rganic Chemistry Properties ofAlkanes I SOmeriSM

Chemistry
↓ganic
Fuctra"inanithe same aFormula.
Itis abranchofchemistrythat considethe

Boiling Points
There is a
gradual increase in
boiling points
Classification ofOrganic Compounds as the molecule becomes
larger. For alkanes,the First member oft he series to
Organic compounds are classifiedinto different
Families/groups. exhibit isomerism is butane CuHo
Compounds in the same Family have the same functional group.
Combustion

itin
A Functionouris acriticrepeatersthat
H20
In plentiful
supply ofa ir CO2
formed when alkanes combust
and

are burn.

A functionalraces" also called the active of it

part
Methane, whenturns gives out a lot ofthe test

Ahomologous series is a
group ofcompounds with certain CHI, t2O2, CO2 tH,
general properties:
1. Members have the same general Formula and each Butane (Cutie) is
commonly used as a
successive member differs
by CH2
groupor
14 units
camping gas called calor
gas.
They be made
2.
by similar methods.
Cut
02H20
can

similar chemical
3.
They have properties.

iteye .
.
have
4. They physical properties which show 6.5 .
a
gradual change as we
go
down the series

2 Culo,1302,e <8CDzeH, D
Hydrocarbons
Acompound which contains
hydrogen Substition Reactions
8
and carbon
only.
-
-

This
type ofreaction is only for saturated
hydrocarbons
ofo ne atom For another
Itinvolves the substituting -

HYDRO CARBONS
Example:
Methanecheesetsuiti
CHu+Clas-CHaClas HCla
⑳.
+

Cyclic Aliphatic Aromatic methane chlorine

+

monochlorothydrogen
methane
gas
chlorida
j
Unsaturated
H H

Saturated HC) H +

CifC) H9C HCl

+

Alkanes Alkenes -
.
.
-

Alkanes .
.
.
Alkanes are saturated I drocarbons which contain
only
miniinninedinormenone. Inurgenchloride .
.
.

carbon-carbon covalent bonds

they do noth ave methane
single so
H
gas
space for atoms to attach/bond withthem.
more H
any
They are
simplest molecules.
organic

"It
H(x +

HCl
On the basis ofhomologous series, below are the
members CL
a lkanes.
of

General Formula
din"menone trinetrichormethane in genechloride
ofA lkanas

(nH2n + 2

where it is the Chloroform)

no. ofc arbons

- C

(x1 CifC) [
ia HCl
+

"
+

Sino. Prefix Alkania" state CL

CHC(31) ((2,x) Class HCLa

methane (Hy
+
meth
+

I gas trichloromethane,chlorine
Chloroform) tetrachloromethane
hydrogen chloride
+

eth ethane (2Ho

2 gas
AlC C

HCl
(3Hg !x (+ C1 [ CL +

3 gas
+

prop propane
Cl CL

y butbutane (ultgas 1. The productbecomes the reactant for the Further reaction.
chloride
always the second product.
Hydrogen gas HCL)
2. is
S pent pentane CsHiz liquid 3. Trickloromethane called chloroform
andis
(HCls, anaesthetic.
useful
is
commonly
very as an

TetrachloromethaneCellEvaluablesolventsingrease
6 hex hexane [oHin
2.

itis
and

I kept heptane [aH16

8 oct octane (0H18

 Alkenes Properties ofAlkenes
Alkenes unsaturated hydrocarbons
are as
they have [[
Karbon-carbon) double bonds, therefore they undergo addition Combustion
reaction for
Their
as
they
and
have space more atoms to attach
CaHu, 0zis <2C02, +2H20
names on-one.

The First alkene is othere as its molecular formula CH1 + 1202-8 CO2 8H20 +

is 22H, and l east 2 carbons

it contains 2 carbons as at
Form double bond.
are
required to a

Addition Reactions
General Formula ofA lkenes As alkenes are unsaturated,
rather than substitution.
they undergo addition reactions
Entan
simple moleculeslike, hydrogen, halogen
where it is the water an d is
no. ofc arbons

Molecular
Sino. Prefix Alkene State Bromine
Addition of Bromination
Formula If red reddish-brown bromine is mixedwith
orange it decolourises becomes colourless
-

I meth
ethene
to form
gas,
droplets ofdibromo ethane.
rapidly
tiny
Alkene + Bromine ->dibromo alkane
2 eth ethere C2Hy gas Ethene +
Bromine -> 1,2-dibromo ethane

CaHux Bra ->CaHuBra

C
3 prop propene (3Hs gas
⑬
y butbutene Cylo gas " Br- = -

-
decolourisation ofbromine is used as
S pent pentene CsHi
This
diffentiate between saturated and unsaturated
a to
test
hydrocarbons
distinguish
the unsaturatedones (alkenes) decolourise bromine.
Only will

6 hex hexene [6H1z

I kept heptene [aHin
Addition of
Hydrogen ydrogenation
Alkene +
Hydrogen->Alkane Conditions
180-200°) Temperature
8 oct octene (CHI Ethene Hydrogen-> Ethane
+

Nickel (Ni)
C2Hxs +

Ha -> C2Hs catalyst

Platinum (PE)
catalyst
a

Cracking Preparation ofAlkanes 1 H

large-sized alkanes
heavy Fractions are broken down " ci =
-

H -

H - 0
in
-

I
-

togiveallienepe router in small

sized alkanes.
This process is called
manufacture of catalytic hydrogenation and is importanti n the
margarine From
several double bonds in their molecule.
polyunsaturatedvegetable oils which contain

2nHan+10H

ICracking
CH38H
⑰OH
Addition ofSteam ydration
Alkene+Steam Alcohol Conditions
Ethene Steam Ethanol 300°C Temperature
Theyat Rate""I Catalytichas*"SiO2
+

C2Hy H20 +

[2HsOHI 60-70 atm Pressure

required only are
required with little
H3POu(Phosphoric Acid) catalyst
"It
a

"
heat/around 100°C.
H -
9 -

C -
0 -
H

it is
Hexane -> Butane Ethere + This reaction is important in the industrial manufacture ofalcohol

Colin - > Cution C2Hux +

-> Colter,a Addition Polymerisation

unit ofa lkenes join to form
large chains ofalkenes under heat
When
single up

CH18-4CzHu
+ polymer
monomer
ncethene)
polyethere

= - - -t
repeat
unit

= repeat
unit
 Alcohols
Alcohols
Alconsareorganicsubstances,attentional group in

State
General Formula is o
2. Industrial Manufacture ofEthano

Alkene - Steam Alcohol

Ethene Steam Ethand
Displayed
NooAlcohol
+

Formula isuses C2Hy H20 +

[2HsOHI Conditions
solvents,
Mettar1-1-0-H "It 300°C Temperature

"
I
65" methylate a 60-70 atm Pressure

40
H - -

-
i spirits
H3POu(Phosphoric Acid) catalyst
solvents,
Etang,
11

2
1 - -
-0-H78° Fuel and
alcoholic drinka Properties ofAlcohols
I it
Combustion

Popans?"-"s""-o-n
solvents, Ethanol burns in a plentiful supply airloxygen)
of with a clean flame to Form 982 and H2G
3 17° inze
it it is
↳Eti!"otheris and R. Suessit ea
fuel rockets.
Ethanol is sometimes used as a in
high performancec a rs or

↳
itit isthe
ButantH-c-c-c-c-0- 1117 Yee's
Flavourings

Oxidation
ethane) has oxidised
Preparation ofEthanol Ifleft exposedto the air, ethanol turns sour. This is because

by air to ethanoic acid,whichi s more

commonly called
vinegar.
1. Fermentation
the conversion of solution
This is sugar
such

by the
as
glucose into
action of
called
ethanol and carbon dioxide
yeast. Yeastcontains biological
which help to convert
Caygee CIs?OOlasmade
catalysts enzymes, used to oxidise ethand.
way, oxidising agents maybe
In the same
sugar into alcohol.
Ifacidified potassium
manganate)#1) KMnOy is warmed with ethanol, it turns
From pink purple to colourless, this shows it has oxidised theethanol.
Cliz D, yeast, 37° 2 CzHs 0H+2 C02
Glucose yeast, 37° Ethanol carbon dioxide
I somerism
+

Pentand

M
CaCO3 Calcium carbonate/limestone Propanol [3HOH
-(aO calcium oxide/lime [sH18H
Hi I
CaOHz calcium hydroxide/limewater
, -
H H

on
-

-
-

rater
mixture of

glucose
and
yeast
a
?Can
Limewater
s H20
Propan-2-0) 2-propanol
H OH
milky whiteppt Pentan-2.01 2-Pentanol
He
[3HOH

The mixture of
-
1. glucose and yeast is kept at3 7°C as this is the
it is it i
optimum temperature orenzyme interestedatthiseasttemperature
denatured and cannot function
Butanol CuHaOH

catalyst. Pentan-3.01 3-Pentanol

-on
as

- Dict
observed
2. CO2 is also released during fermentation. Hence Frothing/bubbling is

and a white precipitate Forms in Limewater.

Butan-2-o1
Fermentationis, carriedoutintheabsenceoxygen(anaerobicaves,theen
3. 2-Butanol

itis
CuHaOH
ethanol into ethanoic acid.
-or
2. d ilute solution ofe thanol is formed as it is
A 15-20.. concentrated.
dies and Fermentation stops.
only it is i
Above this concentration yeast
Fractional
by
2-methyl-pp"??"an?"
distillation.
Ethanol is separated from the mixture
2 -

methyl-propand
2, 2
dimethyl
propano

-2"-or I
CuHaOH
CHOH -
---
It Cis"
it
i it
i Hi
2)
H )
methyl methyl oH
-
- -
-

it Cats H
arkotylicicandwhich
Carboxylic Acids
Esterification Making ofan Ester

is
out t
Some
Carboxylic Acids Esters are formed when Carboxylic Acids react with Alcohols
Ifan alcohol is warmedwith a
carboxylic acidinthe presence ofa few drops
concentratedsulphuric acid (as a
of catalyst), an ester is formed with water as the bi-product.
Esters have sweet smell.
alue of1 in Carboxylic Structural a

ofe ster
General Formula Acid Formula
This is a reversible process and
hydrolysis
oncH2S On
is also possible.
Acid Ester
Methanoic Acid
- Alcohol +
Carboxylic neat Water
+

0 H-C Alkyl Alkanoate

HC80H -8 -
H

Ethanoic Acid I
1
O
.intenantsto
it
CH3COOHH-C
anin histo
-

-8
# H
-

whereas in
alkylstructure/Formula
procurigi"n-"c"to t
D the
2
H
the
carboxylic acid

--or
comes first.

-c
--
H H-
Butanoic Acid I 3
+

3
Is - H
I
CHOOH
H-CYY-8 in
-
H
- +a H

it
The most
important ethanoic acid, [aHaOH [3H 200H CaC00C3H7 H20
organic carboxylic acidis
+ +

is made oxidation ofe thanol water

commonly called acetic acid. I t by Propanol +
butanoic acid
Propylbutanoate
[2HsOH,Dzis
ethanol
oxygen
+
CIs?OOlasmade ***"-on+H"_"- ↳

-"""- ↳

Vinegar is made
and
Flavouring.
this
way. Vinegar
is used as a food preservative In In It is Is OH In In o
i - e H

Ethanoic Acid
and
is used in the manufacture of
drugs, dyes, paints,
insecticides plastics.
Hydrolysis Esters
of
Ifan Ester is
hydrolysedby boiling it with aqueous sodium hydroxide
Properties Carboxylic Organic
of Acids an alcohol and a carboxylic acid are formed.
all the other acids
Like they affectindicators and will turn
Ester Water Alcohol Acid
moist blue litmus red.
They have typical acidic properties, but
+
Carboxylic
they are weak acids as
they do not completelyionize in an

aqueous solution/medium.
Pentyl
The dissociation ofOrganic Acids.
Proganoats
CHC08 H, aal
athanoic acid iiat**"y""on
Reaction with reactive metals Reaction with Metal Carbonates
Metal+ Acid Salt+Hydrogen gas Metal Carbonates + Acid ->Salt+Water + (82

Erin in
antigen alkanoate
gas
Naz 283 +29Hs(80H-> 2CH3C00Na+H20+CO2
Sodium
carbonate
ethanoic
+

acid->thcandte+
water inhi
M8 2HC00H
+

(HC002 Mg H2
+

methanoic acid

site- Homeinter I carein

magnesium magnesium methanoate
dioxide
2A) 6CzHsC00H-2(2Hs001Al + 3H2

-06),
+

(03(8 +6(aH(00H
aluminium acid aluminium
propanoic -> propanoate hydrogengas
A 328+30-
+

Reaction with Bases

Base + Acid Salt+Water
A
-

Croo.
NaOHsodiumethanoate
00a+
ethanoic acid water (23H, c00]sAl
hydroxidet
+

amagnesininter.the er
magnesiumto
oxi de
Macromolecule
A macromolecule is
joining together many
a
Polymerisation
molecule
largemolecules.
small
made
by
Tarylene
condensation polymer. It Fibre.
Polymerisation small
It is a is a
synthetic
It theis of process joining together these Also known as polyester as the monomers are

molecules to Form bimolecules. Mono means

single joinedtogether by ester linkages.
andpolymeans many,theretore polymer
11

a is Forest

O
otymepeat ageisasmallestautotheage
in
one
Polymers do nothave Fix melting points. They soften
overarangeof temperateenter,late"as
Do 0
+

0O
such
and
include
proteins. Synthetic macromolecules as
plastics
commonly polyethene.

②
used

types ofPolymerisations:

Qinna,
There are two

1. Polymerisation
Addition - + (2n) Hz0
Condensation Polymerisation

S -
2.
2(1)
1

AdditionPolymerisation 21
monomerstoFormeiteasier
Itisthe linkingof unsaturated
addition
polymerisation C3H [J8 C2Hs

Alkene Polyalkane
n(ethene) polyethene -
- -

-
n (CH2 CH2) =
-

CH2CHz-
Uses of
Terylene and
Nylon

"Isititinateas,
H
important artificial Fibre is used the manufacture
re Terylene, like nylon is an and in

clothing, curtain
of material, Fishing line, parachutes etc.

Plastics
Plastics are
non-biodegradable so
they do not rot or
decompose
temperature pressure and therefore plastics they
1.
High and are a pollution problem as can remain

2.
catalyst
A in the earth
indefinitely. Plastics therefore become a
regular litter
Uses of
polyethane problem and also ifthese plastics a re disposedoff by
1. Used For plastic bags burning, they produce poisonous fumes eg hydrogen chloride
gas
from P.V.C.
Used For Film
2.
cling
3. Used For sheets
Natural Macromolecules

= - --- Fats contain the ester

linkage, same as
Terylene.
of

CH3
City ICiz E
made ofa mino acids.
Proteins possess the same
linkage as
nylon. They are

with the units-COOH and NHz their molecule. Water is eliminated

Condensation Polymerisation in
-

when these acids thus this is condensation

amino
polymerise, polymerisation
To purse,monomersjointogethereater.Easier
and

The peptide link joins them together, just as the amide link joins the monomers
may
-
contain two kinds ofm onomers in
nylon.
Nylon
It
is a condensation
polymer. It is a
syntheticis Fibre.
made
It is
of
⑰N c ⑪zN co
light and
strong, stretchable without breaking. It up

because the
two monomers. Iti s also
joined
known as

to form
polyamide
monomers are
together a
polymer with amide
linkages.
↑ HOOC COOH +

n HaN NH2
I
- dicarboxylin
acid
- diamine

·vinien
N C N C H28
H
+

I
8H
C N

1-1 1
+(2) H20
Mice 1

a N -

- 0 -H
it