ESS Topic 3

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1. 2010 Biodiversity To achieve by 2010 a significant reduction 11. CITES Convention in International Trade in
Convention of the current rate of biodiversity loss at Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
the global, regional and national level as Flora.
a contribution to poverty alleviation and
to the benefit of all life on Earth. Aims to prevent species threatened with
2. adaptive a group of closely related species that extinction because of international trade.
radiation have rapidly evolved from one common Parties act by banning commercial
ancestor, usually on islands where empty international trade in an agreed list of
niches exist endangered species (Appendix-I listed
species) and by regulating and monitoring
3. Aesphenosphere the upper part of the mantle - acts like a trade in others that might become
molten plastic endangered or whose trade needs to be
4. aesthetic the value from seeing and enjoying beauty regulated to ensure control over trade in
arguments for Appendix-I species (Appendix-II listed
preservation species).
5. Biodiversity The total diversity of living systems. This 12. Comparing Use of media, speed of response, diplomatic
includes the diversity of species, habitat effectiveness constraints, financial resources, political
diversity and genetic diversity. of influence
6. biodiversity biogeographic region that is both a Conservation
hotspot significant reservoir of biodiversity and is Organisations
threatened with destruction. 13. Conservation Habitat conservation, species conservation
7. Biogeography the study of the distribution of species Approaches or a mixed approach
and their evolution in relation to 14. Convention First signed in Rio at Earth Summit (1992) and
geographical distribution on Biological uses an ecosystem approach (an integrated
8. Captive These are designed to try to save what Diversity strategy for the management of resources)
breeding survives, ideally for subsequent release (CBD)
programmes back into the wild. In extreme situations, 15. core the centre of the earth
the species may actually be extinct in the
16. Crust the cooled rock that floats on the mantle -
wild.
divided into plates
9. Causes of Over-intensive shifting cultivation; Timber
17. Designing size, shape, edge effects, corridors,
Tropical extraction; Over-collection of fuelwood
Protected proximity to potential human influence
Deforestation for cooking and heating, and for making
Areas criteria
charcoal;
Encroachment and clearance by landless 18. disjunct when one species or sister species are
peasant farmers; Clearance for pasture or distribution distributed in two very different locations,
crops, promoted by cheap land and e.g. New Zealand and Chile
government tax and financial incentives to 19. ecological trophic cascades, food chain effects,
encourage international investment - this arguments ecosystem services (water cycles, flood
includes Biofuels like Palm Oil and Sugar for protection)
Cane preservation
10. Charismatic these are species that might be deemed 20. Economic may include ecotourism, the financial
species / "sexy" for publicity's sake and therefore arguments benefits of bioprospecting (to find medically
Flagship species used to promote the protection of an area for useful drugs etc) and the value to humanity
but thus protecting many other species. preservation of the ecosystem services
21. Edge effects the effects of human impact around the
boundaries of a protected area. The idea is
to reduce the amount of "edge" therefore a
circle is the optimal shape
22. Endemic native or restricted to a particular area
e.g. the Bali Starling is found only on the
island of Bali. It is endemic to Bali. It is a Bali
endemic species.
23. ethical intrinsic value of the species or the 39. National Strategy is how a country intends to fulfill
arguments for utilitarian value Biodiversity the objectives of the CBD, while the
preservation Strategy and National Biodiversity Action Plan comprises
24. Evolution is a gradual change in the genetic Action Plan the concrete actions to be taken to achieve
character of populations over many (NBSAP) the goals of the strategy
generations, achieved largely through the 40. natural is an evolutionary driving force, sometimes
mechanism of natural selection selection called "survival of the fittest". In this context,
25. extinct no longer survives on Earth the meaning of "fitness" is understood to be
"best-suited to the niche"
26. extinct in the only survives in zoos or botanic gardens
wild 41. Natural 1) Variation exists and there is
Selection overproduction so competition for
27. Factors for Red population size, degree of specialisation, stages resources; 2) Some individuals are thus fitter
List distribution, reproductive potential and than others; 3) Fitter individuals reproduce
behaviour, geographic range and degree more successfully; 4) Offspring inherit
of fragmentation, quality of habitat, genes that give advantage
trophic level, probability of extinction
42. Non- International - WWF or Greenpeace;
28. Genetic Genetic diversity refers to the range of governmental community based e.g. Palani Hills
diversity genetic material present in a population of organisations Conservation Council or Vatakanal Trust
a species. (NGOs) (In
29. geomorphology the study of the shapes of the Earth's conservation)
surface 43. palaeontology the study of fossils
30. Governmental eg UNEP United Nations Environment 44. Plate tectonics the surface of the Earth is divided into
Organisations Programme crustal, tectonic plates, that have moved
(in throughout geological time. This has led to
conservation) the creation of both land bridges and
31. Habitat Habitat diversity refers to the range of physical barriers with evolutionary
diversity different habitats in an ecosystem or consequences.
biome. 45. plume location where a column of magma rises up
32. Habitat / these are zones which link together to the surface - not associated with a plate
Wildlife protected areas. they may be physical boundary
corridors bridges or simply wildlife friendly zones 46. precautionary where there is a threat of significant
such as a hedge. They can increase the principle reduction or loss of biological diversity,
effective size of the habitat available to an lack of full scientific certainty should not be
organism used as a reason for postponing measures
33. Human habitat destruction, introduction of to avoid or minimize such a threat
Activities invasive species, pollution, overharvesting, 47. ratites ostrich like birds that share a common
Causing Species hunting and climate change ancestor, including, rhea, emu, kiwi,
Extinctions cassowary and extinct elephant birds and
34. invasive species a species not native to an area which is moa.
causing a problem to local species 48. Reintroduction Following captive breeding, a species may
35. Isolation of barriers such as mountain formation; programmes be released into the wild to form or
populations: changes in rivers, sea level change, supplement a wild population. This sort of
Causes climatic change or plate movements programme will only work if the reason for
36. Keystone Keystone species maintain the structure the organisms extinction no longer exists.
species and integrity of an ecological community. 49. social the rights of particular groups of people
They have a much larger influence on the arguments for who believe they have a cultural right to
community structure than other species, preservation the preservation of some land.
e.g. starfish, sea otters
37. mantle molten rock between the core and the Some religions and societies ascribe value
crust of the Earth's surface to the Earth and thus prioritise its
protection.
38. Mass extinction tectonic plate movements, super-volcanic
causes eruption, climatic changes (including
drought and ice ages), and meteorite
impact
50. Speciation the formation of new species when populations of a species become isolated and evolve
differently from other populations.
51. Species and Habitat aesthetic. ecological, economic, ethical, social reasons
preservation arguments
52. Species diversity Species diversity in communities is a product of two variables: the number of species (richness)
and their relative proportions (evenness).
53. Threatened umbrella term for Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable species