Measurement and Analysis of In-Plane Eddy
Current in Lamination Steel Using a New Tester
Kazuo Shima, Takeo Murai, Tadashi Fukami, Yoko Furukawa, and Akiyoshi Komura

Abstract -- In stator end regions of turbogenerators, the
in-plane eddy current arises in the lamination steel. In this
paper, a simple tester to measure the in-plane eddy current
losses in lamination steel is newly designed and built. A
measurement method to separate the in-plane losses from the
total core losses in the tester is presented. The in-plane losses
are measured and computed by finite element analysis. The
computed losses agreed well with the measured ones. The
accuracy of the analysis has been confirmed. The eddy-
current phenomena in the tester are examined by the analysis.
The computed results show that the in-plane eddy current has
nearly resistance-limited characteristics. The eddy current
generates the looped flux inside a steel sheet.
Index Terms--3-D finite element method, core loss, in-plane
eddy current, lamination steel, perpendicular flux, stator end
region, turbine generator
I. INTRODUCTION
I N stator end regions of turbogenerators, the end
leakage fluxes penetrate the in-plane surfaces of the
lamination steel sheets in the axial direction. The in-
plane eddy current is induced in the steel [1]. The eddy
current losses may increase the temperature in the stator
and affect the machine characteristics. Therefore, accurate
computation of the losses is desirable in the machine design.
However, the accuracy evaluation of the loss computation
in a real machine is difficult because it is almost impossible
to measure only the in-plane eddy current losses.
Instead of using a real machine, a simple tester has been
presented and measured to evaluate the computation
accuracy of the in-plane eddy current losses [2], [3].
Although it can simulate the magnetic flux distribution
similar to a real turbogenerator, the flux distribution in the
tester is complex. Accurate modeling of the complex
distribution for finite element analysis (FEA) is therefore
difficult. In addition, it is almost impossible to separate the
in-plane eddy current losses from the measured total core
losses. Therefore, direct evaluation of the computation
accuracy of the in-plane eddy current losses by FEA is
difficult as well.
Another simple tester has been presented in [1]. The
measured and analyzed losses agreed well. However, the
measurement method of the losses and the analysis
conditions are not shown in the literature. Also in this tester,
it is difficult to separate the in-plane eddy current losses
from the measured total core losses.
In this paper, a tester is newly designed and built. The
flux distribution in it is simpler than that in the tester in [2],
[3]. It is possible to measure almost only the in-plane eddy
current losses. The losses are measured and computed by
K. Shima, T. Murai, and T. Fukami are with Kanazawa Institute of
Technology, 7-1 Ohgigaoka, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8501 Japan (e-mail:
k_shima@neptune.kanazawa-it.ac.jp)
Y. Furukawa and A. Komura are with Hitachi Research Laboratory,
Hitachi, Ltd., 7-1-1 Omika, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1292 Japan.
978-1-4673-0142-8/12/$26.00 ©2012 IEEE
FEA. The simple flux distribution makes the modeling less
complex than that of the tester in [2], [3]. The validity of
the FEA is evaluated by comparing the computed and
measured results. The phenomena in the tester are
examined by the FEA.
II. IN-PLANE EDDY CURRENT LOSS TESTER
An in-plane eddy current loss tester is newly designed
and built. Fig. 1 shows the tester. The core thickness of the
specimen and the yoke is 21 mm. The core material is the
non-oriented electrical steel sheet 35A210 [4]. The nominal
thickness of the sheet is 0.35 mm. The density is 7.60
kg/dm3. The maximum core loss for 1.5 T at 50 Hz is 2.10
W/kg. The material is cut into the specimen and the yoke
by wire electrical discharge machining. Four excitation
windings (EWs) are wound around the center yoke. Seven
search coils (SCs) are wound around the cores. Seven
thermocouples (TCs) are attached on the core surfaces.
The specimen is in the shape of a 21-mm cube. The
21mm-square sheets are stacked into the shape. Polyester
adhesive tapes are wound around the specimen to keep the
shape. The tapes are also put on the specimen to keep the
gap width between the specimen and the yoke. The
specimen is fixed in the in-plane direction (ID) or in the
lamination direction (LD), as shown in Fig. 1(a) and 1(b),
respectively. When the specimen is fixed in ID, the
magnetic fluxes penetrate perpendicularly into the in-plane
surfaces of the steel sheets in the specimen. Therefore the
in-plane eddy currents arise in the steel. When it is fixed in
LD, the in-plane eddy currents do not arise. Only minimum
mechanical stress to keep the shape and the position of the
specimen and yoke is imposed on the sheets.
Excitation windings
Excitation current
: Thermocouples
Side surface
255 mm
Specimen (35A210)
21 mm
Flux
21 mm
Yoke
21 mm
Yoke (35A210)
285 mm
(a) In-plane (b) Lamination
21 mm
direction direction Search coils
Fig. 1. In-plane eddy current loss tester. Cubic specimen (35A210) is
fixed in (a) in-plane direction (ID) or (b) lamination direction (LD).
III. MEASUREMENT
A measurement method to separate the in-plane eddy
current losses in the specimen from the total core losses in
the tester is presented. The measured results are shown.
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A. Measurement Method much larger than the yoke core loss.
Fig. 2 shows the test setup. The EW2 and 3 are
connected to the power source in series. The EW1 and 4 1
0.8 Under ID
are not used. The specimen SC is wound around the
specimen. The yoke SC1–6 are wound around the yoke. 0.6 Under LD

Flux density (T)

0.4
The specimen TC is attached on a specimen side surface.
0.2
The yoke TC1–6 are attached on the yoke upper surface.
0
-0.2 0 5 10 15 20
Yoke
Specimen
TC2 SC2 -0.4
SC1
EW1 -0.6
SC5 EW2 (90 turns)
Bipolar power -0.8
SC6 supply
TC1 Takasago -1
(a) In-plane direction
TC3
Specimen SC BPS 40-15 Time (ms)
TC5 TC6 Shunt
SC3 resistor Multifunction
generator Fig. 4. Measured magnetic flux densities in the specimen.
EW3 (90 turns) nF WF1974
SC4 TC4 EW4
0.4
(b) Lamination direction SC1 under ID
0.3
SC1 under LD
Fig. 2. Test setup under (a) in-plane direction (ID) for core losses Pid and 0.2 SC3 under ID

Flux density (T)

(b) lamination direction (LD) for Pld. EW: excitation winding, SC: search 0.1 SC3 under LD
coil, and TC: thermocouple.
0
0 5 10 15 20
The experimental procedure is as follows. First, the -0.1
specimen is fixed in ID. The 50-Hz, sinusoidal voltage is -0.2
applied to the excitation windings. The total core loss Pid is -0.3
measured. The measurement is performed as quickly as -0.4
possible because the specimen temperature rise is rapid. Time (ms)
Second, the specimen is fixed in LD. In the same way, the (a) Yoke search coils SC1 and 3.
total core loss Pld is measured. In this case, the excitation
voltage is adjusted so that the induced voltage in the yoke 0.4
SC2 under ID
SC1 is the same as that under the former Pid measurement. 0.3
SC2 under LD
Before each Pid or Pld measurement, the specimen is fixed 0.2
Flux density (T)

SC4 under ID
in LD and AC demagnetization is performed. Finally, the 0.1 SC4 under LD
in-plane eddy current loss P is obtained by the following 0
equation, assuming that Pld nearly equals the yoke core loss 0 5 10 15 20
-0.1
under the Pid measurement:
-0.2
P  Pid  Pld (1)
-0.3
Each loss Pid or Pld is obtained by averaging the
-0.4
instantaneous power calculated by multiplying the Time (ms)
measured excitation current waveform and induced voltage (b) Yoke search coils SC2 and 4.
waveforms of the yoke SC1 and 3 together. The magnetic
flux densities in the specimen and the yoke are obtained by 0.3
SC5 under ID
integration of the voltage waveforms of the SCs and 0.2 SC5 under LD
division by the core cross section.
Flux density (T)

SC6 under ID
0.1 SC6 under LD
B. Measurement Results
0
0 5 10 15 20
16 -0.1
Total loss
P1 under ID, Pid SC6
14 SC5
Total loss
P2 under LD, Pld -0.2
12
PIn-plane eddy current loss
Core loss (W)

10 -0.3
under ID, P Time (ms)
8 (c) Yoke search coils SC5 and 6.
6
Fig. 5. Measured magnetic flux densities in the yoke.
4
2 Figs. 4 and 5 show the measured flux density waveforms
0 of the specimen and yoke SCs under the condition that the
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
rms flux density in the specimen is 0.60 T. Fig. 6 shows the
Specimen rms flux density under ID (T)
Fig. 3. Measured core losses.
measured excitation current waveforms under the same
condition. The horizontal axes in Figs. 4–6 represent the
Fig. 3 shows the measured losses. The losses Pld under same time. All the waveforms are almost sinusoidal. All the
the LD conditions are 9.6–11.1% of the losses Pid under the form factors are within 111.1±0.4%. From Figs. 5(a)–(c),
ID conditions. That is, the in-plane eddy current loss P is the yoke flux density waveforms under LD agree well with

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those under ID. Conversely from Fig. 4, the amplitude of IV. VALIDATION OF MEASUREMENT
the specimen flux density waveform under LD is a little Validity of the measurement is discussed. In order to
larger than that under ID. This is because the magnetic evaluate the results of the in-plane eddy current losses P
reluctance in the specimen under LD is smaller than that measured with (1), the following two requirements should
under ID, and there are no in-plane eddy current under LD. be investigated. First, the yoke core losses under the ID and
However, it should be noted that the difference between the the LD conditions should be almost the same. Second, the
specimen flux density waveforms under ID and LD is small. core losses in the specimen under LD should be small
compared to the total loss Pld.
4
3 Under ID A. Yoke Core Losses Under ID and LD
Excitation current (A)

2 Under LD The first requirement is investigated. In Fig. 4, the flux

densities in the specimen under ID and LD do not agree
1
well. Therefore, the flux densities in the parts of the yoke
0
adjacent to the specimen also do not agree. However, the
0 5 10 15 20
-1 volume of these parts is small compared to the total yoke
-2 volume. The flux densities in the other part of the yoke
-3 agree well as shown in Fig. 5.
-4 The temperatures in the parts of the yoke adjacent to
Time (ms) the specimen under LD, shown as TC1 and 3 in Fig. 7(b)
are different from those under ID, shown in Fig. 7(a).
Fig. 6. Measured excitation currents.
However, the volume of these parts is small. Moreover, the
temperature rises are small.
90
Specimen Accordingly, it is reasonable to assume that the total
80 Specimen Room yoke core losses under ID and LD are almost the same.
Temperature (deg C)

TC1
70
TC2 B. Core Losses in Specimen Under LD
60 TC3 The second requirement is investigated. The core losses
TC1
50 TC4 in the tester shown in Fig. 1 under LD, Pld, are computed
40 TC3
TC5 by 3-D FEA. Fig. 8 shows the 1/4 mesh model. The
Others
TC6 commercial FEA software, JMAG® Ver. 10.0 (JSOL) [5],
30
is used. The initial magnetization curve provided by the
20 manufacturer is used as the input values to the FEA. A 50-
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Hz, sinusoidal current source is connected to the excitation
Specimen rms flux density under ID (T) windings. After performing the FEA, the core losses in the
(a) Under in-plane direction. tester are calculated from the flux densities in the mesh
elements computed by the FEA and the core-loss data
90 Specimen
provided by the manufacturer [6], [7]. The core-loss
Room
80 computation program provided within the JMAG software
Temperature (deg C)

TC1
70 TC2
package is used. The average flux densities in the core
60 TC3
cross sections are calculated from the flux linkages in the
TC4
search coils.
50
TC5
40 Excitation windings
TC6
Others
30
Room
20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Specimen rms flux density under ID (T) Yoke
(b) Under lamination direction.

Fig. 7. Measured surface temperatures on the specimen and the yoke.

Fig. 7(a) shows the measured core temperatures under

ID. The specimen temperature rise is large due to the in-
plane eddy current losses. For TC1 and 3, i.e. the parts of Yoke search coil SC1
Specimen
the yoke adjacent to the specimen, the temperatures are
higher than the room temperature due to the specimen heat. Fig. 8. 3-D FEA model of the tester under lamination direction to
However, the temperature rises are small. The temperature compute core losses.
rises of the other part of the yoke are almost zero. Fig. 7(b)
shows the measured core temperatures under LD. No Fig. 9 shows the analyzed core losses. Pld, Plds, and Pldy,
temperature rise is observed. The two room temperature denote the total losses, the specimen losses, and the yoke
values at about 0.2-T and 0.4-T conditions in the horizontal losses, respectively. Plds are 6.4–8.5% of Pld. The specimen
axis are smaller than the others. This is due to a momentary losses Plds are much smaller than the yoke losses Pldy.
direct air blow from a room air conditioner. Moreover, from Figs. 9 and 3, the specimen core losses

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under LD, Plds, are very much smaller than the specimen in- depth, which is calculated as follows:
plane eddy current losses under ID, P. 1
Fig. 10 shows the analyzed and measured losses Pld. The   0.485 mm (2)
 f s  0
analyzed results agree well with the measured ones. The
measured values are the same as Pld in Fig. 3. where the frequency f is 50 Hz. The relative permeability μs
From these investigations, the measured results of the is 12732, which is the largest value in the initial
losses P have been validated. magnetization curve (at B = 0.64 T).
The 50-Hz sinusoidal excitation current is applied to the
1.2 excitation winding. The eddy current losses in the iron part
Total loss,
P2 Pld are computed. They correspond to the values P. The
1 Specimen loss,
P21 Plds hysteresis losses are neglected. The average flux densities
Yoke loss,
P22 Pldy
0.8 in the core cross section are calculated from the flux
Core loss (W)

0.6
linkages in the search coil.

0.4 Y
Y Search coil
0.2 21 mm Air
X

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Z 10.5 mm
Yoke SC1 rms flux density (T) 21 mm
Steel sheet X
Fig. 9. Analyzed core losses under lamination direction. Steel sheet 10.5 mm
Specimen Excitation
Symmetrical winding
boundary
1.6

1.4 Measurement

1.2 Analysis
Core loss (W)

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Yoke SC1 rms flux density (T)
Fig. 10. Analyzed and measured total core losses under lamination
direction.
V. ANALYSIS OF IN-PLANE EDDY CURRENT LOSSES
The in-plane eddy current losses P in the specimen
under ID are computed by 3-D FEA using a partial model.
The computation accuracy is evaluated. The phenomenon
in the specimen is examined.
A. Analysis Method
Fig. 11 shows the partial mesh model for the FEA.
Instead of the whole tester, a lamination steel sheet in the
specimen is modeled to reduce the computation time. The
analyzed region is reduced to 1/8 of the sheet. The
schematic flux direction shown as the dashed arrow in Fig.
1 is drawn assuming that the flux lines are perpendicular to
the steel sheet surface under ID. In this model, this
assumption is adopted. The validity is confirmed by
comparing the FEA results with the measured ones.
In this model, the lamination factor is assumed to be
0.95. The thickness of the iron part in Z-axis direction is
95% of that of the total thickness of the mesh. That of the
insulation part is 5%. The material data, i.e., the
conductivity (σ = 1695000 S/m) and the initial
magnetization curve, provided by the manufacturer are
used for the iron part in the FEA. The relative permeability
in the insulation part is unity. The dimensions of the
elements are determined considering the theoretical skin
Z Natural boundary
Iron part
95%
X
5% Insulation 0.45 mm
Natural
Half of steel part boundary
thickness Side part of steel (X-Y plane)
Central part of steel (X-Z plane)
0.25 0.3
Fig. 11. 3-D FEA model of lamination steel in the specimen under in-
plane direction to compute in-plane eddy current losses.
B. Analysis Results
Fig. 12 shows the analyzed and measured in-plane eddy
current losses P. The measured values are the same as P in
Fig. 3. The analyzed results agree well with the measured
ones. Fig. 13 shows the flux density waveforms in the
specimen. The rms values of them are 0.60 T. The analyzed
and measured waveforms agree well. The validity of the
FEA has been confirmed. Although the FEA results are not
for a real turbogenerator but for a tester, this conclusion
supports the efficacy of future application of this FEA
methodology to a rotating machine. There remains future
work to decrease computer resources needed for such
analysis.
Fig. 13 also shows the excitation current waveform in
the analysis. The phase difference between the excitation
current and the specimen flux density is not large. The total
amount of the analyzed eddy current flowing through the
X-Z plane (Y = 0) in the specimen is shown in Fig. 13. The
phase difference between the excitation current and the
eddy current is nearer to 90 deg than 180 deg.
Fig. 14 shows the analyzed eddy current densities on X-
Z plane (Y = 0) in the specimen. The horizontal axis
denotes the distance from the side surface of the steel in the
inverse X-axis direction. The origin corresponds to the side
surface. The point of 10.5 mm corresponds to the center of
the steel. As seen from the side surface, the eddy current is
induced in the region much deeper than the theoretical skin
depth that is 0.485–1.87 mm by (2) when B = 0–1.5 T. One

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of the reasons is that the steel sheet is thinner than the skin excitation current reaches its maximum, shown as the point
depth. That is, seen from the in-plane surface, the eddy B in Fig. 13. In this moment, the eddy current is relatively
current flows within the skin depth. Further theoretical small. The flux density is large and its direction is largely
explanation of the phenomenon remains to be solved. in Z-axis direction, perpendicular to the in-plane surface.
From these results and Fig. 13, the fluxes generated by the
18 excitation current are not much reduced by the in-plane
Measurement eddy current.
In-plane eddy current loss (W)

16
14 Analysis From Figs. 13 and 15–18, the phase of the in-plane eddy
12 current is nearly 90 deg different from that of the external
10 magnetic field generated by the excitation current. The
8 phase difference between the flux density and the external
6 magnetic field is small.
4 The cause of these phenomena will be that the magnetic
2 reluctance of the main flux produced by the eddy current is
0
large, and the corresponding mutual inductance between
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 the eddy current and the excitation current is small due to
Specimen rms flux density (T) the insulations between the lamination steel sheets,
compared to massive solid iron [8]. That is, the in-plane
Fig. 12. Analyzed and measured in-plane eddy current losses. eddy current has nearly resistance-limited characteristics.
Further study about it needs to be done.
1 8
0.8 6
B VI. CONCLUSION
0.6
Flux density (T)

4
0.4 The in-plane eddy current loss tester is newly designed
Current (A)

0.2 2 and built. A measurement method to separate the in-plane

A
0 0 eddy current losses from the total core losses in the tester is
-0.2 0 5 10 15 20
-2 presented. The losses are measured and analyzed by FEA.
-0.4 Measured flux density
-4
The validity of the measured results is evaluated. The
-0.6 Analyzed flux density accuracy of the analysis is also evaluated. The eddy-current
Analyzed excitation current -6
-0.8
Analyzed total eddy current
phenomena in the tester are examined by the analysis.
-1 -8 The measurement method to obtain the in-plane eddy
Time (ms)
current losses in the specimen of the tester has been
Fig. 13. Analyzed and measured magnetic flux densities in the specimen verified by examining the measured results and analyzing
under in-plane direction. the core losses in the yoke of the tester by FEA. The in-
plane eddy current analysis in a lamination steel sheet in the
2.5
specimen by FEA has been verified by comparing the
Current density (A/mm2)

2 analyzed and the measured results. This conclusion

1.5
1
0.5
0
0 1.5
Fig. 14. Analyzed rms eddy current densities in X-Z plane in the
specimen.
Figs. 15–18 show the analyzed current and flux density
distributions in the specimen under the same condition as
Fig. 13. Figs. 15 and 16 show the results at the moment that
the excitation current is zero, shown as the point A in Fig.
13. In this moment, the eddy current is large. This current
generates the looped flux lines inside a steel sheet as shown
in Figs. 16(b) and (c). The flux density vectors are largely
in X-axis direction, parallel to the in-plane surface of the
sheet. This is the reason why the flux density is relatively
large, as shown in Fig. 16(a), in spite of the zero excitation
current. Also, this is one of the reasons why the eddy
current is induced in the region much deeper than the
theoretical skin depth seen from the side surface.
Figs. 17 and 18 show the results at the moment that the
supports the efficacy of future application of the FEA to a
rotating machine.
From the analysis, it is found that the in-plane eddy
current is induced in the region much deeper than the
theoretical skin depth seen from the side surface of the
lamination sheet. The current generates the looped flux
3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5
lines inside a steel sheet. The phase of the current is nearly
90 deg different from that of the excited magnetic field.
Distance (mm)
That is, the in-plane eddy current has nearly resistance-
limited characteristics.
Further study using such a tester can enhance the
understanding of the phenomenon. It can also contribute to
development of efficient analysis methods of the in-plane
eddy current losses in real rotating machines.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the graduates of
Kanazawa Institute of Technology, S. Nakatsubo, N.
Kobayashi, S. Kawakami, and T. Yamazaki, for their
assistance with this study.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1] T. Tokumasu, S. Doi, K. Ito, and M. Yamamoto, "An electric vector
potential method approach for 3-D electromagnetic field in turbine
generator stator core end," IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and
Systems, vol. PAS-103, no. 6, pp. 1330-1338, Jun. 1984.

1775
 (a) Current density distribution (X-Y plane).
0 1.6 3.2
Current density (A/mm2)
(b) Current density distribution in side part of steel (X-Z plane).
(c) Current density distribution in central part of steel (X-Z plane).
Fig. 15. In-plane eddy current densities in the specimen at the moment
of zero excitation current at Point A in Fig. 13.
1.5
Flux density (T)
0.75
0 0
(a) Flux density distribution (X-Y plane).
(b) Flux density distribution in side part of steel (X-Z plane).
(c) Flux density distribution in central part of steel (X-Z plane).
Fig. 16. Magnetic flux densities in the specimen at the moment of zero
excitation current at Point A in Fig. 13.
[2] K. Yamazaki, S. Tada, H. Mogi, Y. Mishima, C. Kaido, S. Kanao, K.
Takahashi, K. Ide, K. Hattori, and A. Nakahara, "Eddy current
analysis considering lamination for stator core ends of turbine
generators," IEEE Trans. Magnetics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1502-1505,
Jun. 2008.
[3] H. Mogi, C. Kaido, S. Kanao, Y. Mishima, K. Yamazaki, Y.
Watanabe, A. Nakahara, K. Takahashi, K. Ide, K. Hattori, and T.
Watanabe, "Influence of Perpendicular flux in laminated core and
core losses," in Proc. Intl. Conf. Electrical Machines (ICEM), pp. 1–
5, Sep. 2006.
[4] Non-oriented magnetic steel sheet and strip, Japanese Industrial
Standard JIS C 2552: 2000, Feb. 2000.
[5] JMAG, JSOL Corp. [Online], http://jmag-international.com/.
[6] K. Yamazaki, “Harmonic copper and iron losses calculation of
induction motor using nonlinear time-stepping finite element
method,” in Proc. IEEE Intl. Electric Machines and Drives Conf.
(IEMDC), pp. 551–553, Jun. 2001.
1776
(a) Current density distribution (X-Y plane).
0 1.6 3.2
Current density (A/mm2)
(b) Current density distribution in side part of steel (X-Z plane).
(c) Current density distribution in central part of steel (X-Z plane).
Fig. 17. In-plane eddy current densities in the specimen at the moment
of maximum excitation current at Point B in Fig. 13.
1.5
Flux density (T)
0.75
(a) Flux density distribution (X-Y plane).
(b) Flux density distribution in side part of steel (X-Z plane).
(c) Flux density distribution in central part of steel (X-Z plane).
Fig. 18. Magnetic flux densities in the specimen at the moment of
maximum excitation current at Point B in Fig. 13.
[7] HILITECORETM, Non-oriented electrical steel sheets, Nippon Steel
Corp. [Online], http://www.nsc.co.jp/en/product/kind/sheet/product-
list.html.
[8] R. L. Winchester, "Stray losses in the armature end iron of large
turbine generators," AIEE Trans. Power Apparatus and Systems, vol.
74, pt. III, pp. 381-391, Jun. 1955.
IX. BIOGRAPHIES
Kazuo Shima received the B. Eng. and M. Eng. degrees from Kyoto
University, Kyoto, Japan, in 1993 and 1995, respectively, and the Dr. Eng.
degree from Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan, in 2004, all in electrical
engineering.
Since 2005, he has been with the Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Ishikawa,
Japan, where he is currently an Associate Professor. During 1995–2005, he
 was with the Hitachi Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan. His
research interests include the design and numerical analysis of electric
machines.
Dr. Shima is a member of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan.
Takeo Murai received the B. Eng. degree in electrical engineering in 2010
from Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Ishikawa, Japan, where he is
currently working toward the M. Eng. degree.
Tadashi Fukami received the B. Eng., M. Eng., and Dr. Eng. degrees in
electrical engineering from Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Ishikawa,
Japan, in 1985, 1987, and 1990, respectively.
Since 1992, he has been with the Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, where he is
currently a Professor. During 1990–1992, he was with the Central
Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Hyogo, Japan. His
research interests include the design, analysis, and application of electric
machines.
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Dr. Fukami is a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical Engineers
of Japan.
Yoko Furukawa received the B. Eng. and M. Eng. degrees from Oita
University, Oita, Japan, in 1988 and 1990, respectively.
From 1990 to 1997, she was with the Energy Research Laboratory,
Hitachi Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan. Since 1997, she has been with the Hitachi
Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., where she is currently a Researcher.
Her research interests include the design and numerical analysis of electric
machines.
Akiyoshi Komura received the B. Eng. and M. Eng. degrees from Tohoku
University, Miyagi, Japan, in 1991 and 1993, respectively.
Since 1993, he has been with the Hitachi Research Laboratory, Hitachi
Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His
research interests include the design and numerical analysis, experimental
measurement of electric machines.
Mr. Komura is a member of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of
Japan.