KOLEHIYO NG SUBIC

WFI Compound, Wawandue, Subic, Zambales

DOMESTIC PROBLEMS AND POLICIES AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND RURAL

DEVELOPMENT; ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT
NICOLAS, ARMAN F.

AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT; ENVIRONMENT AND

DEVELOPMENT

1.1 Agricultural Transformation

Agriculture – is the practice of cultivating plant sand livestock, it was the key development in

the rise of sedentary human civilization.

1. Nomadic Herding
Nomadic herding is based upon the rearing of animals on natural pastures. This practice is
performed by the people of semi-arid and arid regions. These people stay on the move with their
animals in search of natural pastures for their livestock to graze. The type of animals reared
differ from one region to the other. Northern Africa, parts of Arabia and parts of northern Eurasia
are the typical regions of this type of farming. This is a subsistence type of activity.

2.Livestock Ranching
Under this system of farming, the major emphasis is laid on rearing animals. Unlike nomadic
herding, the farmers live a settled life. This type of farming has developed on a commercial basis
in areas of the world where large plots of land are available for animal grazing, such as the low
rainfall areas of North America, South America and Australia. Animals are reared mainly for
meat and wool, and they are kept on large-scale farms called ranches.

3.Shifting Cultivation
 KOLEHIYO NG SUBIC
WFI Compound, Wawandue, Subic, Zambales

This type of farming is most often adopted in the tropics. Under this system, the land is obtained
by clearing forest areas using a slash and burn technique. The land is then cultivated for a few
years, or until the fertility declines or the land is overtaken by the weeds and other native flora.
At this point, farmers move on to clear another area of the forest. This is a subsistence type of
farming that is almost always done manually. This type of agriculture is usually adopted by
people living in tropical regions like southeast Asia, with a major emphasis is on grain crops.
This type of farming is declining due to pressure by environmentalists.

4.Commercial Plantations
Although practiced over a rather small area, this type of farming is quite important in terms of
its commercial value. The major products of this type of farming are tropical crops such as tea,
coffee, rubber and palm oil. This type of farming has developed in parts of Asia, Africa and
Latin America where the colonial influence of Europeans has remained. Most of the plantations
were developed to provide tropical crops to the European markets. This is a highly capital-
intensive type of farming and most of the crops are tree crops.

Agricultural transformation is the process by which an agri-food system 3 transforms over time
from being subsistence-oriented and farm-centered into one that is more commercialized,
productive, and off-farm centered

1.1.1 Rural areas

In general, a rural area or a countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and
cities.[1] Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural
areas and areas with forestry typically are described as rural.
 KOLEHIYO NG SUBIC
WFI Compound, Wawandue, Subic, Zambales

Rural development is the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of
people living in rural areas, often relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas. Rural
Development has traditionally centered on the exploitation of land-intensive natural resources
such as agriculture and forestry.

What are the key issues in the rural development? Rural areas are still facing issues like, poverty,
low literacy rates, and lock if basic infrastructure like schools and hospitals. As a result youth is
migrating to urban areas in search of new opportunities. If rural areas are poor, India is poor
India is continuously trying to boost the rural.

REFERENCES
 KOLEHIYO NG SUBIC
WFI Compound, Wawandue, Subic, Zambales

Jayne, T.S., Benfica, R., Yeboah, F.K. and Chamberlin, J. (2019), "Agricultural Transformation and Africa’s

Economic Development", Nnadozie, E. and Jerome, A. (Ed.) African Economic Development, Emerald

Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 349-375. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78743-783-820192018

http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E

http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=E/CN.17/2009/19&Lang=E