Proceedings of the 6th World Congress on Intelligent Control

and Automation, June 21 - 23, 2006, Dalian, China

A two-order Particle Swarm Optimization Model and the

Selection of its Parameters
Jianxiu Hu1 Jianchao Zeng1 Yaping Yang1
1)
Division of system simulation & computer application, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology,Taiyuan 030024
(E-mail: blueblue_bird@163.com)

Abstractü Based on the analysis of theoretical model and evolutionary equations for the standard PSO, a new particle swarm
optimization model, called the two-order PSO, was performed, which simulated more precisely the velocity change of particles than the
standard PSO. At the same time a new method termed pso for pso was used for the selection of the best parameters c1, c2 in the
two-order PSO. The results on five benchmark functions prove the feasibility and validity of this method. Furthermore, the analysis of
the results shows that there are revelatory rules on selection of c1, c2 in the two-order PSO .
Key wordsüthe standard PSO, the two-order PSO, parameters, pso for pso

Ѡ䰊 PSO ㅫ⊩ঞ݊খ᭄䗝ᢽ
  
㚵ᓎ⾔ ᳒ᓎ╂ ᴼѮᑇ 
1)
໾ॳ⾥ᡔ໻ᄺ㋏㒳ӓⳳϢ䅵ㅫᴎᑨ⫼ⷨお᠔ ໾ॳ 030024

ᨬ 㽕 ೼ߚᵤᷛ‫ ޚ‬PSO ㅫ⊩ⱘ⧚䆎῵ൟ੠䖯࣪ᮍ⿟ⱘ෎⸔Ϟˈᦤߎϔ⾡ᮄൟⱘ PSO ㅫ⊩῵ൟüüѠ䰊 PSO ㅫ⊩DŽ䕗ᷛ‫ ޚ‬PSO ㅫ

⊩ˈ݊᳈‫ⱘ⹂ޚ‬῵ᢳњᖂ㉦ⱘ䗳ᑺব࣪DŽৠᯊ߽⫼ pso for pso ㅫ⊩ЎѠ䰊 PSO ㅫ⊩ᇏᡒ᳔Ӭখ᭄ c1ˈc2ˈ䗮䖛ѨϾ⌟䆩ߑ᭄ⱘᅲ偠ӓ
ⳳˈ偠䆕њ䆹ㅫ⊩ⱘৃ㸠ᗻ੠ℷ⹂ᗻDŽℸ໪ˈᇍᅲ偠㒧ᵰⱘߚᵤˈ㸼ᯢ೼Ѡ䰊 PSO ㅫ⊩Ёখ᭄ c1ˈc2 ⱘ䗝ᢽ‫݋‬᳝ϔᅮⱘਃথᗻ㾘ᕟDŽ
݇䬂ᄫ ᷛ‫ ޚ‬PSO ㅫ⊩ˈѠ䰊 PSO ㅫ⊩ˈখ᭄ˈ pso for pso ㅫ⊩

1.ᓩ㿔
PSO ㅫ⊩ᰃ೼῵ᢳ右㉏ㄝⱘ㕸ԧᱎ㛑㸠Ўⱘ෎⸔Ϟথ Ѡ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩
ሩ䍋ᴹⱘϔ⾡Ӭ࣪ㅫ⊩[1]DŽ㞾ᦤߎҹᴹˈ⬅Ѣㅫ⊩ⱘখ᭄
 Ѡ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩ⱘᦤߎ
ᇥ੠݊ᯧᅲ⦄ᗻˈᓩ䍋њ೑䰙Ⳍ݇乚ඳӫ໮ᄺ㗙ⱘ݇⊼ˈ
೼෎ᴀ 362 ㅫ⊩>@Ёˈᖂ㉦ⱘ亲㸠䗳ᑺপ‫އ‬ѢϾԧϢ
ᇸ݊ᰃ᳔䖥޴ᑈˈPSO ㅫ⊩ᴀ䑿ᕫࠄњᕜ໻ⱘᬍ䖯ˈᑊϨ
݊᠔䆄ᖚϾԧ᳔Շԡ㕂ⱘ䎱⾏ ( Pi − xi (t )) ҹঞϾԧϢܼሔ
䖤⫼ࠄ᳈໮ⱘ乚ඳ[2]DŽ
᳔Շԡ㕂ⱘ䎱⾏ ( P − x (t )) ⱘ䱣ᴎ㒓ᗻࡴᴗˈे˖
ᴀ᭛೼ᇍ෎ᴀ PSO ㅫ⊩ⷨおⱘ෎⸔Ϟˈᦤߎϔ⾡ᮄൟ
g i

ⱘ PSO ㅫ⊩῵ൟüüѠ䰊 PSO ㅫ⊩ˈ݊Ёᓩܹњᖂ㉦Ϟϔ vi (t + 1) = vi (t ) + c1 r1 ( pi − xi (t )) + c2 r2 ( pg − xi (t )) 

ҷⱘԡ㕂ֵᙃˈ᳈㊒⹂ⱘᦣ䗄њᖂ㉦ⱘ䗳ᑺব࣪DŽ೼ᶤѯ гህᰃ䇈ˈᔧϾԧ᳔Շԡ㕂 pi ੠ܼሔ᳔Շԡ㕂 p g ⹂
Ӭ࣪䯂乬ᮍ䴶ˈѠ䰊 PSO ㅫ⊩䕗ᷛ‫ ޚ‬PSO ㅫ⊩‫݋‬᳝᳈དⱘ ᅮৢˈᖂ㉦ⱘ亲㸠䗳ᑺҙҙᰃᖂ㉦ᔧࠡԡ㕂ⱘߑ᭄DŽԚᅲ
ܼሔ᳔Ӭᗻ੠᳈ᖿⱘᬊᬯ䗳ᑺDŽ 䰙Ϟˈᖂ㉦亲㸠䗳ᑺⱘব࣪ᑨ䆹Ϣᖂ㉦ԡ㕂ⱘব࣪
ৠᯊˈᴀ᭛䖬ᦤߎϔ⾡ЎѠ䰊 PSO ㅫ⊩䗝ᢽখ᭄ c1ˈ ( x (t ) − x (t − 1)) ᳝݇ˈϟ䴶‫݋‬ԧߚᵤϔϟᔧ pi ˈp g ⹂ᅮৢˈ
i i

c2 ⱘᮍ⊩ˈ೼偠䆕䆹ᮍ⊩ⱘℷ⹂ᗻ෎⸔Ϟˈᘏ㒧њ c1ˈc2 ᖂ㉦ⱘ亲㸠䗳ᑺⱘব࣪ᚙ‫މ‬DŽ

ⱘপؐ㾘ᕟˈҹঞ䆹পؐϢ݊Ҫখ᭄ⱘձ䌪݇㋏[3]DŽ ᔧ pi ˈp g ⹂ᅮৢˈ‫؛‬བҙ㗗㰥ᖂ㉦৥Ͼԧ᳔Շԡ㕂 pi

ᬭ㚆䚼䞡⚍⾥ⷨ乍Ⳃ˄䌘ࡽো˖˅ 亲㸠ˈ߭݊Ⳃᷛ䗳⥛ v pi ᑨЎ Pi − xi (t ) ˈ㗠ᖂ㉦ⱘᅲ䰙䗳⥛

1-4244-0332-4/06/$20.00 ©2006 IEEE

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v xi Ў xi (t ) − xi (t − 1) ˈ䖭ḋᖂ㉦ⱘ䗳ᑺব࣪⥛ᑨЎ˖ 㕂亲㸠ⱘℹ䭓DŽFˈF ⱘপؐⳈ᥹ᕅડࠄ 362 ㅫ⊩ⱘᗻ㛑
vi (t + 1) − vi (t ) = v pi − vxi = pi − 2xi (t ) + xi (t − 1) ˄˅
>@
DŽ᳔໻䗳ᑺϔ㠀䆒ᅮЎ↣㓈ব䞣ⱘব࣪㣗ೈⱘϞ䰤DŽ᳔
໻䖯࣪ҷ᭄੠㕸ԧ㾘῵ৃҹձ᥂ᅲ䰙䯂乬䆒ᅮϡৠⱘؐDŽ
㗠ҙ㗗㰥ᖂ㉦৥ܼሔ᳔Շԡ㕂 p g 亲㸠ᯊˈ݊Ⳃᷛ䗳⥛
݊Ёࡴ䗳ᐌ᭄ FˈF ⱘ䗝পгᰃㅫ⊩ᗻ㛑ⱘ݇䬂ˈ↨བ˖
v pg ᑨЎ Pg − xi (t ) ˈৠḋৃᕫᖂ㉦ⱘ䗳ᑺব࣪⥛ᑨЎ˖
೼ᷛ‫ ޚ‬362 ㅫ⊩ЁˈF F ˈF F  䛑ৃՓᕫㅫ⊩
vi (t + 1) − vi (t ) = v pg − v xi = pg − 2xi (t ) + xi (t − 1) ˄˅
᳝㡃དⱘᗻ㛑ˈԚৠḋⱘ FˈF ؐՓᕫѠ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩ⱘᬊ
ᔧৠᯊ㗗㰥Ͼԧ᳔Շԡ㕂੠ܼሔ᳔Շԡ㕂ᯊˈᖂ㉦ⱘ ᬯᗻ㛑ᕜᏂˈ᠔ҹ᳝ᖙ㽕ᡒߎѠ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩Ёড়䗖ⱘ Fˈ
䗳ᑺব࣪⥛ᑨЎϞ䗄ϸ⾡ᚙ‫ⱘމ‬䱣ᴎࡴᴗˈे˖ F ⱘؐDŽ
vi (t + 1) − vi (t ) = ϕ1 (v pi − v xi ) + ϕ2 (v pg − v xi )
= ϕ1 ( pi − 2xi (t ) + xi (t − 1)) + ϕ2 ( pg − 2xi (t ) + xi (t − 1)) SVRIRUSVR ㅫ⊩ⱘᗱᛇ੠ℹ偸
362 ㅫ⊩԰Ўϔ⾡Ӭ࣪ㅫ⊩ˈৃҹЎᕜ໮䯂乬ᇏᡒ᳔
vi (t + 1) = vi (t ) + ϕ1 ( pi − 2xi (t ) + xi (t − 1))
े˖ ˄4˅ Ӭ㾷ˈৠḋгৃҹ⫼Ѣ 362 ㅫ⊩ⱘখ᭄Ӭ࣪䯂乬DŽ៥Ӏৃ
+ϕ2 ( pg − 2xi (t ) + xi (t − 1)) ҹ⫼ᷛ‫ ޚ‬362 ㅫ⊩ᴹӬ࣪Ѡ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩ⱘখ᭄˄SVRIRU
Ўњ㸼⼎ϞᓣϢ෎ᴀ 362 ㅫ⊩ⱘऎ߿ˈᇚ෎ᴀ 362 ㅫ SVR˅
ˈेᇚѠ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩Ёⱘখ᭄ FˈF ԰Ўᷛ‫ ޚ‬362 ㅫ
⊩⿄Ў㒓ᗻ 362 ㅫ⊩ˈ Ϟᓣ᠔㸼⼎ⱘ 362 ㅫ⊩⿄ЎѠ䰊 362 ⊩ⱘӬ࣪ᇍ䈵ˈгህᰃᇚᷛ‫ ޚ‬362 ㅫ⊩ⱘᖂ㉦ⱘԡ㕂ؐ˄བ
ㅫ⊩ˈ݊Ё ϕ1 = c1 r1䯸 ϕ2 = c2 r2 DŽ ,QGLYLGXDO>L@[>@੠ ,QGLYLGXDO>L@[>@˅԰ЎӬ࣪ᶤ
ϔ⌟䆩ߑ᭄ⱘѠ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩Ёⱘখ᭄ F ੠ Fˈ䗮䖛ᷛ‫ޚ‬
ˎ Ѡ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩ⱘ䖯࣪ᮍ⿟ 362 ㅫ⊩੠Ѡ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩ⱘ䖯࣪ˈ᳔㒜ᡒࠄ㛑ՓѠ䰊 362
೼䖤ࡼᄺЁˈ䗳ᑺⱘᮍ⿟Ў v(t ) = v(0 ) + at ˈ೼⾏ᬷᯊ ㅫ⊩ᗻ㛑᳔དⱘ FˈF ⱘؐDŽ೼䖭ϔㅫ⊩Ёˈᄬ೼ϸϾӬ
䯈㋏㒳Ёˈ᳝ v(t + 1) = v(t ) + a ˈ៥ӀৃҹⳟࠄˈѠ䰊 362 ࣪䖛⿟ˈϔϾᰃѠ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩Ӭ࣪ߑ᭄ⱘ䖛⿟ˈϔϾᷛ‫ޚ‬
ㅫ⊩Ё ϕ1 ( pi − 2xi (t ) + xi (t − 1)) + ϕ2 ( pg − 2xi (t ) + xi (t − 1)) 362 ㅫ⊩Ӭ࣪খ᭄ⱘ䖛⿟ˈгेㅫ⊩ЁӬ࣪ⱘᇍ䈵ϡҙҙ
ᰃ䗳ᑺব࣪⥛ⱘ䱣ᴎࡴᴗˈⳌᔧѢ䗳ᑺᮍ⿟Ёⱘ䗳ᑺব࣪ ᰃখ᭄ FˈFˈ೼Ӭ࣪খ᭄ⱘৠᯊˈ䖬㽕䖯㸠ߑ᭄ⱘӬ࣪ˈ
⥛ a DŽ↨䕗Ѣ෎ᴀ 362 ㅫ⊩ⱘ䖯࣪ᮍ⿟ˈѠ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩ⱘ 䗮䖛ߑ᭄ⱘӬ࣪ᴹ䅵ㅫখ᭄Ӭ࣪䖛⿟Ёⱘᖂ㉦ⱘ䗖ᑨؐˈ
䖯࣪ᮍ⿟᳈‫ⱘ⹂ޚ‬῵ᢳњ䗳ᑺⱘব࣪DŽ ⬅ℸᅲ⦄খ᭄ⱘӬ࣪ˈ ᡒࠄ䕗དⱘѠ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩ⱘখ᭄ Fˈ
ৠḋⱘˈ೼Ѡ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩Ёˈৃҹ㉏ԐѢᷛ‫ ޚ‬362 ㅫ F ؐDŽ
⊩ˈᓩܹᛃᗻᴗ䞡 Z ᴹᑇ㸵ㅫ⊩ⱘܼሔ᧰㋶㛑࡯੠ሔ䚼᧰ ㅫ⊩ⱘ‫݋‬ԧᅲ⦄ℹ偸བϟ˖
>@>@>@
㋶㛑࡯ˈᬍ୘ㅫ⊩ⱘᗻ㛑 DŽ ˄˅ ߱ྟ࣪˄ᷛ‫ ޚ‬362 ㅫ⊩Ё˅Ӭ࣪খ᭄ⱘᖂ㉦
ϟ䴶㒭ߎѠ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩ⱘ䖯࣪ᮍ⿟˖ 㕸ԧⱘԡ㕂੠䗳ᑺDŽ
vi (t + 1) = wvi (t ) + d1s1 ( pi − 2xi (t ) + xi (t − 1)) ˄˅ 䅵ㅫ↣ϾӬ࣪খ᭄ⱘᖂ㉦ⱘ䗖ᑨؐDŽ
(5)
+d2s2 ( pg − 2xi (t ) + xi (t − 1)) ķ ߱ྟ࣪˄Ѡ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩Ё˅Ӭ࣪ߑ᭄ⱘᖂ㉦
㕸ԧⱘԡ㕂੠䗳ᑺDŽ
xi (t + 1) = vi (t + 1) + xi (t ) (6)
ĸ 䅵ㅫ↣ϾӬ࣪ߑ᭄ⱘᖂ㉦ⱘ䗖ᑨؐDŽ
Ĺ ᇍ↣Ͼᖂ㉦ᇏᡒ݊Ͼԧ᳔Ӭԡ㕂DŽ
3. Ѡ䰊 PSO ㅫ⊩Ё৘খ᭄ⱘ䗝ᢽ ĺ ᇏᡒܼሔ᳔Ӭԡ㕂DŽ
㉏ԐѢᷛ‫ ޚ‬362 ㅫ⊩ˈѠ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩Ё䳔㽕䆒㕂ⱘখ Ļ ᣝ✻ᮍ⿟DE ˄Ѡ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩ⱘ䖯࣪ᮍ⿟˅
᭄᳝ᛃᗻᴗ䞡 Zˈࡴ䗳ᐌ᭄ FˈFˈҹঞ㕸ԧ㾘῵ˈ᳔໻ ᇍӬ࣪ߑ᭄ⱘᖂ㉦䖯㸠䖯࣪DŽ
>@>@
䗳ᑺ੠᳔໻䖯࣪ҷ᭄ DŽᛃᗻᴗ䞡 Z ⱘ໻ᇣ‫އ‬ᅮњᇍᖂ ļ བ᳾䖒ࠄ䎇໳དⱘ䗖ᑨؐ៪᳔໻乘䆒ҷ᭄ˈ
㉦ᔧࠡ䗳ᑺ㒻ᡓⱘ໮ᇥˈ䕗໻ⱘᛃᗻᴗ䞡ᇚՓᖂ㉦‫݋‬᳝䕗 ߭䖨ಲ㄀ĸℹDŽ
໻ⱘ䗳ᑺˈҢ㗠᳝䕗ᔎⱘ᥶㋶㛑࡯˗䕗ᇣⱘᛃᗻᴗ䞡ᇚՓ Ľ ķüļⱘℹ偸ˈ䖤㸠 1 ⃵ˈ㒳䅵 1 ⃵Ёㅫ⊩
ᖂ㉦‫݋‬᳝䕗ᔎⱘᓔথ㛑࡯˗ϔ㠀ⱘˈZ ৃপ೎ᅮؐ៪䱣䖯 ᬊᬯࠄ乘䆒䕗དؐⱘ⃵᭄ WRWDO˄ 1˅੠ᑇ
>@
࣪ҷ᭄㒓ᗻ䗦‫៪ˈ ޣ‬㗙᳡Ңᶤ⾡ߚᏗⱘ䱣ᴎ᭄DŽࡴ䗳ᐌ ഛᬊᬯҷ᭄ DYHUDJHDŽ
᭄ FˈF ᰃ 362 ㅫ⊩Ё䞡㽕ⱘখ᭄ˈF 㸼⼎ᖂ㉦㞾䑿㒣 ľ ᇚ WRWDO ੠ DYHUDJH ߚ߿԰ЎӬ࣪খ᭄ⱘᖂ
偠ⱘ䅸ⶹ㛑࡯ˈ䇗㡖ᖂ㉦亲৥㞾䑿᳔དԡ㕂ᮍ৥ⱘℹ䭓˗ ㉦ⱘ㄀ϔ䗖ᑨؐ੠㄀Ѡ䗖ᑨؐDŽ
F 㸼⼎ᖂ㉦⼒Ӯ㒣偠ⱘ䅸ⶹ㛑࡯ˈ䇗㡖ᖂ㉦৥ܼሔ᳔དԡ ˄3˅ ᇍӬ࣪খ᭄ⱘ↣Ͼᖂ㉦ˈᇚ݊㄀ϔ䗖ᑨؐϢ

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 ᠔㒣ग़䖛ⱘ᳔དԡ㕂 Pi ⱘ㄀ϔ䗖ᑨؐ䖯㸠↨ খ᭄䆒㕂˖
䕗ˈ㢹䕗དˈ߭ᇚ݊԰Ўᔧࠡⱘ᳔དԡ㕂˗ Ӭ࣪খ᭄ⱘᷛ ᷛ‫ ޚ‬362 ㅫ⊩Ёⱘ৘খ᭄˖㕸ԧ㾘῵Ў ˗
㢹㄀ϔ䗖ᑨؐⳌㄝˈ߭↨䕗㄀Ѡ䗖ᑨؐˈᇚ F F ˗Z Ң  㒓ᗻ䗦‫˗ ࠄޣ‬ᖂ㉦↣㓈ব䞣ⱘব
䕗ད԰Ўᔧࠡⱘ᳔དԡ㕂DŽ ࣪㣗ೈЎ>ˈ@˗᳔໻䗳ᑺ YPD[ Ў ˗)ˈ)ˈ) ⱘ᳔
˄4˅ ᇍӬ࣪খ᭄ⱘ↣Ͼᖂ㉦ˈᇚ݊㄀ϔ䗖ᑨؐϢ ໻䖯࣪ҷ᭄Ў ˈ) Ў ˈ) Ў DŽ
ܼሔ᠔㒣ग़䖛ⱘ᳔དԡ㕂 Pg ⱘ㄀ϔ䗖ᑨؐ Ӭ࣪ߑ᭄ⱘѠ Ѡ䰊 362 ㅫ⊩Ёⱘ৘খ᭄˖৘ ৘ߑ᭄Ё㕸ԧ
䖯㸠↨䕗ˈ㢹䕗དˈ߭ᇚ݊԰Ўᔧࠡⱘܼሔ 㾘῵Ў ˈব ব䞣㓈᭄Ў ˗Z Ң  㒓ᗻ䗦‫ˈ)˗ ࠄޣ‬
᳔དԡ㕂˗㢹㄀ϔ䗖ᑨؐⳌㄝˈ߭↨䕗㄀Ѡ )ˈ) ⱘ᳔໻䖯࣪ҷ᭄Ў ˈ) Ў ˈ) Ў ˗
䗖ᑨؐˈᇚ䕗དⱘ԰Ўᔧࠡⱘܼሔ᳔དԡ㕂DŽ )ˈ) ⱘ䇃ᏂপЎ ˈ)ˈ)ˈ) ⱘ䇃ᏂপЎ ˗
˄5˅ ḍ᥂ᮍ⿟(c)(d)˄ᷛ‫ ޚ‬PSO ㅫ⊩ⱘ䖯࣪ᮍ⿟˅ ৘Ͼߑ᭄Ёⱘ 90$; প↣㓈ব䞣㣗ೈⱘϞ䰤DŽ
ᇍӬ࣪খ᭄ⱘᖂ㉦ⱘ䗳ᑺ੠ԡ㕂䖯㸠䖯࣪DŽ ϟ䴶ѨϾ㸼ߚ߿ᰃѨϾ⌟䆩ߑ᭄ⱘ䖤㸠㒧ᵰDŽ
˄6˅ བ᳾䖒ࠄ䎇໳དⱘ䗖ᑨؐ˄㄀ϔ䗖ᑨؐ=N,
㸼 VSKHUH ߑ᭄ⱘ䖤㸠㒧ᵰ
ेӬ࣪ߑ᭄ⱘㅫ⊩ⱘᬊᬯ⃵᭄ㄝѢㅫ⊩ⱘ䖤
Ӭ࣪ߑ
㸠⃵᭄˅៪乘䆒᳔໻䖯࣪ҷ᭄ˈ߭䖨ಲℹ偸 ㅫ⊩ᬊ
F F FF ᭄ᬊᬯ
ᬯ⥛
˄2˅ DŽ ⥛
݊ЁˈѠ䰊 PSO ㅫ⊩੠ᷛ‫ ޚ‬PSO ㅫ⊩ⱘ䖯࣪ᮍ⿟ߚ߿     
    
བ(5)(6)ˈ(7)(8)᠔⼎˖
    
vi (t + 1) = wvi (t ) + d2s2 ( pi − xi (t )) + d2s3 ( pg − xi (t )) (7)
    
xi (t + 1) = vi (t + 1) + xi (t ) (8)     
    
    
 ᅲ偠ӓⳳ
    
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n     
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ᯊˈc1ˈc2ˈc1+c2 ⱘ 20 ⃵ⱘᑇഛؐˈৃҹᕜᯢᰒⱘⳟࠄˈ
in Proc. IEEE Int’l., Conf. on Neural Networks, IV. Piscataway,
ᔧ㕸ԧ㾘῵Ң 30ˈ60ˈ100 ձ⃵䗦๲ᯊˈc1+c2 ⱘᑇഛؐ
NJ˖IEEE Service Center, 1995, 1942-1948.
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