1.

3 (c)
Role of National agencies in flooding of Pakistan.

National agencies respond to flooding.

Responses of National agencies of Pakistan in flooding

Pakistan has a number of national agencies that are responsible for responding to floods and other
natural disasters. Some of the key agencies that are involved in responding to floods in Pakistan
include:
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): The NDMA is the primary agency responsible
for coordinating the overall response to disasters in Pakistan. It works closely with provincial disaster
management authorities, the military, and other agencies to coordinate rescue and relief efforts during
floods.
Pakistan Army: The Pakistan Army plays a crucial role in responding to floods and other natural
disasters in the country. The Army's engineering units are often called upon to help build temporary
bridges and roads, while its medical teams provide assistance to people affected by the floods.
Provincial Disaster Management Authorities (PDMAs): Each of Pakistan's provinces has its own
disaster management authority, which is responsible for coordinating the response to disasters within
the province. The PDMAs work closely with the NDMA and other agencies to ensure an effective and
coordinated response to floods.
Pakistan Air Force (PAF): The PAF provides air support during floods, including transporting relief
goods and medical supplies to affected areas.
National Highway Authority (NHA): The NHA is responsible for maintaining Pakistan's highways
and motorways. During floods, it plays a critical role in ensuring that key roadways remain passable
and that emergency services can access affected areas.
These agencies work together to provide a coordinated response to flooding in Pakistan, including
rescue and relief efforts, medical assistance, and the provision of essential goods and services to
affected communities.
United Nations: The United Nations (UN) has been active in responding to flooding in Pakistan. The
UN's Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) has provided funding for
emergency relief and support to flood-affected communities. Additionally, the World Health
Organization (WHO), which is part of the UN, has provided medical assistance and supplies to help
prevent the spread of waterborne diseases
Red Cross: The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) has
responded to flooding in Pakistan by providing emergency shelter, food, and clean water to those
affected. The Red Cross has also worked with local communities to help them prepare for future
floods by providing training on disaster preparedness.
World Bank: The World Bank has provided financial assistance to Pakistan to help with flood
recovery efforts. In 2021, the World Bank approved a $500 million loan to support the government's
efforts to rebuild infrastructure and provide assistance to flood-affected communities.
European Union: The European Union (EU) has provided financial assistance to Pakistan to help
with flood relief efforts. In 2019, the EU provided €1 million in emergency funding to support flood-
affected communities. Additionally, the EU has provided technical assistance to help Pakistan
improve its disaster preparedness and response capabilities.
USAID: The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has provided assistance
to Pakistan to help with flood relief efforts. In 2021, USAID provided $3.7 million in emergency
funding to support flood-affected communities. Additionally, USAID has worked with local partners
to help improve Pakistan's disaster preparedness and response capabilities.
United States: The United States government has provided significant aid to Pakistan in response to
flooding. For instance, after the floods in 2010, the US provided $50 million in emergency assistance,
including food, shelter, and medical supplies. The US government has also provided assistance to
Pakistan in the form of water treatment facilities, mobile health clinics, and other forms of aid.
United Kingdom: The UK government has also been active in providing aid to Pakistan in response
to flooding. After the floods in 2010, the UK government provided £64 million in aid, which included
providing shelter, food, and clean water to those affected. The UK government has also provided aid
to Pakistan in response to subsequent floods.
China: China has also provided aid to Pakistan in response to flooding. For instance, after the floods
in 2010, China provided $19 million in aid, which included tents, blankets, and other essential
supplies. China has also provided aid to Pakistan in response to subsequent floods.
Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia has also provided aid to Pakistan in response to flooding. For instance,
after the floods in 2010, Saudi Arabia provided $60 million in aid, which included food, medicine,
and shelter. Saudi Arabia has also provided aid to Pakistan in response to subsequent floods.
United Arab Emirates: The UAE has also provided aid to Pakistan in response to flooding.After the
floods in 2010, the UAE provided $50 million in aid, which included food, medicine, and other
essential supplies. The UAE has also provided aid to Pakistan in response to subsequent floods.

Responses of National government on flooding..

Pakistan's response to flooding.

Pakistan has experienced severe flooding over the years, and the government has taken several
measures to respond to the crisis. Here are some possible responses of the Pakistan government in
flooding:
Rescue and relief operations: The government has launched rescue and relief operations in affected
areas, deploying military and civilian personnel to evacuate people from flooded areas and provide
them with food, shelter, and medical assistance.
Emergency funds and aid: The government has allocated emergency funds to provide aid to flood
victims, including cash grants, food supplies, and other relief items. The government has also sought
assistance from the international community, including aid agencies and foreign governments, to
support the relief efforts.
Rehabilitation and reconstruction: The government has initiated rehabilitation and reconstruction
efforts in the aftermath of flooding, with a focus on restoring damaged infrastructure, rebuilding
homes and public facilities, and supporting affected communities in their recovery.
Flood mitigation measures: The government has implemented flood mitigation measures to reduce
the impact of flooding in the future, such as building dams, levees, and flood barriers, improving
drainage systems, and promoting better land-use planning to reduce the risk of flooding.
Early warning systems: The government has established early warning systems to alert people in
flood-prone areas about potential floods, enabling them to take preventive measures and evacuate
safely. The government has also developed disaster management plans to guide its response to floods
and other natural disasters.

2.4(b)
Regional disparities .

1. Pakistan is a vast country with 4 major regions Sindh , Punjab , Balochistan and Kpk. The problem
of regional imbalance can be traced to the British period as there are geographical causes ( such as
Balochistan is bordered with Iran and Afghanistan) due to that this region faced lots of terrorism and
law and order situation which hinders the economic development .
Economical backwardness , failure of planning mechanism, political instability are also main
reasons .
2. Sindh and Eastern Punjab are fully developed areas due to its ideal / favoura6 topography / terrain
which comprises Indus plain ,which is considered to be the ideal place for Agriculture which further
connects with the other activities such as small scale cottage industries, favourable transport network
such as railway and motorways , location of major populated cities such as Karachi, Lahore ,
Islamabad etc .As large numbers of workforce is easily available in these areas . Availability of raw
material and resources with ideal market for the products also makes this region more economically
productive region.
3. As Balochistan is located on the western side which is deprived of the development because of the
rugged topography, lack of investment,less population lack of good transportation system. This region
is fully covered with untapped metallic and non metallic resources so due to lack of exploitation and
exploration keeps this area underdeveloped which can be economically more progressive then other
regions of Pakistan.
Reliance of Imported Energy.
1.Pakistan's energy sector is heavily dependent on imported fuel ( oil and LNG) and will continue to
rely on imports of both for the next 10- 15 years .
2. 2019 the country produced 4.3 Millions metric of crude oil enough to meet only 20 percent of the
countries total petroleum requirements. Moreover large reliance on imported energy could result in
large foreign exchange expenditures, expensive energy,high cost of pollution, less competition which
leads towards less economic development.
Imports satisfy nearly a third of Pakistan's energy demand. In the year 2017–18, its energy imports
were around $14.4 billion as compared with $10.9 billion in the previous year (State Bank of Pakistan
2018).
Loss of young skilled workers.
With an increasing number of skilled individuals leaving the country for greener pastures, Pakistan
might be on the brink of losing its brain capital.
According to a report provided by the Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment, more than
ten million Pakistani citizens have bid-adieu to the country for better professional and financial
opportunities.
Experts believe the field of engineering has taken the worst hit. "The field of engineering is the worst
hit due to lack of development in the country,"
"There are almost no jobs in this field. That is the number one reason for engineers to leave the
country,".
With inflation rising and economic uncertainty gripping the country, more and more skilled
professionals opt to leave Pakistan. Unemployment is another factor that forces professionals to exit
the country.
In the last two years alone, some 884,000 young Pakistani have left the country, according to the
official registrations at the bureau of emigration
The record indicates more than 300,000 Pakistanis left the country in 2018. The figure soared to
500,000 this year. The data from the bureau shows a growing trend of what easily qualifies as the
flight of human capital from the country. Most of these individuals are fresh graduates from local
universities.
The document further shows that more than 29,000 highly educated Pakistanis decided to leave the
country during this period. Similarly, over 17,000 highly trained and 369,000 skilled individuals left
the country for jobs elsewhere in the world. Apart from skilled individuals, more than 340,000 from
the labor force left the country.
Gender Equality:
: Yet Pakistan currently ranks the second lowest country in the world for gender equality, according
to the Global Gender Gap Index. ... Women suffer from pervasive gender-based violence, from
domestic abuse, honour killings, sexual violence to institutional discrimination.
Pakistani society is male dominated Specifically, a woman is expected to take care of the home as
wife and mother, whereas the male dominates outside the home as a breadwinner
Men and women are conceptually segregated into two distinct worlds.
according to the Global Gender Gap Index. As the sixth most populated country in the world and
with a very high fertility rate of 3.8 children per woman, gaps in the fulfillment of women’s
reproductive rights as well as the widespread prevalence of gender-based violence are at the forefront
of gender inequality. Although efforts to promote gender equality are apparent within Pakistan’s
Vision 2025, there is still much more to be done to improve the realities for women and girls across
the country.
Barriers to access sexual and reproductive health rights, receiving quality education, fulfilling
empowerment goals and entering the economic sphere are only some of the ways women can equally
take part in economic activities.
There is a widespread lack of consistent access to quality family planning services in Pakistan,
resulting in one of the highest unmet needs in Asia. This prevents women from meaningfully
participating in educational and economic life outside of the household and from making informed
choices about their sexual and reproductive lives.
Gender equality will be achieved only when women and men enjoy the same opportunities, rights and
obligations in all spheres of life.
This means sharing equally in the distribution of power and influence and having equal opportunities
for financial independence, education and realizing their personal ambitions.
Gaining equal value in society, from the home to the workplace, and having equal representation and
protection of women’s needs and rights in policies and law are all components necessary for gender
equality.
education for girls and boys.
Gender equality is beneficial to women and men, boys and girls, families and communities alike, and
is instrumental to Pakistan’s vision of development and empowerment for the economic development
of the country