RON ALFRED I.

MORENO
MASTERS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Assignment in Module 10 Victimology
A. Read about the Victim Precipitation Theory and make an argumentative essay stating
whether or not you agree with the theory. Provide pieces of evidence that support your
stand.
I agree that victim precipitation is one of the cause or provoke victimization.
Grand Canyon University (2019) The victim precipitation theory suggests that the
characteristics of the victim precipitate the crime. That is, a criminal could single out a victim
because the victim is of a certain ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, gender or gender identity.
This theory does not only involve hate crimes directed at specific groups of people. It might also
involve occupations or activities. For example, someone who is opposed to his or her views may
target a political activist. An employee may target a recently promoted employee if he or she
believes they deserved the promotion.
Ref : Grand Canyon University, G. (2020, September 2). 3 Modern Theories of Victimology.
Retrieved December 10, 2020, from https://www.gcu.edu/blog/criminal-justice-government-and-public-
administration/3-modern-theories-victimology

Cortina et.al Some victims invite abuse through their personalities, styles of speech or dress,
actions, and even their inactions. That is, they are partly at fault for the wrongdoing of others. This
notion is gaining purchase in industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology as an explanation for
workplace mistreatment.
Ref : Cortina, L., Rabelo, V., & Holland, K. (2018). Beyond Blaming the Victim: Toward a More
Progressive Understanding of Workplace Mistreatment. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 11(1), 81-
100. doi:10.1017/iop.2017.54

I really agree that victim precipitation is one of the cause to aggravate the commission of the crime in
regards to the offender. Logically, the offender always has target his/her victim wherein if he/she has
the motive/desire, opportunity and ability to commit a crime therefore he//she will commit a crime to
the victim. Vicitim Precipitation takes place whether or not the victim will deal/interact with the
offender. In this stage, the interaction is important because the victim may aggravate or prevent the
commission of the crime. If the victim tease or provoke the offender it tends to worsen the gravity and
probability of the commission of the crime.

B. Read about the Conflict/Critical/Feminist Theory and determine its origin; its similarities
and how it differs from one another as well as its relevance to the commitment of a crime.
Conflict school of criminology
Conflict school of criminology. It traces its roots to Marxist theories that saw crime as ultimately a
product of conflict between different classes under the system of capitalism. Criminology conflict
theory suggests that the laws of society emerge out of conflict rather than out of consensus. It holds
that laws are made by the group that is in power, to control those who are not in power.
Relevance
Conflict theorists propose, as do other theorists, that those who commit crimes are not fundamentally
different from the rest of the population. They call the idea that society may be clearly divided into
criminals and non-criminals a dualistic fallacy, or a misguided notion. These theorists maintain,
instead, that the determination of whether someone is a criminal or not often depends on the way
society reacts to those who deviate from accepted norms. Many conflict theorists and others argue
that minorities and poor people are more quickly labeled as criminals than are members of the
majority and wealthy individuals.
Critical criminology
Critical criminology, also called radical criminology, shares with conflict criminology a debt to
Marxism. It came into prominence in the early 1970s and attempted to explain contemporary social
upheavals. Critical criminology relies on economic explanations of behavior and argues that
economic and social inequalities cause criminal behavior.
RON ALFRED I. MORENO
MASTERS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Relevance
It focuses less on the study of individual criminals, and advances the belief that existing crime cannot
be eliminated within the capitalist system. It also asserts, like the conflict school, that law has an
inherent bias in favor of the upper or ruling class, and that the state and its legal system exist to
advance the interests of the ruling class. Critical criminologists argue that corporate, political, and
environmental crime are underreported and inadequately addressed in the current criminal justice
system.
Feminist criminology
Feminist criminology emphasizes the subordinate position of women in society. According to feminist
criminologists, women remain in a position of inferiority that has not been fully rectified by changes in
the law during the late twentieth century.

Relevance
Its relevance explores the ways in which women's criminal behavior is related to their objectification
as commodities in the sex industry.

C. Using Powerpoint presentation, create a timeline explaining The Life Course Perspective
and summarize its idea in the end.

Please see attached Powerpoint