. Fluoridated lead to higher than required levels of Fluorine in bones and teeth
leading to pathologies.
Bad breath could be due to a lot of causes: liver disease, lung
Neglecting Bad odor
disease, smoking, uncontrolled diabetes etc.
Tobacco chewing Is a major cause of many life threatening oral cancers.
Cigarette smoking One of the biggest factors predisposing to cancers.
Misusing tooth picks/ pencil or pen
Loss of tooth structure, spacing in teeth, gums recede.
chewing
Analgesics are acidic, placement without swallowing can provide
Placing pain killers/medicines in mouth
pain relief but can lead to chemical burns and painful ulcers in the
for long periods
mouth.
Neglecting growths/ ulcers/ bleeding in These should be carefully diagnosed and treated to rule out any
mouth major pathology.
Good Habits Effects
Brushing not only cleans the teeth but also massages the gums,
Brushing Regularly
promoting oral health.
Applying moderate force with a Light pressure is of little use and heavy force deteriorates tooth
medium hardness bristle brush substance.
Cleans away the spaces between and within teeth and protects the
Brushing in circular and vertical fashion
gums and necks of teeth from injury.
Changing brush once in 3 months To promote good cleaning ability of the brush.
Using mouthwashes/ floss/ rinsing aids For even better hygiene.
Refraining from tobacco Prevention is better than cure. No tobacco…no problem.
Visiting a dentist regularly Regular checkups and review helps treat problems in the nib.
Sugars are the food for microbial growth and hence dental decay.
Limiting frequency of sugar intake If sugar is consumed less frequently, microbes will have a problem
sustaining.
Regular rinsing of mouth after every This will wash away all the food debris still clinging on to the
meal if brushing is not feasible tooth surfaces.
Timed, lighted, musical brushes for
Keep children interested in brushing.
children
Fluoridated mouthwashes and
Makes teeth stronger and more resistant to dental decay.
toothpaste for children
Discouraging bad oral habits like
Prevents crowding of teeth and other problems.
digit/thumb/pencil sucking, etc.

Vocabulary
orthodontia (orthodontics)- the branch of dentistry concerned with the treatment of irregularities of the
teeth and jaws;
overjet- the extent of horizontal (anterior-posterior) overlap of the maxillary central incisors over
the mandibular central incisors;
flare out-widen - become broader or wider or more extensive
nib /nɪb/ - the metal point of a pen.
cribs, speech therapy, and oral myofunctional therapy can be used to motivate children to give up this
habit in individualized manners;
proclination- the condition of being inclined forward;
retroclination- the condition of being inclined backward.

1. Find the pronunciation of the following words in the dictionary and translate them

abnormality, estimate, adults, vital, community, biochemistry, gradually, prosthodontics,

manufacture, orthodontics, conservation, preventive, fluoride, resin, porcelain, anesthetic,
amalgam, purity.

2. Translate the following word combinations

a branch of medicine; one person in three; to undergo general medical training; a health
problem; missing teeth; a highly-trained person; the health of the community; the
chemical reactions in the body; straightening teeth; operations on the teeth, gums, jaws
and other nearby parts; the structure of the mouth and teeth.
3. Give the synonyms to the following words: 

branch, disease, tooth decay, to estimate, adults, a highly-trained person, to undergo,

unhealthy, gradually.
 READING AND WRITING
ORTHODONTIA ORAL HABITS AS A REASON OF MALOCCLUSION.

The mouth is one of the most important parts of the body. Not only does it aid in receiving and crushing
food but also in proper speech and tasting. Our oral cavity is a window to the human body.  Not only is it an
important part, but it also is a place where trouble can start.  Many illnesses present themselves in the
mouth. In other words, the mouth can show what is going on in the body.  One example is if the patient is
anemic, then the mouth has a pale appearance.  The mouth should have a normal coral pink-colored mucosa
(mucous membrane).  
Poor oral habits include a wide spectrum of habits including, thumb sucking, finger sucking, blanket
sucking, tongue sucking, soother/pacifier use, lip sucking, lip licking, mouth breathing, and nail biting,
among others. These habits can alter the normal muscle balance in the face, resulting in an orofacial
myofunctional disorder, which can have a negative impact on facial growth. Thumb sucking is the most
recognized oral habit that is widely understood to negatively affect the growth of the jaws and the teeth.
When the thumb is in the mouth it displaces the tongue so it is not resting fully in the palate. The long term
position of the thumb in the mouth pushes the upper front teeth forward and the lower front teeth backward
in the mouth. Keeping these habits in mind can lead to better oral hygiene and, subsequently, a healthy life.
Bad habits should never be encouraged. Infants and young children frequently engage in unconscious oral
habits due to some prepotential reflexes, lack of feeding, and fear or unpleasantness. Thumb sucking, a
habit occurring in childhood, can be replaced by other activities as the child matures. Individuals with this
oral habit often display bite marks and deformation of the fingers or thumb. Thumb sucking displaces the
tongue to a low position. The change in the balance between the outward thrust of the tongue on the palate
and the inward activity of the muscles of the cheeks can affect the upper arch, which frequently results in
protrusion of the upper incisors and the premaxilla, atypical swallowing, anterior open bite, and posterior
crossbite. The posterior teeth may extrude since the placement of the thumb between the upper and lower
arch decreases occlusal contact. Downward and backward rotation of the mandible may occur. The
malocclusion caused by finger sucking is different from that caused by thumb sucking.
Tongue thrust is a condition during swallowing where the tongue gets in touch with any teeth anterior to
the molars. The correlation between this habit and malocclusion is probably reciprocal, meaning that
tongue habit may cause malocclusion and malocclusion might contribute to the generation of the habit.
Tongue thrust may have an influence on oral sensory perception, which can leads to a change in motor
activity, exacerbating the degree of malocclusion. Surgical or orthodontic modification of the oral
environment, mechanical restraints or reminders such as cribs, speech therapy, and oral myofunctional
therapy can be used to motivate children to give up this habit in individualized manners.
Lip habit includes sucking or biting of the lips or cheeks, among which biting of the lower lip is most
common. In patients presenting with lower lip sucking, strong contractions of the lower lip’s orbicularis
muscle and the mentalis muscle are induced, leading to proclination of maxillary teeth and retroclination of
the mandibular teeth, increased overjet, maxillary generalized spacing, mandibular incisor irregularity, and
deepening of the labiomental sulcus. Upper lip sucking, on the contrary, may cause restriction of the
maxillary development and anterior crossbite. It is normal to see constriction of the upper and lower arch,
and posterior open bite in patients with cheek sucking and biting. A lip bumper appliance can be used to
break this bad habit. Habitual mouth breathing generally occurs with obstruction of the nasal airway caused
by various diseases, such as adenoid and palatine tonsillar hypertrophy, rhinitis and nasosinusitis, and
hypertrophy of nasal turbinate. Unilateral mastication habit is a phenomenon where an individual chews
exclusively on one side, which can be attributable to pain caused by serious dental caries or inconvenience
in chewing due to retained root tips or severely decayed crowns on the unused side. Buccal crossbite is also
one reason for this oral habit. Hypertrophy on the chewing side and atrophy of the non-used side can lead to
facial asymmetry, unilateralcross bite and deviation of the lower midline. New appliances have also been
introduced to address malocclusion in the deciduous and mixed dentition, including the myofunctional
trainer and eruption guidance appliance. Since these appliances are simple and economical, they are
proposed for use in eliminating oral dysfunction, establishing muscular balance, restoring normal overjet
and overbite, correcting or decreasing maxillary incisor protrusion and anterior crowding. But the cases
must be carefully selected, and the operator should be well trained in their use.
4. Put the verb in brackets in the correct form: infinitive (with or without «to»), or -ing.

1 .My family is trying _______ (decide) where to go on holiday.

2. I like ___________(go) somewhere different for a change.
3. Children are very often afraid of__________ (visit) a dentist.
4. We began __________ (discuss) possible complications of the disease.
5. He agreed __________ (start) the treatment as soon as possible.
6. (Eat) __________a balanced diet is important for those who want to have strong and healthy teeth.
7. It is necessary _______(take) this medicine after meals.
8. The dentist told me ________(be) more careful when ________(brush) teeth.
9. Fluoride is very important in _______(prevent) caries.
10. I enjoy _________(see) places I have never seen before.

5. Underline the correct participle

1. I've always been interesting/interested in wild life, especially elephants.
2. He said he was satisfied/satisfying with his students' progress.
3. I was horrifying/horrified to learn that we had narrowly escaped death.
4. You look confusing/confused. Haven't you understood what I'm talking about?
5. Her exam results were rather disappointing/disappointed. She has to retake the exam in September.
6. The students have to answer the following/followed questions.
7. The doctor came to the conclusion that patients who were treating/treated with the new drug recovered
much quicker.
8. Some patients who were administering/administered this medicine felt dizziness.
9. Fluoride is adding / added to drinking water as a health measure.

LISTENING

Video: 6 Bad Habits That Are Ruining Your Teeth https://youtu.be/Q-NbsDp_tf0

Listening: Listening for the Main Idea: 
What is the talk mainly about?
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Listening for Details: Take notes of the ideas about Bad Habits
Be ready to answer the questions.
1. Which bad habits damage your teeth?
2. What can ice chewing lead to?
3. Why do people bite their nails?
Finish the sentences
 1. Breathing through the mouth can...
2. Sucking on lemons lead to...
3. Nails biting habit is...

Post-listening: Discussion
Share your notes and discuss the main idea/details. 
Write one critical thinking question and discuss it in your group. 
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https://www.odontobebe.com/2019/05/oral-habits-and-malocclusion-in-children.html
https://humanhealthproject.org/oral-habits/
https://youtu.be/Q-NbsDp_tf0