Patricia Marie F.

Palencia
GE8 ETHICS – Section AX

Module 2

Lesson 1: IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS

MOTIVATIONAL QUESTIONS:
1. What are moral, immoral and amoral actions?
- Moral actions or events are those which require the goodness of the object chosen, the
intention or the end in view and of the circumstances together. In addition, these are
deemed to be good as one performs the moral rules or codes of the society. Immoral
actions or events are those actions or areas of interest where moral categories do
apply and are considered to be evil, sinful, or wrong according to the code of ethics.
For examples: consciously telling a lie; graft and corruption; cheating during
examinations, gluttony, taking a sip of water fully aware that there is hemlock in it
(suicide), and many more. Amoral actions or events are those actions or areas of
interest exhibiting indifference. For examples: a young child who speaks bad words,
an Aeta who just came from the mountain obstructs a city traffic, a person innocently
taking a sip of water but the water contains hemlock, or a man accidentally entering
the ladies comfort room.

2. Is Ethics related to Psychology?

- Yes, Ethics is related to Psychology. Ethics are an important concern in the field of
psychology, particularly as it relates to therapy and research. Working with
patients/clients/people and conducting psychological research can pose a wide variety
of ethical and moral issues that need to be addressed.

3. How is Ethics related to Religion?

- Moral standards are necessary for the survival of all human cultures. Without moral
rules there is disharmony and chaos. Some of the most famous philosophers the world
has produced have discussed the moral foundations from Plato to the present day.
Many Muslim philosophers have characterized religion as a set of principles,
religious, and moral standards. I firmly believe that ethics and religion have a
connection and this interaction is both abundant and crucial. There is unity between
ethics and religion and ethics is part of an entirety. According to Ayatollah
Muhammad Taqi Misbah's theory, intellect is capable of perceiving and
distinguishing good from bad yet religion plays a very crucial role in helping man to
understand and discover the true meaning of moral concepts and values. Thus, ethics
is grounded in and dependent upon religion.

4. What is the importance of Ethics in your life?

- Ethics in a way help us to deal with the society and help us live in it with others in
harmony. These morals help us take decisions in everyday life. It is through ethics we
are able to judge the scenario or activity whether is correct or not. Ethics also govern
our behavior with people every day. We apply ethics in day-to-day life. Without it,
our actions would be random and aimless. We might not be able to pursue our goals
successfully even with an ethical standard. We are able to effectively organize our
goals and actions in order to maintain our most fundamental values to the extent that
a rational ethical norm is adopted. Any ethical flaw will make it harder for us to
succeed in our goals.
Lesson 2: MORAL DILEMMAS AND THE HUMAN ACTS
MOTIVATIONAL QUESTIONS:
1. How will you decide in a crucial situation?
- While you’re in a crucial situation, take a moment. Take a minute to digest everything
that is currently happening. Although it may feel like you need to make key decisions
now, if you make the wrong decision in haste. Collect also all the information. Once
you have had the chance to reflect on the current situation and how you are impacted
in this crisis, you should aim to collect all of the necessary information to allow you
to make an informed decision.

2. Why did you believe on everything that you believed?

- When you live by what you believe in, you not only make a difference in yourself,
but also family, and community. When you make decisions about your personal life
based on what you believe in, you support the idea that you have the freedom to be
who you are and that, no matter what happens in life, you are in sync with who you
are. Every decision you have taken based on your essential beliefs allows you to keep
a sense of self-worth and confidence even when faced with challenges in life. You
deserve a pat on the back for sticking to what is most important to you.

3. What could possibly the end of your actions?

- Every human act is done for an end. For a human act is an act of the will, and the will
cannot act unless the intellect proposes to it something to which it may tend such as
something good. Hence, every act is done for an end. You may object that you have
no special intention, e. g., in reading; that you read merely to kill time, to be busied
with something, etc.; nevertheless, you act for an end or purpose, the end in this case
being to kill time or to find occupation. We do not say that the end intended is always
a true good, but only that it is always good after a manner. No man, however, intends
evil for the sake of evil, but only because he sees something good and desirable in
what he wills or in its result.

4. What makes a good action or a good person good?

- If our actions are for the benefit of others, then they are good. However, if they are
harmful to any, they're bad. An act is called good because it has the right sort of
perfection of goodness. Good people show respect and mind their manners. It's not to
be a showoff or to seem better; they just truly respect individuals and want to treat
them how they want to be treated.

EXERCISE:
1. Give 2 situational examples of a moral dilemma. (in paragraph form and could either be
based on your experience or just imaginative)
- A wealthy member of the family has been on life support for more than ten years.
Dawn is the next in line to receive the family's two luxurious cars, as well as their
luxurious home. She is the one with the power to authorize the doctor to either end
the family member's life support, which would cause that person to pass away, or to
keep them on life support, which could prolong their life by up to five years.
Dawn is currently homeless and lives with a relative. What should Dawn do?
- If you are a teenage girl and got pregnant, either you need to risk your educational
prospects and future or do the abortion (this is a dilemma only if you feel abortion is
not right)

2. What makes an action good and what makes it bad? (State the process discussed above
specifically in the determinants of morality)
 - There are several ways to assess an action. We can assess them in two different ways
when doing from a moral point of view. We can consider them as morally right or
wrong, but we can also judge them morally good or bad. Both assessments are
logically distinct from one another, and David Ross was right when he stressed that
making a distinction between the morally right and the morally good "will do much to
remove some of the perplexities of our moral thought." The debate between teleology
and deontology has dominated the study of right and wrong action. Even though the
distinction between the right and the good is philosophers generally recognized
among moral, there is a tendency in contemporary ethics either to oversimplify it or
to blur it altogether.

3. In 2-3 paragraphs, explain the relationship between the so-called knowledge, freedom of
the will and voluntariness in making a certain action as a human act? (Cite situational
examples for the clarity of your explanation)
- Knowledge, freedom of the will, and voluntariness are the three elements of Human
Acts. These are the three constituents or substantial elements of human acts.
Knowledge is a human act is an act done with knowledge doing an act with
knowledge makes the act deliberate. Freedom is an act done with freedom means that
the agent does an act under the control of his will. Voluntariness the presence of the
two other constituents. Voluntariness requires the presence of knowledge and
freedom. Voluntariness is a power of the will or of motivation to get us to act as
willed. Freedom is a power exercised to determine not only voluntary actions, but
non-voluntary motivations of the will itself. It is up to us how we act only because we
have a capacity to decide how we shall act, and it is up to us how we decide to act.
Freedom of action depends on a freedom specifically of the will.
- What happens is that, in the great majority of cases, freedom is a necessary condition
for acts to be fully voluntary. Specifically, it is necessary as regards external freedom.
In fact, because of its practical importance, people are usually concerned with, and
talk about, external freedom. Internal freedom is usually taken for granted. This may
lead to confusing the terms free and voluntary if one does not realize that freedom is
desirable only as a means to be able to do voluntary acts, which is what really
matters.

4. What is the importance of Ethics in your life and in your future profession?
- As a nursing student, Ethics is important since it reminds us to treat all people
equitably and individually, while protecting the privacy rights of patients in ways that
may not seem overtly obvious. It also considers patient needs from several viewpoints
and maintain a safe recovery environment. Moral practitioners create a safe,
judgment-free caregiving environment. When an unexpected risk arises, nurses take
action to protect patients and themselves. Along with building close relationships
with our patients, we also demonstrate empathy through our words and deeds. These
relationships encourage communication, which aids healthcare providers in
identifying individualized and effective care options.