1. According to Ghassemi, R & Hemmatgoshan, Z.

In any society there is a link between

social-intellectual and ideological views and discursive structures in media. It indicates
that mass media are tools for expanding the ideology in the society because, facing the
same issue, they take different positions according to their interests.

Ghassemi & Hemmatgoshan (2019) assert that there is a connection between social-
intellectual and ideological ideas and discursive structures in media in every society. Given that people
adopt various stances in response to the same issue depending on their interests, it suggests that the
mass media are instruments for spreading ideology in society. https://eric.ed.gov/?
q=social+media+and+political+views+&id=EJ1249000

Ghassemi, R., & Hemmatgoshan, Z., (2019, October). Language in Media: A Tool
for Expressing Political Views, Education Resource Information Center. https://eric.ed.gov/?
q=social+media+and+political+views+&id=EJ1249000

2. Base on the study of Intyaswati et al. (2021) the use of social media influences
political knowledge by mediating online discussions over different social media
platforms. The more students use social media and discuss political issues, the
higher their level of knowledge. 

Using social media influences political knowledge by facilitating online debates across various
social media platforms, according to a study by Intyaswati et al. (2021). The more frequently students
engage in political discourse on social media, the more knowledgeable they are.

Intyaswati, D. (2021, June). Social Media as an Information Source of Political

Learning in Online Education, Education Resource Information Center.
https://eric.ed.gov/?q=social+media+and+political+views+&id=EJ1302461

3. This study found that social connectedness in the university network positively
predicts more frequent political discussion on Facebook, but that better
connected individuals do not capitalize equally on the potential influence. This
suggests that as social network research proliferates, analysts should consider
how various types of network location shape political behavior.
 Miller, P. et al. (2015, June). Talking Politics on Facebook: Network Centrality and
Political Discussion Practices in Social Media on JSTOR.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/24371839?searchText=Social%20media%20relating%20in
%20political%20views&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DSocial
%2Bmedia%2Brelating%2Bin%2Bpolitical
%2Bviews&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default
%3A6f7c8ae4b1f29db8eed65ac4306be9ec

4. High percentage of political participation among young people discuss among scholars in
political science reported that Malaysian young people have greater interest in political
participation compared to before. How does it happen? What drives young people to
participate in political activities? Social Science scholars’ believe that impact of this
phenomenon toward young people leads by social media use. Objective of this study is to
examine social media uses among undergraduate students. Besides, to measure relationship
between social media use and political knowledge, this research conducted to study
relationship between social media use and political participation among university students
(n=132). Our results showed that there is a greater social media use among respondents and
use to choose Facebook to get political updates, especially about opposition party (PR). They
also have greater political knowledge gain from social media and highly expose toward
negative news (political scandals) and it is really affect level of online political participation.
Contribution of this study toward knowledge on social media and political participation among
young people are; 1) young people use social media to get political update, basically for
opinion expression and political expression, 2) exposure toward negative news has moderate
relationship toward political participation, even though sometime political participants search
or demand for negative stories, 3) greater political knowledge cause by greater political
interest (effort for searching political updates) in social media.

Allam et al. (2016) study the relationship between social media use and political
participation among university students. Results showed that there is a greater social media use
among respondents and use to choose Facebook to get political updates, as well as greater
political knowledge gain from social media and exposure toward negative news. Contribution of
this study to knowledge on social media and political participation is that young people use
social media to get political update, exposure towards negative news has moderate relationship
toward political participation, and greater political knowledge is caused by greater political
interest in social media.

Allam, S. (2016, November 12). Social Media and Political Participation Among
Young People on Academia.
https://www.academia.edu/90618183/Social_Media_and_Political_Participation_Among_Young_People
 5. This paper explores the relationship between the use of social media, attitudinal
strength, perceived opinion agreement with social ties, and willingness to discuss
a political issue in different online and offline contexts. Unlike the anonymous
environment of some Internet forums, social media are closely tied to the
relationships and activities of everyday life. Social media increasingly make ties
from offline contexts persistent online, and, because of the ambient nature of
these technologies, awareness of the opinions, interests, and activities of social
ties has become pervasive. As such, the use of social media is likely to affect
everyday conversation about political issues in on- and offline contexts, including
the home, workplace, social gatherings with friends, community meetings, and on
social network sites (SNSs). Based on a national probability survey, we find that
the use of SNSs (i.e., Facebook and Twitter) has a direct, negative relationship to
deliberation in many offline settings. Some uses of these platforms are associated
with having a lower, perceived opinion agreement with social ties. As part of a
spiral of silence, this further reduces the willingness of social media users to join
political conversations in some offline settings. Only those with the strongest
attitudes on an issue are immune.
Hampton, K. et al. (2017). Social Media and Political Discussion: When Online Presence
Silences Offline Conversation; Information, Communication & Society on Taylor and Francis
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1218526

Hampton, et al. (2017) explores the relationship between the use of social media,
attitudinal strength, perceived opinion agreement with social ties, and willingness to discuss a
political issue in different online and offline contexts. It finds that the use of social media
platform has a direct, negative relationship to deliberation in many offline settings, leading to a
spiral of silence. Only those with the strongest attitudes on an issue are immune.