Water Treatment

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 How to choose the right treatment scheme
➢ Analyze the raw water and obtain the water quality
parameters
➢ Choose the treatment scheme for improving the water quality
to meet the requirement of potable water
 Removes large solid

Removes debris

To prevent microbial growth

To reduce tooth decay

Harris, Katherine & Fellows, Chris & Quinn, Frances & Rizk, Nadya & Taylor, Neil & Whannell, Robert & Sharma, Manjula & Taylor, Subhashni. (2019). Physical separation
techniques in water purification: an inquiry-based laboratory learning experience. Chemistry Teacher International. .
 FUNCTIONS OF EACH UNIT

✓Intake well - The raw water is admitted from the source in these wells through the inlet
opening having screen to separate the floating material.

✓Screens - Screens are used to remove floating and large suspended material.

✓Aerators - To remove the gases from the water and oxidize iron and manganese, the raw
water is exposed to the air.

✓Flash mixer - In this unit, coagulants are added and are properly mixed.

✓Flocculation unit- In this unit, colloidal particles are destabilized to form flocs due to the
addition of coagulant

✓Sedimentation tank -To remove the flocs formed during flocculation

✓Filter beds - It helps to remove the fine flocs and some pathogens from water.

✓Disinfection – It destroys all pathogens. Some organic matter will also get oxidized. This is
an important process for water treatment.

✓Distribution System - Treated water is conveyed to household.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING , IITD 4
How to treat groundwater having high hardness, iron, manganese and dissolved gases

Chlorine (to stop bacterial

Gas to atmosphere Lime & soda ash growth)

Aeration Softening Filtration

Raw Ground
Sludge (Ca , Mg removal) Backwash water
Water Decanted, Sludge

Chlorine

Distribution Storage Disinfection

System
To give contact time for disinfection
and storage for meeting peak For Pathogen and Organic
demands matter

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING , IITD 5

How to treat groundwater having high hardness, iron, manganese and dissolved gases

Chlorine (to stop bacterial

Gas to atmosphere Lime & soda ash growth)

Aeration Softening Filtration

Raw Ground
Sludge (Ca , Mg removal) Backwash water
Water Decanted, Sludge

Chlorine

Distribution Storage Disinfection

System
To give contact time for disinfection
and storage for meeting peak For Pathogen and Organic
demands matter

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING , IITD 6

 How to treat turbid river water containing dissolved organics

Chlorine Ammonia Alum or polymers

Coagulation-
Raw water Presedimentation Flocculation-
Settling

Sludge removal
Sludge removal

Chlorine Chlorine

Storage Disinfection Adsorption Filtration

Sludge removal
and backwash
water decanted

Distribution
system

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING , IITD 7

 How to treat turbid river water containing dissolved organics

Chlorine Ammonia Alum or polymers

Coagulation-
Raw water Presedimentation Flocculation-
Settling

Sludge removal
Sludge removal

Chlorine Chlorine

Storage Disinfection Adsorption Filtration

Sludge removal
and backwash
water decanted

Distribution
system

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING , IITD 8

Wastewater Treatment
 WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
(i)Preliminary Treatment
– removes large objects, grits and non-degradable materials
– protects pumps, mechanical equipment from damage, prevent clogging
of valves
– screens and grit chamber
(ii) Primary treatment
– remove suspended, easily settleable and floating material
– Primary sedimentation tank (Primary clarifier)
(iii) Secondary treatment
– Remove suspended, colloidal and dissolved organic sand inorganics
matter
– Biological treatment (ASP-Activated Sludge Process, Trickling filter, RBC-
Rotating biological contactors),chemical-physical processes
(iv) Tertiary treatment.
– Polishing the secondary treated effluent to meet the reuse / discharge
requirements
– Adsorption, Advanced oxidation, disinfection
Typical wastewater treatment scheme

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 Functions of different units
➢ Screens- Remove coarse solids large objects such as sticks, rags,
boards, bottles, pieces of wood, etc.
➢ Comminutor- Shredding devices to break or cut up solids
➢ Grit Chamber- Removes inorganic solids such as sand, pebbles, silt,
gravel, etc. and also heavier or larger organic solids
➢ Primary sedimentation tank- Removes suspended organic solids
➢ Secondary treatment- Removal of dissolved organics and the
remaining 40-50% suspended solids (which are not removed in
primary treatment)
– Usually consists of an aeration tank (where organic matter stabilized by
the action of bacteria under aeration) and
– a secondary sedimentation tank (where the sludge is separated from the
effluent of aeration tank and the settled sludge (25 to 50 %) is recycled
partly to the aeration tank and remaining wasted
➢ Tertiary treatment- Disinfection and removal of non-biodegradable
complex organic matter, nutrient removal, heavy metal removal and
any other process to obtain the required effluent quality
Treatment scheme including sludge treatment

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Different processes involved in wastewater
treatment
 Treatment plant design

➢ Design period

➢ Population forecasting

➢ Per capita demand (lpcd)

➢ Water treatment plant capacity (MLD) = Population * Per

capita demand

➢ Return wastewater flow ~ 80-90%

➢ Return flow is used for estimating wastewater treatment plant

capacity
 Membrane processes

https://www.akvafresh.no/fileshare/filarkivroot/Bilder/English/Membran_Filtration.png
 Plate and frame
module

https://www.risingsunmembranes.com/news/flat-sheet-membrane-22912759.html

Flat sheet membrane

https://insights.globalspec.com/article/1986/reverse-osmosis-pre-treatment-techniques-and-technology

Spiral wound membrane http://bsbkonstruksi.co.id/index.php/en-us/products/water-treatment/membrane

 Reverse Osmosis
𝑄𝑝 =permeate stream flow

𝑄𝑓 = feed stream flow

𝑄𝑝
Recovery rate, % = × 100
𝑄𝑓

𝐶𝑓 = Concentration of solute in the feed

𝐶𝑝 =Concentration of solute in the permeate

𝑄𝑓 = 𝑄𝑝 + 𝑄𝑐
𝑄𝑓 𝐶𝑓 = 𝑄𝑝 𝐶𝑝 + 𝑄𝑐 𝐶𝑐

𝐶𝑝
Rate of rejection, % = 1 − × 100
𝐶𝑓
Swachh Bharat Mission
AMRUT
LiFE- Lifestyle For Environment
 At the 2021 UN Climate Change Conference
(UNFCCC COP26), Hon’ble Prime Minister of
India Shri Narendra Modi announced Mission
LiFE, to bring individual behaviours at the
forefront of the global climate action
narrative.
 LiFE envisions replacing the prevalent 'use-
and-dispose' economy—governed by
mindless and destructive consumption—with
a circular economy, which would be defined
by mindful and deliberate utilization.