Chapter 3 (ii) α + β = 1, αβ = −

1
5 5
Discussion point (Page 53) (iii) α + β
2
= 0, αβ =
4x 3 + x 2 − 4x − 1 = 0 7
Looking at the graph you may suspect that x = 1 is (Iv) α + β = − 24 , αβ = 0
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Answers
a root. Setting x = 1 verifies this. The factor theorem
tells you that (x – 1) must be a factor, so factorise the (v) α + β = −11, αβ = −4
cubic ( x − 1)(4 x 2 + 5x + 1) = 0. Now factorise the 8
(vi) α + β = − , αβ = −2
remaining quadratic factor: ( x − 1)(4 x + 1)( x + 1) = 0, 3
so the roots are x = 1, – 14 , –1. 2 (i) z 2 − 10z + 21 = 0
4x 3 + x 2 + 4x + 1 = 0 (ii) z 2 − 3z − 4 = 0
This does not have such an obvious starting (iii) 2z 2 + 19z + 45 = 0
point, but the graph suggests only one real root. (iv) z 2 − 5z = 0
Comparing with previous example, you may spot (v) z 2 − 6z + 9 = 0
that x = – 41 might work, so you can factorise giving (vi) z 2 − 6z + 13 = 0
(4 x + 1)( x 2 + 1) = 0. From this you can see that the 3 (i) 2z 2 + 15z − 81 = 0
other roots must be complex. x 2 = −1, so the three
(ii) 2 z 2 − 5z − 9 = 0
roots are x = – 14 , ±i.
(iii) 2z 2 + 13z + 9 = 0
Activity 3.1 (Page 54) (iv) z 2 − 7z − 12 = 0
Equation Two Sum of Product 4 (i) Roots are real, distinct and negative (since
roots roots of roots αβ > 0 ⇒ same signs and α + β < 0 ⇒
both <0)
(i) z 2 − 3z + 2 = 0 1, 2 3 2
(ii) α = −β
(ii) z 2 + z − 6 = 0 2, –3 –1 –6 (iii) One of the roots is zeros and the other is − b .
a
2
(iii) z − 6 z + 8 = 0 2, 4 6 8 (iv) The roots are of opposite signs.
2 5 Let az 2 + bz + c = 0 have roots a and 2a.
(iv) z − 3z − 10 = 0 –2, 5 3 –10
1, 1 3 1 Sum of roots α + 2α = 3α = − b so α = − b
(v) 2 z 2 − 3z + 1 = 0 2 2 2 a 3a
2
(vi) z − 4 z + 5 = 0 2±i 4 5 Product of roots α × 2α = 2α 2 = c so
a
( )
2
2× − b = c
Discussion point (Page 54) 3a a
If the equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0, the sum appears Then 2b 2 = 9ac as required.
to be – ba and the product appears to be ca .
6 (i) az 2 + bkz + ck 2 = 0
Discussion point (Page 55) (ii) az 2 + (b − 2ka )z + (k 2 a − kb + c ) = 0
You get back to the original quadratic equation.
7 (ii) z 2 − (5 + 2i) + (9 + 7i) = 0
Activity 3.3 (Page 57)
Exercise 3.2 (Page 61)
(i)
−3 ± i 31 , −3 ± i 31
4 2
1 (i) − 3
(ii)
2 ± 7 , 5 ± 7 2
3 3 1
(ii) −
Exercise 3.1 (Page 57) 2
7 (iii) − 7
1 (i) α + β = − , αβ = 3 2
2

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