Sahar Attia · Zeinab Shafik

Asmaa Ibrahim
Editors

New Cities
and Community
Extensions
in Egypt and
the Middle East
Visions and Challenges
Chapter 10
Reusing Lost Urban Space

Rana Sameeh, Mostafa Gabr, and Sherine Aly

Abstract  The city is one of the greatest products of human civilization that has
been built to provide services; safety and comfort. However, uncontrolled urban
growth caused some anonymous, and unsightly images of the cities among which
are underused, abandoned, or deserted urban space. Public space in cities reflects
social life, and hosts community interaction; the absence of social interaction
changes the public space to wasted and lost spaces. Wasted urban space leads to the
discontinuity of the urban fabric creating meaningless unstructured landscapes
within the city’s urban fabric. Wasted space is the unrecognized areas of land that
are in need of redesign; their value is derived from their potential in vitalizing and
connecting their surrounding urban context.
The research significance lies in recognizing the importance of community urban
open spaces, their value and impact. The research also addresses the reuse and the
regeneration of lost urban spaces in order to enhance the physical and social quality
of life in urban open space. In addition, the reuse of in-between left over space is an
incremental process that is addressed in building totally new cities which follow
phasing development plans; as well as vitalizing the land of already existing cities.
Connecting or stitching the discontinuous urban fabric, represents an exploratory
process in the relationship between infrastructure and the urban fabric and seeks to
establish an architectural solution to leftover spaces within the city. In doing so, the
research establishes a framework (criteria) for reuse of lost urban space by imple-
menting an inductive and deductive analytical methodology applied to relevant
examples and case studies of lost urban space.

Keywords  Lost urban space · Reuse · Urban open space · Stitching urban fabric ·
Revitalizing cities · Rehabilitation of open space

R. Sameeh (*) · M. Gabr · S. Aly

Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt
e-mail: rana.sameeh@icloud.com

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 181

S. Attia et al. (eds.), New Cities and Community Extensions in Egypt
and the Middle East, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77875-4_10
182 R. Sameeh et al.

10.1  Introduction

Over the years, the change in economic, industrial, and employment patterns;
affected urban centres and disrupted the continuity of urban form. The percentage of
green and open urban spaces in dense cities is decreasing dramatically due to the
urban sprawl and unplanned rapid city growth. The uncontrolled haphazard exten-
sions over the urban space and green areas fragments the structure of the urban pat-
tern resulting in unexpected leftover space; as well as urban fabric discontinuities.
The aim of the research is to provide a methodological process for reusing lost
urban space to create integrated community urban spaces. This process helps to
achieve several objectives mainly: (1) to provide more green open space by using
existing urban fabric in the city; (2) to provide open spaces that can improve the
quality of life in the public realm and enhance the pedestrian experience; (3) to
achieve a continuous and connected urban fabric within city centers and in new cit-
ies; and (4) finally to emphasize and exhibit the potentials of lost urban space.
Lost urban spaces are considered valuable resources, applying the principles for
developing lost urban spaces differs from one context to another. The research
hypothesizes that not all principles are applicable in every urban context. In order to
achieve its objectives, the researched employed a methodology based on an intense
literature review followed by comparative and qualitative analyses. The literature
review helps to establish a framework for the study of lost urban spaces. Then, the
framework is applied on three international and national case studies.

10.2  Lost Urban Space

Some definitions of lost urban spaces emphasize the emptiness of the space and others
emphasize the fact that the spaces are abandoned without urban activity or contami-
nated. Several planners and architect gave different definitions and descriptions to the
term “lost urban space” according to their perception; this is illustrated in Fig. 10.1.
This research will follow Roger Trancik’s definition; which provided a general
definition inclusive of all the meanings from the other definitions.

Fig. 10.1  Theoreticians’ definitions to the term “lost urban space” (Authors)
10  Reusing Lost Urban Space 183

“Lost urban space is the leftover unstructured landscape that failed to connect its
surroundings; they are the undesirable urban areas that are in need of redesign since
they provide tremendous opportunities for redevelopment.” (Trancik 1986).

10.3  Historical Background

Historically; the emergence of lost urban spaces is a cumulative process that does
not occur suddenly; it takes place during the development of cities throughout the
history and until the present time more and more lost urban space are developing in
our cities. Generally, the history of lost urban spaces can be related to two phenom-
ena: Firstly, the evolution of city planning and the change in city plans which lead
to the emergence of vacant land that was left until the rest of the city was formed,
and; Secondly, laces that were originally designed within the urban fabric but
became abandoned or underused due to certain historical events or certain changes
in their surroundings. (Nefs 2006; Matthew Carmona 2011).

10.4  Factors that Shape Lost Urban Space

Lost urban spaces exist due to five major factors: (1) an increased dependency on
automobiles; (2) the attitude of architects of the modern movement towards open
space; (3) zoning and land-use policies of the urban renewal period that divided the
city; (4) an unwillingness on the part of public and private institutions to assume
responsibility for the public urban environment; and (5) an abandonment of indus-
trial, military or transportation sites in the inner city core. (Trancik 1986; Tiesdell
2007; Michael Larice 2013).

10.5  Types of Lost Urban Space

Several planners and architects have discussed different types of lost urban spaces
that have emerged within the urban fabric. The research summarized those types in
Fig. 10.2.

10.6  Approaches from Different Planners

There are different visions among architects and planners concerning lost urban
space, each one discussed a point of view from a certain aspect of the problem as
shown in the diagram in Fig. 10.3.
184 R. Sameeh et al.

Fig. 10.2  Typology of lost urban space (Authors)

Fig. 10.3  Timeline of approaches addressing lost urban space (Authors)

10  Reusing Lost Urban Space 185

Fig. 10.4  Integrated design approach (Trancik 1986; Matthew Carmona 2011)

10.7  An Integrated Design Approach

The integrated design approach demonstrated in Fig. 10.4 was deduced from theo-
retical reviews, analysis of case studies and precedents. It is based on three theories
first put by Rob Krier (1979) then used by Roger Trancik. The approach combines
the spatial definition of the figure ground theory with the connective qualities of
the linkage theory and the social responsiveness of the place theory.
(The three theories indicated above need to be elaborated differently and in more
detail for the book as well as their illustrative diagrams)

10.8  Proposed Strategy Applied to Lost Urban Space

Infill, repurposing and renewal of existing structures are major strategies for the
creation of successful integrated public open spaces, which can be elaborated as
follows:
–– Urban infill is defined as new development that is sited on vacant or undevel-
oped land within an existing community, and that is enclosed by other types of
development. Fig. 10.5) The term “urban infill” implies that most of the existing
land is mostly built-out and what is being built is in effect “filling in” the gaps.
186 R. Sameeh et al.

Fig. 10.5  Infill development diagram (authors)

Fig. 10.6  Repurposing diagram (authors)

–– Reuse: It is the process of reusing (or readapting) an old site or building for a
‘purpose’ other than which it was designed for. (see Fig.  10.6) (Dara Rourke
2002; Lawrence Perkins 2016).

–– Renewal: It is the application of several principles resulting in the revitalization

of any or all portions of the urban structure which are not fulfilling the functions
for which they were designed. (see Fig. 10.7) (Miller 1959). Urban renewal gen-
erally applies to inner-city areas, located in historical districts including non-­
residential as well as residential land uses.
The criteria are drawn from leading urban planners and designers, dense cities
comprehensive framework and the project for public space place diagram as shown
in Figs. 10.8, 10.9 and 10.10, and the final criteria is shown in Fig. 10.11.
10  Reusing Lost Urban Space 187

Fig. 10.7  Renewal diagram (authors)

Fig. 10.8  Criteria from different planners (Authors)

10.9  Examples

Three examples were selected to elaborate on the application of the integrated

design approach theories at various scales, as illustrated in Fig. 10.12. The Figure
Ground theory is best illustrated in Al Azhar Park in Egypt, the Linkage Theorywas
best illustrated in the High Line Park in USA, whereas Samir Kassir Square in
Lebanon was the best illustration of the Place Theory. Important distinctions of use
and theme also occur between the prototypes of the examples, since that the use and
theme have a direct impact on the redesign of lost urban space. The examples were
also selected based on: availability of data, location, type of strategy used (Renewal,
Repurposing, Infill), various forms and scales, impact of the reuse, approach to the
problem and models of intervention.
188 R. Sameeh et al.

Fig. 10.9  Place diagram (PPS 2016)

10.9.1  T
 he Implementation of Place Theory on Samir Kassir
Square, Beirut, Lebanon

Given its location in the recently reconstructed Beirut Central District, Samir Kassir
Square or Square Four, designed by Vladimir Djurovic, acts as a prominent gate-
way, welcoming people to the heart of the reborn city of Beirut, Lebanon. Fig. 10.13.
Atthe onset of Weygand Street, between ancient ruins, new modern buildings,
mosques and churches, Samir Kassir Square emerges. (ASLA 2007). The challenge
of this project was to create a quiet refuge on a limited piece of land surrounded by
buildings, while addressing the prominent street frontage that it occupies (see
Fig. 10.14). (Vladimir Djurovic 2007).
As a result of the civil wars that destroyed many parts of central Beirut, Samir
Kassir Square emerged as one of the redesigned spaces among the SolidereCompany
Development Projects. It was inspired by the existing historic Ficus trees.
10  Reusing Lost Urban Space 189

Fig. 10.10  Criteria from the dense cities comprehensive framework (Im-Sik Cho 2016)
190 R. Sameeh et al.

After discussing the strategies for reframing lost urban space, there was a need
for attributes and detailed criteria in order to apply those strategies. Accordingly, the
research referred back to two sources for the attributes and criteria and each source
was used for a purpose; the place diagram by the project for public space and it was
used to provide with the main attributes and detailed criteria of the framework and
the dense cities comprehensive framework was used as a source of the analysis and
evaluation methods of the framework. The research will then merge the two sources
and come out with the final framework of the study.

Fig. 10.11  Final criteria diagram (Authors)

Fig. 10.12  The three examples (Archdaily 2016)

10  Reusing Lost Urban Space 191

Fig. 10.13  Location of Samir Kassir square (Google earth 2016)

Fig. 10.14  Samir Kassir

square (Vladimir Djurovic
2007)

10.9.2  I mplementation of Linkage Theory on High Line Park,

New York, USA

The High Line is a linear park located on the Lower West Side of Manhattan,
New York (see Fig. 10.15). It was designed by landscape architect James Corner
Field. It was redesigned to become an aerial greenway and connection corridor;
as well as; a rails-to-trails park. No trains have traveled the tracks of the high line
192 R. Sameeh et al.

Fig. 10.15  Location of the High line park (Google earth 2016)

since 1980, and it was threatened by demolition. Then the ‘Friends of the High
Line’ was formed to bring the out-of-use viaduct back to function as a walkway and
green corridor. The park’s design achieved great integration between the users and
the surrounding landscape allowing people to enjoy a serene and pleasant experi-
ence within the greeneries (Fig. 10.16).

10.9.3  I mplementation of Figure Ground Theory on Al Azhar

Park Cairo; Egypt

The park was named after the great ‘Al Azhar Mosque’, it is located to the north of
the Al-Darb Al Ahmar area. The aim of the infill of the Azhar Park site was the
master planning and landscape design for the environmental rehabilitation of the
site and its transformation into a significant public green space in the center of Cairo
as in (see Figs. 10.17 and 10.18).
For more than ten centuries the site of the Azhar Park remained untouched by the
residents surrounding it and it was used as a dumping ground for rubble. In 1984,
Aga Khan announced his plan to reclaim the wasteland and create a public park for
the dense populated area that surround it.
According to the previous overview, Samir Kassir Square was the best illustra-
tion of the place theory, since that the design of the space was based upon both a
historical meaning; the existing historical sculptural trees and a significant memory;
10  Reusing Lost Urban Space 193

Fig. 10.16  Nodes from the High line park (The High Line 2016)

Fig. 10.17  Left: Site plan of the park (Google Earth 2016); Right: aerial view of the park, (www.
akdn.org)

of the late Samir Kassir Professor and columnist in the adjacent building to the park.
The linkage theory was best illustrated in the High Line Park, where the park acted
as an urban corridor linking different districts and nodes. The figure ground theory
was best illustrated in Al Azhar Park, where the urban void of the park was shaped
by the form of the surrounding condensed buildings and the remains of the old
194 R. Sameeh et al.

Fig. 10.18  Azhar Park main axis (www.akdn.org)

city walls. Whereas important distinctions of use and theme also occurred between
the prototypes of the examples, since that the use and theme have a direct impact on
the redesign of lost urban space.
The following checklists (see Figs. 10.19 and 10.20) review the applicability of
the literature criteria on the given examples with the following initials for each
example; Samir Kassir: SK, The High Line: HL and Al Azhar Park: (The number (0)
means that the feature addressed is not present in the case study whereas number (1)
means that the design feature is present in the case study addressed).

10.10  Discussion of Findings

In Samir Kassir Square, the scale of the project was relatively smaller than the other
projects, but the impact of the space on the area was successful. The square made
the area more vital and maintained connectivity with its developed new and old sur-
roundings. The High Line Park succeeded in integrating the landscape and users. It
provided a completely pedestrianized space that is safe, connects people to other
destinations and is well separated from car routes. The Azhar Park had two phases,
when the park first opened elements were stolen from the park from the surrounding
slums since that the area around the park was not developed and was poorly served.
Afterwards the development of Al Darb Al Ahmar area was inaugurated and the
park and its surrounding area were successfully maintained.
10  Reusing Lost Urban Space 195

Fig. 10.19  Urban design criteria checklist part I (authors)

196 R. Sameeh et al.

Fig. 10.20  Urban design criteria checklist part II (authors)

10  Reusing Lost Urban Space 197

In conclusion, even though the three examples did not achieve all the criteria in
the checklist but they proved to be successful reuses of lost urban space and they
also proved that reusing lost urban spaces not only depends on the condition of the
space itself but on its surroundings and how the reuse impacts those surroundings.

10.11  Conclusion

This chapter demonstrates the transformation of lost space into integrated commu-
nity open space either by renewal, repurposing or infill. The transformation might
be successful and maintain its function, or it might need to extend and impact the
surroundings of the given site. The three previous examples were originally differ-
ent types of lost urban spaces but in spite of their varying scale and different design
approaches, they became focal nodes of attraction in their districts and managed to
link their surroundings coherently. Through an integrated design process, lost urban
spaces that are formed by infrastructure, landscape, and architecture can be treated
as sites that promote urban activity. With visible reminders of the past problems of
urbanization, it will be important to maintain focus upon integrated design. As the
urban population grows, the transformation of lost urban spaces into desirable sites
of urban activity should continue to be a top priority among designers.
The research recommends the implementation of an integrated approach com-
bining the spatial definition of the figure ground theory with the connective qualities
of the linkage theory, and the social responsiveness of the place theory, whicn can
be summarized as follows:
• The approach should integrate new elements with old in order to express the
concept of time.
• The integrated approach could also be achieved by increments or phasing, as in
using small scale steps like the renewal, repurposing or selective infill of a cer-
tain landscape instead of a complete redevelopment that could often segregate
the patterns of the urban space.
• Finally, the quality of design on the urban space should be integrated in the deci-
sion making process to balance between functional and economic considerations.
• In the concluding remarks you should try to link the findings to the design
of urban space in new communities and new settlements. How will this
research benefit planners and designers and decision makers in new cities?

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