Topic 2 Flexure

i
CIVE 414
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE DESIGN
FLEXURE
OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE BEAMS
Load
Reinforcement
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

1. Singly Reinforced Sections
2. Doubly Reinforced Sections
3. T-Sections
1
FLEXURE OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS
 There are two different aspects of studying reinforced concrete
(RC) members:
1. Analysis: Given a cross-section, concrete strength and rein-
forcement details, compute:
a) the capacity or resistance of member
b) stresses under given loading
2. Design: Given specified design loading:
a) select suitable cross-section & reinforcement
1. Singly-reinforced sections
2. Doubly-reinforced sections
3. T-beam sections
4. One-way slabs
1000 mm
CivE 414 - Topic 2: Flexure Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo
2
 For flexural design, we must ensure that:

factored resistance ≥ factored load effects
Mr ≥ Mf
Mr = flexural (moment) strength/capacity of the cross-section calcu-

lated using material resistance factors
Mf = applied design moment computed using factored loads with
most critical load combination
FLEXURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS

 Analysis based on statics and mechanics of materials
 Basic Assumptions:
1. Plane sections remain plane during bending (i.e., strains
are linearly related to each other)
2. Steel is bonded to the concrete (i.e., s = c)
3. Concrete stress-strain curve is non-linear
4. Once section has cracked, tensile stresses in concrete
are neglected
5. Steel stress-strain curve is elastic-perfectly plastic
3
Consequence of Non-Linear Material Properties

 Flexural analysis must consider fc
f’c
three stages of behaviour based
on stress level in concrete: ~0.7f’c
1. Uncracked section t
r
cu c
fr
Strains Stresses M <M ft
c fc
f <f = 0.6 f
f < 0.3 to 0.4 f
N.A.
As s fs/n  linear elastic

 t  r  use gross transformed section
analysis
2. Cracked section, linear-elastic concrete 

Strains Stresses M >M
c fc
f < 0.3 to 0.4 f
N.A. f < f
 neglect concrete in tension
As s fs/n  linear elastic
t > r  use cracked transformed sec-
tion analysis
3. Cracked section, non-linear concrete , failure analysis

Strains Stresses Mapp  Mn
ccu fc
fcmax
N.A. c  cu  0.0035
fs  fy
As s > y fs  fy
t >>> r  non-linear analysis
4
MOMENT CAUSING FAILURE: NON-LINEAR

STRESSES
 Failure in flexure occurs when the concrete reaches a maximum
or ultimate strain, cu, in compression.
 Concrete stresses are non-linear  analysis must consider actu-
al  curve
 The mode of failure depends on the strain in the reinforcement.
Three failure modes are defined.
Tension Failure  Under-reinforced sections
 steel reinforcement yields before concrete reaches maximum
strain of cu = 0.0035
 at failure: s > y
 failure is ductile: large curvatures and deflections develop before
failure occurs
Compression Failure  Over-reinforced sections
 concrete “crushes” (i.e., cu = 0.0035) before steel reinforcement
yields
 at failure: s < y
 failure is brittle: failure may occur without development of large
curvatures and deflections
Balanced Failure Condition
 Strain in the steel reaches y and the strain in the concrete
reaches cu =0.0035 simultaneously (Clause 10.1.4)
 at failure: s = y
 failure is brittle: failure may occur without development of large
curvatures and deflections
5
FAILURE MODES
fcmax
ccu
Tension N.A. c < cb

Failure
d
c = cu
 s > y
As < Asb
s >> y fs = fy
b fcmax
ccu
cb
Balanced N.A.
Failure
d
c = cu
 s = y
Asb
 s = y fs = fy
fcmax
ccu
Compression c > cb
Failure
d N.A.
c = cu
 s < y
As > Asb
 s < y fs < fy
Cross- Strain Stress

Section Distribution Distribution
 Moment-curvature relationships:
Mu
c = cu = 0.0035
c = cu = 0.0035
Mu
My
yielding of
Moment, M
Moment, M
reinforcement
Mcr cracking
Mcr cracking
Curvature,  Curvature, 
Under-reinforced Failure Over-reinforced Failure
6
ANALYSIS ASSUMPTIONS AT FAILURE OR

ULTIMATE
 Analysis based on equilibrium and strain compatibility
 Consider material  relationships:
fy
f’c
o = 0.0020 cu = 0.0035  y u > 0.10 

Idealized Concrete Idealized Steel
Stress-Strain Curve Stress-Strain Curve
 Section behaviour at ultimate is defined by cu = 0.0035
CONDITIONS AT ULTIMATE/FAILURE:
b
c fc(y)
b fcmax yc
ccu
c C
N.A.
d C=T
 d - yc
M = C(d - yc)
As = T(d - yc)
s fs
T
Beam Strain Stresses Force
Section Distribution Resultants
c
C  b  fc ( y) dy
c
yc   0 c c
f (y) ydy
0
T  A s fs
0 fc (y)dy
7
CODE DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS

(CSA A23.3 Clause 10.1)
1. Plane sections remain plane: strain is directly proportional to
the distance from the neutral axis
2. Maximum concrete strain in compression: cu = 0.0035
3. Material resistance factors: s = 0.85, c = 0.65
4. Tensile strength of concrete is neglected
5. Steel stress-strain curve is elastic-perfectly plastic (8.5.3.2)
6. Concrete stress-strain curve is non-linear
7. An equivalent rectangular stress distribution may be assumed
for concrete in compression
EQUIVALENT RECTANGULAR STRESS

BLOCK
(CSA A23.3 Clause 10.1.7)
b a = 1c  1cf’c
1c/2
ccu
c C
N.A. C =  1cf’cb1c
d 
As
s T T = sAsfs
Beam Strain Actual Equivalent

Section Distribution Stresses/Forces Stresses/Forces
Where:
1 = 0.85 – 0.0015 f’c ≥ 0.67
1 = 0.97 – 0.0025 f’c ≥ 0.67
8
SINGLY REINFORCED
SECTIONS
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Example 1: Find Mr using first principles.
500 mm
Given:
f’c = 30 MPa
fy = 400 MPa
10M Stirrup
concrete cover = 40 mm
600 mm
25.2
𝑑 = 600 − 40 − 11.3 −
2
As = 4-25M
𝑑 = 536.1𝑚𝑚
𝐴 2000𝑚𝑚
𝜌= = = 0.75%
𝑏𝑑 500(536.1)
𝛼 = 0.85 − 0.0015𝑓 → 0.805
𝛽 = 0.97 − 0.0025𝑓 → 0.895
𝜙 700 𝑓 0.65 700 30

𝜌 = 0.8 𝛼 𝛽 → 0.8 (0.805)(0.895)
𝜙 700 + 𝑓 𝑓 0.85 1100 400
𝜌 = 0.021 → 2.1% → 𝜌 < 𝜌 → 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 − 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶 = 𝛼 𝜙 𝑓 𝑎𝑏 → 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑇 = 𝜙 𝐴 𝑓 → 𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜌 < 𝜌
𝜙𝐴 𝑓 0.85(2000𝑚𝑚 )400𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑎= = = 86.1𝑚𝑚
𝛼 𝜙𝑓𝑏 0.81(0.65)30(500)
9
Verify steel is yielding (Cl 10.5.2)

𝑎 86.1
𝑐= = → 95.7𝑚𝑚
𝛽 0.90
𝑐 95.7𝑚𝑚 700
= → 0.178 < 0.8 = 0.51 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝑑 536.1𝑚𝑚 700 + 𝑓
𝑎 86.1
𝑀 =𝑇 𝑑− → 0.85(2000𝑚𝑚 )400𝑀𝑃𝑎 536.1 −
2 2
𝑀 = 335.3 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
Curvature
𝜀 0.0035 1
𝜙= = → 𝜙 = 3.66 ∙ 10 𝑎𝑡 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑐 95.7𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
10
Example 2: Using the Handbook Design Table 2.1, design a

singly-reinforced, rectangular concrete beam to
span 9.5 m (simply-supported).
Assume: Materials: f’c = 30 MPa & fy = 400 MPa
Max. Coarse Aggregate = 19 mm
Exposure: exterior (no chlorides)
Live load: 11.0 kN/m
Super-imposed dead load: 7.5 kN/m
. f’c = 30 MPa fy = 400 MPa
Solution:
Step 1: Determine h: 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 9.8.2.1 → 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 9.2
Simply supported beam: ℎ = = = 593𝑚𝑚
Choose h = 600mm
Step 2: Choose Beam width b
ℎ
𝑏 = 350𝑚𝑚 ( < 𝑏 < ℎ)
3
Step 3: Estimate d: Assume two layers of steel
h = 600 mm b = 350 mm
Assume 2 layers of 25M bars  d = h – 90 = 510 mm
11
Calculation of Mf
Self weight: 𝑏 × ℎ × 𝛾 = 0.35 × 0.6 × 23.5 = 4.94 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Factored load:
𝑤 = 𝛼 × 𝑤 + 𝛼 × 𝑤 = 1.25 (4.94 + 7.5) + 1.5 (11) = 32 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Moment:
× .
𝑀 = = =
362 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Cover and spacing
Table 2.6 in CAC
Cover : 40 mm - governs
Spacing:
Assume 5 25M bars in one layer:

( ) ( . ( . )
𝑠= = 30.35 𝑚𝑚 < 35.3 mm
1.4 db =35.3 mm ; 1.4 amax =26.6 ; 30 mm
Assume 25M in 2 layers:
d1= 600 – 40 -11.3 -25.2/2 = 536.1 mm
d2= d1 -25.2 -35.3 = 475.6 mm
𝐴 𝑑 +𝐴 𝑑 1500(536.1) + 1000(475.6)
𝑑= = 511.9 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 +𝐴 2500
12
Step 4:
M r  10 6
Kr 
bd 2
362  10 6
  3.98 MPa
 350  510 
2
Use Handbook Table 2.1   = 1.37%
A s   bd
 0.0137  350  510   2445 mm2
Step 5:
Use 5 - 25M As = 2500 mm2
Step 6: Check Mr
2500
  1.40%
(350)(511.9)
Kr  4.04 MPa (Table 2.1)
Mr  Krbd2  (4.04)(350)(511.9)2  106
 370 kNm  Mf  O.K.
END OF REVIEW OF CivE 310
13
DOUBLY REINFORCED
SECTIONS
ANALYSIS
COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT
Recall: Clause 10.5.2 requires tension reinforcement to yield 

maximum amount of steel is Asb
Thus, for a given section (i.e., b, d, f’c, fy):

Mr,max   s A sb fy  d  a 2 
 the maximum moment resistance is limited by Asb (b) to

ensure a ductile failure
TO INCREASE THE MAXIMUM MR:

1. Increase cross section depth (d)
2. Increase cross section width (b)
3. Use extra steel on both the compression and tension sides 
“Doubly Reinforced Beam”
14
d’ A’s
As
As   
bd
db
d'  cover  stirrup 
2 As
b a =  1c 1cf’c
d’ ccu
C’ r
A’ s c ’s
Cc
d
As
sy Tr
s = strain in the compression steel

If s   y  fs  fy
c  d 
If s   y  fs  Ess where s     cu
 c 
Forces: Cc  1c fc  ab  As 

 1c fc ab  1c fc As
Cr  s Asfs
Tr  s A s fy
15
For equilibrium:
Tr  Cc  Cr
s A s fy  1c fc ab  As  s fs  1c fc 
s A s fy  1c fc ab  s As fs Eq. (1)
16
ANALYSIS PROCEDURE:
1. Assume f s  f y and fs  fy
2. Compute a  c using Eq. (1)
 d 
3. Compute s   1   cu
 c
Checks: a)
𝑐 700
< 𝟎. 𝟖
𝑑 700 + 𝑓
b) If s   y assumption is valid  go to 8.
 d    d 
4. If s   y then: fs  Es  1    cu  700  1  1  (MPa)
 c  a 
5. Recalculate a  c using Eq. (1)
   d  
 s A s fy   1 c fc ab   s As  700  1  1  
  a 
 d 
6. Recalculate: s   1   cu
 c
7. Checks:
< 𝟎. 𝟖  s   y
8. Compute M r  C r  d  d   C c  d  a 2 
Mr  sfs As (d  d)  1c fc ab(d  a / 2)
17
ALTERNATE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

 For equilibrium, the force in the compression steel must be bal-
anced by an equivalent force in the tension steel:
Cr  Tr2
If steel is yielding:  s A s fy   s A s2 fy
where As2 is the amount of tension steel required to

“balance” the compression steel
 The force in the remaining tension steel is balanced by concrete
in compression:
Cc  Tr1
1c fc ab  s A s1fy
where A s1  A s  A s2
Thus, the doubly-reinforced beam is idealized as a singly-

reinforced beam plus a couple moment due to force in com-
pression steel and an equivalent area of tension steel
1cf’c
C’r
A’s c a A’s
Cc
As As1 As2
Tr1 Tr2
Mr  Mr1  Mr 2 where Mr1  sAs1fy  d  a 2

Mr2  sAsfy  d  d 
18
REINFORCEMENT LIMIT – DOUBLY-REINFORCED SECTION

 Reinforcement limit to ensure ductile failure
 The maximum amount of tension steel in a singly-reinforced sec-
tion is Asb.
 If compression steel is added with an equal amount of additional
tension steel, the total tension steel area can exceed A sb.
 compression steel “balances” extra tension steel
 Illustrate using alternate analysis procedure:
A’s A’s
Asb A’s Asb + A’s
Define:
b  balanced reinforcement ratio
As
  compression reinforcement ratio
bd
To ensure tension reinforcement yields for a doubly reinforced sec-

tion:
As
  b   
bd
Only works if compression steel is yielding! Otherwise:

fs  d 
max  b   where fs  Es cu  1  
fy  c
19
Example 3: Find Mr. Assume the concrete cover is 40 mm, and

take f’c = 30 MPa and fy = 400 MPa.
600 mm
A’s = 2-30M
3- 30 M
400 mm
10M Stirrup
As = 6-35M
35.7
𝑑 = 400 − 40 − 11.3 − = 330.9𝑚𝑚
2
29.9
𝑑 = 40 + 11.3 + = 66.3𝑚𝑚
2
𝐴 = 6𝑥(1000𝑚𝑚 ) = 6000𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = 3𝑥(700𝑚𝑚 ) = 2100 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 6000
𝜌= = = 3.02%
𝑏𝑑 (600)(330.9)
2100
𝜌 = = 1.06%
(600)(330.9)
From Table 2.1:
𝛼 = 0.81, 𝛽 = 0.90, 𝜌 = 0.8 𝑥 2.63%
𝜌 > 𝜌 ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟: 𝜌 + 𝜌 = 2.1 + 1.06 = 3.16%
∴ 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟, → 𝑓 = 𝑓 → 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 → 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Force in compression steel:
20
𝐶 = 𝜙 𝐴 𝑓 = 0.85(2100𝑚𝑚 )(400𝑀𝑃𝑎) ÷ 10 𝑓 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝐶 = 714𝑘𝑁
Force in Concrete:
𝐶 = 𝛼 𝜙 𝑓 𝑎𝑏 = (0.81)(0.65)(30𝑀𝑃𝑎)𝑎(600𝑚𝑚) ÷ 10
𝐶 = 9.48𝑎 𝑘𝑁 [𝐚 𝐢𝐬 𝐮𝐧𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐧]
Force in Tension Steel:
𝑇 = 𝜙 𝐴 𝑓 = (0.85)(6000𝑚𝑚 )(400𝑀𝑃𝑎) ÷ 10 = 2040𝑘𝑁
We know that the stress in the steel is 𝑓 since 𝜌 < 𝜌 + 𝜌
For equilibrium: 𝑇 = 𝐶 + 𝐶
2040 = 714 + 9.48𝑎 → 𝑎 = 139.9𝑚𝑚
𝑎 139.9
𝑐= = = 155.4𝑚𝑚
𝛽 0.90
Check if 𝐴 is yielding: (is 𝜀 > 𝜀 )
From similar triangles:
𝜀 𝜀 𝑑 66.3
= → 𝜀 = 1− 𝜀 = 1− (0.0035)
𝑐−𝑑 𝑐 𝑐 155.4
𝑓 400𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜀 = 0.002007 > 𝜀 = = = 0.0020
𝐸 200000𝑀𝑃𝑎
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 → 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Double-check that 𝐴 is yielding:

.
= = 0.47 < 0.8 = 0.51 OK
.
21
Compute Mr:
Sum moments about tension steel

𝑎
𝑀 =𝐶 𝑑− + 𝐶 (𝑑 − 𝑑 )
2
139.9
= [(9.48)(139.9)𝑘𝑁] 330.9 − 𝑚𝑚 + (714𝑘𝑁)(330.9
2
− 66.3𝑚𝑚) ÷ 10
𝑀 = 535.0𝑘𝑁𝑚
If we had accounted for the concrete area displaced by 𝐴 :
→ 𝐶 = 𝛼 𝜙 𝑓 (𝑎𝑏 − 𝐴 )
Error 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 than 0.5%
22
Example 4: Repeat Example 3 using six 30M bars for A’s.
From Example 3:
 1  0.81 Cc  9.48a kN
1  0.90 Tr  2040 kN
d  66.3 mm
d  330.9 mm
For A’s of 6-30M bars:

4200
A s  6  700 mm 2  4200 mm 2     2.1%
 600  330.9 
  b  
 As will yield
3.02%  2.63%  2.1%
Assume f’s = fy

Cr   0.85  4200mm2   400MPa   10 3
 1428.0 kN
Equilibrium:
Tr  Cc  Cr 64.6
 a  64.6mm  c   71.8mm
2040  9.48a  1428 0.90
Check:  66.3 
 s   1    0.0035   0.000268   y  0.002
 71.8 
The compression steel is not yielding

Therefore, use:
Cr  sAsfs where   d 
fs  700  1  1  M Pa
 a 
  d 
Cr  s As 700  1  1 
 a 

  0.85  4200mm2   700MPa   1   0.90   66.3mm
a
   10


3
149,115
 2500  kN
a
23
Equilibrium:
Tr  Cc  Cr
2040  9.48a   2500  149,115 a 
 9.48 a2  460 a  149,115  0
103.48
 a  103.48 mm  c   115.0 mm
0.90
Check:  66.3 
 s   1    0.0035   0.00148   y  0.002
 115.0 
Confirms assumption that compression steel is not yielding
Calculate Mr:
Cc  9.48a  9.48  103.48   981.0 kN
149,115 149,115
Cr  2500   2500   1059 kN
a 103.48
Mr  Cc  d  a 2   Cr  d  d 
  103.48  
   981 kN   330.9     1059 kN   330.9  66.3    10
3
  2  
Mr  554.1kNm
Notes:
1. We determined that As is yielding by checking reinforcement
ratios. We could double-check this using Clause 10.5.2:
𝒄 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝟕𝟎𝟎
= = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟖 < 𝟎. 𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏 Tension steel is
𝒅 𝟑𝟑𝟎.𝟗 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒚
yielding
2. If the area of concrete displaced by A’s was accounted for,
then Mr = 553.0 kNm. Thus, simplifying the calculations by
neglecting the displaced area of concrete causes a negligi-
ble error of 0.2%.
24
DOUBLY-REINFORCED SECTIONS:
HANDBOOK ANALYSIS
 Handbook (Table 2.2) may be used when A’ s is yielding
 Use “Alternate Analysis Approach”.
1cf’c
C’r
A’s c a A’s
Cc
As As1 As2
Tr1 Tr2
As1  As  As Cc  Tr1 As2  As Cr  Tr2
Mr = Mr1 + Mr2
Table 2.1 Table 2.2

Kr K r
As  As As
Based on equiv singly  Based on  
bd bd
d
and ratio of
d
Thus, M r   K r  K r  b d 2
25
Example 5: Redo Example 3 using Handbook tables.
3- 30 M
Calculate reinforcement ratios:

As 6(1000)
   0.0302  3.02%
bd 600(331)
𝐴 3(700)
𝜌 = = = 0.0106 = 1.06%
𝑏𝑑 600(331)
1. check    max
for f’c = 30 MPa, fy = 400 MPa
b(singly)  2.63 % x 0.8 = 2.1%
𝜌 = 𝜌 + 𝜌 = 2.1% + 1.06% > 3.02% OK
2. Use singly reinforced section Table 2.1:

𝜌 ( ) = 𝜌 − 𝜌 = 1.96 Kr = 5.25
3. Use Table 2.2:

d ' 66.3
  0.2 𝜌 = 1.06% K’r = 2.89
d 331
𝑀 = (𝐾 + 𝐾 ) 𝑏𝑑 = 10 ( 5.25 + 2.89)(600) (331) = 535 kNm
26
DOUBLY-REINFORCED SECTIONS
DESIGN
 Compression steel may be required or used in design:
 To increase Mr where section dimensions (b, h, bf, hf) are
restricted for architectural or practical reasons
 Where steel is already present to meet detailing require-
ments
 To increase section ductility
Consider a typical frame/continuous beam:
bf
hf
As
Positive d Negative d
Moment As Moment
bw b
T-Section Rectangular Section
Section A-A Section B-B
 Compression reinforcement is normally used at Section B-B:

 May be required to increase Mr due to limited width of compression
zone
 Code requires some positive moment steel extended into support
27
The design process for a doubly-reinforced section can be ap-

proached in two possible cases:
Case I: General case – no initial estimate of compression

steel area
 calculate required tension and compression steel areas to pro-
vide Mr ≥ Mf
 design procedure ensures that tension steel yields
 preferable to have A’s yielding
Case II: Continuous beam – design for negative moment at

support
 some portion of the positive moment steel extends to the sup-
port  can be used as compression steel for negative mo-
ment at support
 calculate required tension steel area with A’ s known to provide

Mr ≥ M f
 A’s may or may not yield
 compression steel area at support may need to be increased
to provide Mr ≥ Mf
28
DESIGN PROCEDURE: CASE I -

GENERAL APPROACH
 When there is no initial estimate for A’s, the design of a doubly-

reinforced section may be approached as the superposition of a
singly-reinforced section and a couple moment:
Singly-Reinforced Sec- Couple Moment Con- Actual

tion Contribution tribution Section
d’
A’s A’s
d
As1 As2 As
A s  A s1  A s 2
For singly-reinforced section contribution, Mr1:

Need: As1  Asb
Assume: A s1  60%  A sb   gives “practical” amount of
reinforcement
 tension steel yields
 A’s will likely yield
Calculate: M r 1   s A s1fy  d  a 2 
For couple moment contribution, Mr2:

Solve for A’s and As2 needed to satisfy Mr  Mr1  Mr2  Mf
29
 Mr 2 req' d  Mf  Mr1
Mr 2  Tr 2  d  d  Cr  Tr2
  s A s2 fy  d  d  s As fs  s As2 fy
 Mr 2 req ' d   s fy 
A s2  As    A s2
 s fy  d  d  
 ss f 
GENERAL DESIGN PROCEDURE

(CASE I)
1. Assume section dimensions
overall depth, h A23.3 Clause 9.8.2.1
width, b Assume bw  h/3 to h/2
or based on architect
or based on column width
effective depth, d d  h  60mm one layer
d  h  90mm two layers
effective depth, d’ d  60mm one layer
2. Determine whether doubly-reinforced design is required
Assume singly-reinforced section design:
Mf
Kr req'd   use Table 2.1 to determine  req ' d
bd2
If  req ' d   b *0.8 then use singly-reinf. design

If  req ' d   b *0.8 then use doubly-reinf. design  go to Step 3.
30
DOUBLY-REINFORCED SECTION
DESIGN APPROACH:
3. Determine Singly-Reinforced Section Contribution
Assume: A s1  0.6bbd
 s A s1fy
Calculate: a 
 1  c fc b
Mr1  s As1fy  d  a 2
4. Determine A’s and As2 based on Couple Moment
 Mr 2 req' d  Mf  Mr1
 Mr 2 req ' d   s fy 
A s2  As    A s2
 s fy  d  d  
 ss f 
5. Choose bar size and determine number required

 Determine required steel areas:
A s  A s1  A s2 A s  A s2
 Ensure bars fit in cross-section
 Check bar spacing requirements
 May need to revise section width, b
 Compute “actual” steel areas
 Check minimum steel area: Clause 10.5.1.2
6. Check adequacy of section
31
 Compute Mr
 Use actual steel areas (As and A’s), actual effective depth (d and d’)
and revised “b” (if applicable)
 Check Mr  Mf
 Check steel is yielding:
c

700  d 
0.8 s   1   cu   y
d 700  fy  c
Note: if  s   y , reduce A’s and reanalyse
 Positive moment section design has been completed

 Section dimensions have been determined
 (As)positive is known at midspan  some portion of (As)positive
extends to support
 Use positive moment steel at support as compression steel for
negative moment at support
DESIGN PROCEDURE (CASE II –

CONTINUOUS BEAM )
 Design negative moment section at support
1. Section dimensions (based on midspan section design)
overall depth, h Based on positive moment (mid-
span) section
width, b Based on positive moment (mid-
span) section
effective depth, d’ d  60mm one layer
32
2. Estimate A’s based on Positive Moment Steel

 Based on positive moment design at midspan, determine amount
of steel extended to support section
 Clause 12.11.1 requires at least ¼ of positive moment A s to
extend to the support of a continuous beam
 Consider practical cut-off locations and amounts

 Set A’s = positive moment steel extended to support
3. Calculate As required (total tension steel area)

A’s defines couple moment contribution:
  s fy 
Recall: As    A s2

 ss f 
Assume: fs  fy  A s 2  A s
Calculate: M r 2   s A s 2 fy  d  d  
The remaining tension steel area, As1, is determined based on the

Singly-Reinforced Section Contribution to the section:
Recall: Mr  Mr1  Mr 2  Mf   Mr1 req'd  Mf  Mr 2
Mr1  s As1fy  d  a 2
 Compute required As1 following procedure for singly-

reinforced section design
 As  compression steel area and bars are known
 Determine total tension steel required and choose bars:

A s  A s1  A s2
33

 May need to revise section width, b
 Compute “actual” steel areas

 Compute Mr following procedure:
 Actual steel areas (As and A’s)
 Actual effective depth (d and d’)
 Revised “b” (if applicable)
 Check Mr  Mf
c

700  d 
0.8 s   1   cu   y
d 700  fy  c
Note:
 It may not be possible (practical) to reduce A’ s if the compression
steel is not yielding (i.e.,  s   y ) since A’s is based on positive
moment steel extended to the support.
 In this case, reanalyse the section considering  s   y and verify
that Mr  Mf
34
Example 6: Re-design the beam from Ex. 2 if the super-

imposed dead load is increased to 14.25 kN/m and
the live load is now 18 kN/m. Keep the same cross-
section dimensions as Ex. 2.
Assume: 350
 f’c = 30 MPa & fy = 400 MPa
 10M stirrup
 Max. Coarse Agg. = 19 mm 600
 Assume 25M bars
From Ex. 2:
 Section dimensions as shown
 Concrete cover = 40 mm
 Min. spacing = 35.3 mm
𝑤 = 4.94 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
*we don’t have any information about 𝐴 (not a continuous beam).

Therefore, use General Design Procedure
Compute new 𝑴𝒇 :
𝑤 = 1.25(4.94 + 14.25) + 1.5(18) = 51.0 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚
𝑤 𝐿 (51.0 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚)(9.5𝑚)
𝑀 = = = 575 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚
8 8
General Procedure
Step 1: Already done (given)
35
Step 2: Determine whether 𝐴 is needed
Assume singly-reinforced
∴ 𝑑 = ℎ − 90 = 510𝑚𝑚
𝑀 575𝑥10 𝑁𝑚𝑚
(𝐾 ) = = = 6.32𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑑 (350𝑚𝑚)(510𝑚𝑚)
Using Table 2.1 𝜌 ≈𝜌
Not desirable to design as singly reinforced, therefore add 𝐴
Step 3: Singly reinforced section contribution
Assume 2 equal layers of steel (25M bars)

1
𝑑 = 600 − 40 − 11.3 − 25.2 − (35.3) = 506𝑚𝑚
2
1
𝑑 = 40 + 11.3 + (25.2) = 63.9𝑚𝑚
2
Assume 𝐴 based on 𝜌 = 0.6𝜌 [𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓 = 30𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜌 = 2.63%]
𝜌 = 0.6(0.0263) = 0.0158
𝐴 = (0.0158)(350)(506) = 2798𝑚𝑚
Determine 𝑀 : Table 2.1
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜌 = 1.58%
→𝐾 = 4.45𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀 = (4.45𝑀𝑃𝑎)(350𝑚𝑚)(506𝑚𝑚) ÷ 10
= 399𝑘𝑁𝑚 < 𝑀 = 575𝑘𝑁𝑚
∴ 𝑤𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑢𝑝 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
36
Step 4: Couple Moment Contribution
→ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦 ∆𝑀 = 𝑀 − 𝑀
∆𝑀 = 575𝑘𝑁𝑚 − 399𝑘𝑁𝑚 = 176𝑘𝑁𝑚
∆𝑀 = 𝜙 𝐴 𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ) → 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
∆𝑀 176𝑥10 𝑁𝑚𝑚
→𝐴 = = = 1171𝑚
𝜙 𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ) (0.85)(400𝑀𝑃𝑎)(506 − 63.9)
𝐶 =𝑇 → 𝜙𝐴 𝑓 =𝜙𝐴 𝑓
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓 = 𝑓 → 𝐴 = 𝐴 = 1171𝑚𝑚 [𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐦 𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫]
Step 5: Choose Bars (already decided to use 25M)
𝐴 =𝐴 +𝐴 = 2798 + 1171 = 3969𝑚𝑚
Use 8-25M bars → 𝐴 = 4000𝑚𝑚 (2 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠)
Check spacing
𝑏 − 2𝑐 − 2𝑑 − 𝑛𝑑 350 − 2(40) − 2(11.3) − 4(25.2)

𝑠= =
𝑛−1 4−1
𝑠 = 48.9𝑚𝑚 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 7.4.1.1
From Ex. 2 𝑠 > 𝑠 → 𝑂𝐾
Actual 𝐴 :
𝐴 = 1171𝑚𝑚 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 3 − 25𝑀 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴 = 1500𝑚𝑚 → 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑘
37
Step 6: Check 𝑀 → 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚
For 𝐴 = 4000𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 1500𝑚𝑚
Check 𝑀 ≥ 𝑀 , 𝜀 ≥ 𝜀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤
Results:
𝑀 = 590𝑘𝑁𝑚 > 𝑀 = 575𝑘𝑁𝑚 → 𝑂𝐾
𝜀 = 0.00221 > 𝜀 = 0.0020 → 𝑂𝐾
𝑐 700
= 0.342 < 0.8 = 0.51 → 𝑂𝐾
𝑑 700 + 𝑓
Moment Curvature - Effect of Compression Steel

(up to cmax = 0.0035)
700
As = 4000 mm2
A's = 1500 mm2
600 Mf = 575 kNm
500
As = 5600 mm2
Beam we designed
A's = zero
Moment (kN-m)
- “same” total steel area

400 - much better ductility
Singly-reinf.
300 -𝜌≈𝜌
- no ductility
- difficult to place As Doubly-Reinf orced
200
in section Singly-Reinf orced
100
0
0.0E+00 5.0E-06 1.0E-05 1.5E-05 2.0E-05 2.5E-05 3.0E-05
Curvature (1/mm)
38
T AND L SECTIONS
 Floor slabs are typically cast monolithically with the supporting
beams.
 A portion of the slab is an integral part of the beam, creating a
flanged section  T or L section.
 The portion of the slab that acts as a beam flange is referred to

as the effective flange width, bf.
 The effective flange width depends on several factors, including
the level of loading, beam span, slab thickness and spacing
between beams (i.e., slab span).
 Due to the significant increase in compression area width, only a
very small stress block depth ( a ) is typically required to balance
the tension force in the steel.
39
EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH

 How large is bf?
T-section  Clause 10.3.3:

Flange overhang:
 0.2L simple beam  Evaluate flange overhang on each side of web

 0.1L continuousbeam  Choose smallest bT for each side

bT  
12hf
 0.5L s  b f   bT L  b w   bT R
L-section  Clause 10.3.4:

Flange overhang:
L 12

bL   6hf  bf  bw  bL
 0.5L
 s
40
T-SECTIONS
ANALYSIS  TWO
POSSIBILITIES
 Procedure depends on whether compression block depth (“a”) is
limited to the flange, or if it extends into the web.
1) If a < hf  Compression block limited to flange

 T-section behaves as rectangular section with very large width bf
 analysis is the same as before.
a/2
bf  1cf’c
hf a Cc
As
Tr
bw
 a  a
Mr  Cc  d    Tr  d  
 2  2
2) If a > hf  Compression block extends into web

 T-section analysis:
hf/2
a/2
bf 1cf’c
Cfl
hf
a
d Cw
As
Tr
bw
41
 h   a
Mr  Cfl  d  f   Cw  d  
 2  2
T-SECTION ANALYSIS PROCEDURE –

POSITIVE MOMENT
bf
hf
d
As
bw
ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
1. Assume compression is limited to flange and compute “a”
 s A s fy
a
 c  1fc b f
2. If a  hf, then complete a rectangular section analysis

c 700
c  a 1 check  0.8
d 700  fy
M r   s A s fy  d  a / 2 
3. If a > hf, then a T-Section analysis is required

Analyse by superposition:
hf
a a
Astot Asf Asw = Astot - Asf
Astot = Asf + Asw
42
Mr = Mflange + Mweb
FLANGE COMPONENT
Tfl  C fl
s A sf fy  c 1fc b f  b w  hf
c1fc b f  b w  hf
Asf 
s fy
lever arm   d  h f / 2 
Thus, M flange  C fl  d  hf / 2 
 c 1fc  b f  b w  hf  d  hf / 2 
WEB COMPONENT
 Treat as a rectangular beam with width bw and reinforced with
Asw = As - Asf
Tw  C w
 s A sw f y   c  1fc a b w
 s A sw fy
a
 c  1fc b w
lever arm   d  a / 2 
Thus, M web  Tw  d  a / 2 
 s A sw fy  d  a / 2 
M r  M flange  M w eb
43
Alternate Analysis Approach when a > hf:
hf/2
a/2
bf 1cf’c
Cfl
hf
a
d Cw
As
Tr
bw
For equilibrium:
s As fy  1c fc  bf  bw  hf  1c fc bw a
Sum moments about Tr:
M r  C fl  d  h f / 2   C w  d  a / 2 
T-SECTION ANALYSIS PROCEDURE –

NEGATIVE MOMENT
 Flange is cracked, therefore neglect “bf” at ultimate
 T-section behaves as a “rectangular section” with width b w
bw b’
As
d
 Reinforcement placement is not a problem
44
Example 7: Find Mr for the T-beam shown. The beam has a

span length of 9.0 m, and is continuous.
Take f’c = 30 MPa and fy = 400 MPa.
100 mm
10M stirrup 600

4 - 25M
300
2000
f’c = 30 MPa
fy = 400 MPa
concrete cover = 40 mm
𝛼 = 0.81
𝛽 = 0.90
𝐴 = 4𝑥500𝑚𝑚 = 2000𝑚𝑚
25.2
𝑑 = 600 − 40 − 11.7 − = 536.1𝑚𝑚
2
Determine effective flange width (𝑏 ), Clause 10.3.
𝑏 + 0.2𝐿 = 300 + 0.2(9000𝑚𝑚) = 2100𝑚𝑚
𝑏 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑏 + 24ℎ = 300 + 24(100𝑚𝑚) = 2700𝑚𝑚
𝑏 + 𝐿 = 300 + 1700 = 2000𝑚𝑚 [𝐠𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐬]
Use 𝑏 = 2000𝑚𝑚
Assumptions:
 Rectangular Section (𝑎 ≤ ℎ )
 Steel is yielding
45
Steel:
𝑇 = 𝜙 𝐴 𝑓 = 0.85(2000𝑚𝑚 )(400𝑀𝑃𝑎) ÷ 10
𝑇 = 680𝑘𝑁
Concrete:
𝐶 = 𝛼 𝜙 𝑓 𝑎𝑏
= (0.81)(0.65)(30𝑀𝑃𝑎)𝑎(2000𝑚𝑚) ÷ 1000
= 31.6𝑎 𝑘𝑁 [𝐚 𝐮𝐧𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐧]
Equilibrium:
𝜙𝐴 𝑓
𝑇 =𝐶 →𝑎=
𝛼 𝜙𝑓𝑏
680𝑘𝑁
𝑎= = 21.5𝑚𝑚 < ℎ = 100𝑚𝑚
31.6
𝑎 < ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝑎 21.5𝑚𝑚
𝑐= = = 23.9𝑚𝑚
𝛽 0.90
𝑐 23.9𝑚𝑚 700
= = 0.045 < 0.8 = 0.51 → 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑑 536.1𝑚𝑚 700 + 𝑓𝑦
Calculate 𝑴𝒓 :
𝑎 21.5
𝑀 =𝑇 𝑑− = (680𝑘𝑁)(536.1 − ) ÷ 10^3
2 2
𝑀 = 357.2 𝑘𝑁𝑚
46
T-SECTIONS – use of handbook when a < hf

 Analysis same as for rectangular section when a  hf  use
Handbook Table 2.1. (recall 0.8 factor not included in tables)
Example 8 - redo example 7 using Tables.
a
s As fy

 0.85  2000  400 
1 c fc b f 0.81 0.65  30  2000 
 21.5mm  hf  behaves as a rectangular section
As

bd
2000
  0.19%
(2000)(536)
Using Table 2.1
 0.19  0.18 
K r   0.1   0.6
 0.21  0.18 
 0.633 MPa
Mr  K rbd2
 0.633  2000   536 
2
 364 kNm
47
Example 9: Find Mr for the T-beam shown.

Take bf = 1000 mm, f’c = 30 MPa and fy = 400 MPa.
Assume cover = 40 mm and max. C.A. size is 19 mm.
Given: 1050
1000
𝒇𝒄 = 𝟑𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜶𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏 100
10M stirrup
𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 600
8 - 35M
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟖 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟐
500
550
 Since the layers are equal, the centroid of the steel area lies
halfway between the layers.
 If spacing is not known, use CSA A23.3-14 Annex A: Clause
6.6.5.2
1.4𝑑 = 1.4(35.7) → 50𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 ≥ 1.4 𝑎 1.4(19) → 26.6𝑚𝑚
30𝑚𝑚 30𝑚𝑚
1
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝 − 𝑑 − 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
2
50
𝑑 = 600 − 40 − 11.3 − 35.7 − = 488.0𝑚𝑚
2
𝑏 → 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 1050𝑚𝑚
Assume: -rectangular section analysis (a<hf)
-steel yields
𝜙𝐴 𝑓 0.85(8000𝑚𝑚 )400𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐶 =𝑇 →𝑎= =
𝛼 𝜙𝑓𝑏 0.81(0.65)30(1050)
𝑎 = 164𝑚𝑚 > ℎ → 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑇 − 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠
48
3. Flange Component
𝑇 =𝐶
𝜙 𝐴 𝑓 =𝛼 𝜙 𝑓 𝑏 −𝑏 ℎ
0.81(0.65)30(1050 − 550)100
𝐴 = = 2323𝑚𝑚
0.85(400)
4. Web Component (solve for a)

𝐴 =𝐴 −𝐴 = 8000 − 2323 = 5677𝑚𝑚
𝑇 =𝐶
𝜙𝐴 𝑓 = 𝛼 𝜙 𝑓 𝑎𝑏
0.85(5677𝑚𝑚 )400𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑎= → 222.2𝑚𝑚
0.81(0.65)30(550)
𝑎 > ℎ → 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑇 − 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝑎 222.2
𝑐=
= = 246.9𝑚𝑚
𝛽 0.9
𝑐 246.9 700
= = 0.506 < 0.8 = 0.51
𝑑 488 700 + 𝑓
Moment Resistance
ℎ 𝑎
𝑀 =𝐶 𝑑− +𝐶 𝑑−
2 2
𝐶 =𝛼 𝜙 𝑓 𝑏 −𝑏 ℎ → 0.81(0.65)30(1050 − 550)100
𝐶 = 789.8 𝑘𝑁
𝐶 = 𝛼 𝜙 𝑓 𝑎𝑏 → 0.81(0.65)30(222.2)550
𝐶 = 1930.3 𝑘𝑁
100 222.2
𝑀 = 789.8 488 − + 1930.5 488 − 10
2 2
𝑀 = 1073.5 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
49
T-SECTIONS – USE OF HANDBOOK WHEN a > hf

 Analysis must be separated into two components:
Mrf  flange overhangs  Asf

Mrw  web  Asw
each represents Mr for a rectangular section with tension

reinforcement  Use Table 2.1
Mrf: need f  Krf  Mrf  Krf bf  bw  d2
Mrw: need w  Krw  Mrw  Krw bw  d2
We know:
Cfl   f   b  bw  hf
Asf   c 1c f
s fy sfy
Define:
Asf   fh  function of hf/d for giv-
f   c 1c f
bf  bw  d sfyd en f’c and fy
 Table 2.3
We know:
A sw  A s  A sf
Asw
w 
bwd
50
Example 10: Redo Example 9 using Handbook

bf - bw bw
hf Cfl
a Cw
Asf Asw
Tfl Tw
REDO Using 2019 code (bw = 550mm, bf = 1050mm)
Use Table 2.3 to get f:
For d hf  489 100  4.89

𝟒𝟖𝟖/𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟖  f  0.945%
Using Table 2.1: Krf = 2.90 MPa
Determine w:
Asf  f  b f  bw  d   0.009451000  500 489

 2323mm2
A sw  A s  A sf
 8000  2323  5677mm2
𝜌 = = ( )
= 2.1% < 0.8 x ρbal =0.8 x 2.63
Using Table 2.1: Krw = 5.52 MPa
𝑴𝒓 = 𝑴𝒓𝒇 + 𝑴𝒓𝒘 = 𝑲𝒓𝒇 𝒃𝒇 − 𝒃𝒘 𝒅𝟐 + 𝑲𝒓𝒘 𝒃𝒇 𝒅𝟐

= { (𝟐. 𝟗)(𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟎 − 𝟓𝟓𝟎)𝟒𝟖𝟖𝟐 + (𝟓. 𝟓𝟐)(𝟓𝟓𝟎)𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟐 }𝟏𝟎 𝟔
= 𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟏𝒌𝑵𝒎
51
T-SECTION WITH
COMPRESSION
REINFORCEMENT
hf/2
a/2
bf 1cf’c
d’
C’r
hf A’s
a Cfl
d Cw
As
Tr
bw
For equilibrium:
 s A s fy   s A s f y   1 c fc  b f  b w  h f   1 c fc b w a
 Solve for “a”

 Check if As and A’s are yielding
Sum moments about tension steel:
M r  C r  d  d    C fl  d  h f / 2   C w  d  a / 2 
For ductile failure:

c 700
 0.8
d 700  fy
52
T-SECTIONS DESIGN
 T-Sections are normally singly-reinforced, and the N.A. is located
within the flange in most situations  design is identical to de-
sign for a rectangular section
 If the N.A. is located below the flange, the design is parallel to the
design of a doubly-reinforced section:
hf
a a
Astot Asf Asw = Astot - Asf
Mr  Mrf  Mrw
Asf = tensile reinforcement required to balance compression
in flange overhangs  “known”
Asw = remaining reinforcement required to ensure
Mr  Mf  calculate
T-SECTION DESIGN PROCEDURE:

1. Assume section dimensions
overall depth, h A23.3 Clause 9.8.2.1
flange thickness, hf A23.3 Clause 9.8.2.1
effective flange width, bf A23.3 Clause 10.3.3
web width, bw Assume bw  h/3 to h/2
or based on architect
or based on column width
53
2. Determine whether T-section design is required
Assume rectangular beam with b = bf and a = hf
 h 
Mr*  1cfc hf bf  d  f 
 2
If Mr*  Mf then use rectangular beam design with b = bf
If Mr*  Mf then use T-section design  go to Step 3.
T-section design approach:
3. Determine Flange Contribution
c1fc  bf  bw  hf
Asf 
sfy
Mrf   s fy A sf  d  hf / 2 
 c 1fc b f  b w  hf  d  hf / 2 
4. Determine Web Contribution
Mrw  Mf  Mrf
Determine Asw to provide Mrw
54
Using Basic Principles: Using Design Table 2.1:
Recall: Recall:
M rw   s A sw f y  d  a / 2  Mrw  K rw b w d2
 s A sw fy Mrw
a K rw req' d 
 c  1fc b w b w d2
Thus:  sfy 
Kr  sfy  1  
 s Asw fy   21c fc' 
Mrw  sAsw fy  d 
 2 c1fc bw   Use Table 2.1 to get
w,req’d for  Krw req' d
 Solve for Asw   A sw req' d   w ,req' d  b w d

 Determine total required steel area:
A s  A sf  A sw

 May need to revise web width, bw
 Compute “actual” steel area, As, based on bars chosen
0.2 fc'
A s  A s min  b th
fy
55

 Compute Mr using:
 Actual steel area
 Actual “d”
 Revised “bw” (if applicable)
Mrf and Asf  known
A sw   A s actual  A sf
Compute Mrw based on Asw: - first principles or

- Kr, Table 2.1
Mr  Mrf  Mrw
 Check Mr  Mf

c 700
 0.8
d 700  fy
56
Example 11: Design reinforcement for the simply-supported

T-beam shown for Mf = 600 kNm.
Beam span, L = 10 m spacing = 1600
100
Use:
 f’c = 30 MPa 600
 fy = 400 MPa
 10M stirrup 400
 Cover = 40 mm
 Max. C.A. = 19 mm
1. Assume section dimensions:
h, hf, bw  given
bf  Based on Clause 10.3.3
b w  0.4L  400  0.4  10,000   4400mm

 
bf  b w  24hf   400  24  100   2800mm
b  L   1600mm  governs
 w s  400   1600  400 
d  assume two equal layers of 25M bars
1.4  25.2 
d  600  40  11.3  25.2   506mm
2
2. Determine whether a T-section design is needed:
Assume rectangular section with b = bf and a = hf
57
 h 
Mr*  1c fc hf b f  d  f 
 2
 100mm 
  0.81  0.65   30MPa   100mm   1600mm   506    10
6
 2 
 1152 kNm
Since M*r > Mf = 600 kNm, we know that “a” will actually be less
than hf to provide Mr = 600 kNm, and thus we can design the
beam as a rectangular section with b = bf.
3. Calculate required As using rectangular section design
Mf 600  106 Nmm

Kr    1.46MPa
b f d2  1600mm  506mm 2
Using CAC Handbook Table 2.1    0.453% (required)
A s   0.00453   1600mm   506mm 

 3676mm2
Use 8 – 25M As = 4000 mm2 (provided in 2 layers)
Check spacing:
b  2c  2dst  ndb 400  2  40   2  11.3   4  25.2 

s   65.53mm
n1 4 1
1.4db  35.3mm  governs Since:


s  1.4max.C.A.  26.6mm s = 65.53 mm > 35.3 mm
30mm
  spacing is OK
58
0.2 fc' 0.2 30

Check As,min: Asmin  bth   400 (600)  657mm2
fy 400
As > As,min  OK
5. Check adequacy of section (i.e., Mr > Mf)
s Asfy 0.85  4000 400

a   53.8 mm
1cfcbf 0.81 0.65  30  1600
𝒄 𝟓𝟑. 𝟖/𝟎. 𝟗 𝟕𝟎𝟎

= = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟖 < 𝟎. 𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏
𝒅 𝟓𝟎𝟔 𝟕𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚
Steel is yielding
Mr  s As fy  d  a / 2 
 0.85  4000  400  506  53.8 / 2   106
 651.6 kNm  Mf  OK
59
Example 12: Repeat Example 11 with bf = 800 mm.
1. Assume section dimensions:
h, hf, bw, bf  Given
d  assume two equal layers of 25M bars
1.4  25.2 
d  600  40  11.3  25.2   506mm
2
2. Determine whether a T-section design is needed:
Assume rectangular section with b = bf and a = hf
 h 
Mr*  1c fc hf b f  d  f 
 2
 100mm 
  0.81  0.65   30MPa   100mm   800mm   506    10
6
 2 
 576.2 kNm
Since M*r < Mf = 600 kNm, we know that “a” will have to be greater than hf
to provide Mr ≥ 600 kNm, and thus we will need to do a T-section design.
3. Determine flange contribution
 1 c fc  b f  b w  hf  0.81  0.65   30   800  400   100 

A sf  
 s fy  0.85  400 
 1858 mm 2
 100 
Mrf  s Asf fy  d  hf / 2   0.85  1858  400  506    10
6
 2 
 288.0 kNm
60
4. Determine web contribution
Mrw  Mf  Mrf  600  288

 312 kNm (required)
Mrw 312  106 Nmm

K rw    3.05 MPa
b w d2  400mm   506mm  2
Using CAC Handbook Table 2.1  w  1.01% (required)
A sw   0.0101 400 mm  506mm 

 2044 mm2
As  Asf  Asw  1858  2044

 3902 mm2 (required)
Use 8 – 25M  As = 4000 mm2 (provided in 2 equal layers)
400  2  40   2  11.3   4  25.2 

Check spacing: s
4 1
 65.53mm
1.4db  35.3mm  governs Since:


s  1.4max.C.A.  26.6mm s = 65.53 mm > 35.3 mm
30mm
  spacing is OK
0.2 fc' 0.2 30

Check As,min: Asmin  bth   400 600  657mm2
fy 400
As > As,min  OK
61
6. Check adequacy of section (i.e., Mr > Mf)
T-section Analysis will be required (we already know a > hf from Step 2.):
Mrf: The flange contribution is unchanged from Step 3. of the design

process:
Asf  1858 mm2

Mrf  288 kNm
Mrw: The web contribution is determined based on the analysis of a

rectangular section with Asw and width bw:
s Asw fy 0.85  4000  1858 400

a   115.3 mm
1c fcbw 0.81 0.65  30 400 
𝒄 𝟏𝟏𝟓. 𝟑/𝟎. 𝟗 𝟕𝟎𝟎

= = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟑 < 𝟎. 𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏
𝒅 𝟓𝟎𝟔 𝟕𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚
Steel is yielding
Mr w  s Asw fy  d  a / 2 
 0.85  4000  1858  400 506  115.3 / 2  106
 326.5 kNm
Mr: Mr  Mrf  Mrw  288  326.5

 614.5 kNm  Mf  600 kNm  OK
62
T-SECTION DESIGN – NEGATIVE MOMENT

 Flange is cracked, therefore neglect “bf” at ultimate
 T-section behaves as a “rectangular section” with width b w
bw b’
As
d
 Reinforcement placement is not a problem
 CSA A23.3 Clause 10.5.3  a portion of As must be placed out-

side of web width:
Minimum flexural tension reinforcement in flange overhang
 0.004  b  h f 
L 20
b  smaller of 
bT or bL
 Minimum steel area: Clause 10.5.1.2

0.2 fc'
A s min  b th
fy
bt = width of tension zone  based on bf

≤ 2.5 bw for T-beams
≤ 1.5 bw for L-beams

Topic 2 Flexure

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Topic 2 Flexure

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

 For flexural design, we must ensure that:

Mr = flexural (moment) strength/capacity of the cross-section calcu-

FLEXURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS

Consequence of Non-Linear Material Properties

As s fs/n  linear elastic

2. Cracked section, linear-elastic concrete 

3. Cracked section, non-linear concrete , failure analysis

t >>> r  non-linear analysis

MOMENT CAUSING FAILURE: NON-LINEAR

Tension N.A. c < cb

Cross- Strain Stress

Under-reinforced Failure Over-reinforced Failure

ANALYSIS ASSUMPTIONS AT FAILURE OR

o = 0.0020 cu = 0.0035  y u > 0.10 

 Section behaviour at ultimate is defined by cu = 0.0035

CODE DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS

EQUIVALENT RECTANGULAR STRESS

Beam Strain Actual Equivalent

𝛼 = 0.85 − 0.0015𝑓 → 0.805

𝛽 = 0.97 − 0.0025𝑓 → 0.895

𝜙 700 𝑓 0.65 700 30

𝜌 = 0.021 → 2.1% → 𝜌 < 𝜌 → 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 − 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Verify steel is yielding (Cl 10.5.2)

Example 2: Using the Handbook Design Table 2.1, design a

. f’c = 30 MPa fy = 400 MPa

Step 1: Determine h: 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 9.8.2.1 → 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 9.2

Simply supported beam: ℎ = = = 593𝑚𝑚

Step 2: Choose Beam width b

Assume 2 layers of 25M bars  d = h – 90 = 510 mm

Self weight: 𝑏 × ℎ × 𝛾 = 0.35 × 0.6 × 23.5 = 4.94 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤 = 𝛼 × 𝑤 + 𝛼 × 𝑤 = 1.25 (4.94 + 7.5) + 1.5 (11) = 32 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Cover and spacing

Table 2.6 in CAC

Assume 5 25M bars in one layer:

1.4 db =35.3 mm ; 1.4 amax =26.6 ; 30 mm

Assume 25M in 2 layers:

d1= 600 – 40 -11.3 -25.2/2 = 536.1 mm

d2= d1 -25.2 -35.3 = 475.6 mm

Use Handbook Table 2.1   = 1.37%

Use 5 - 25M As = 2500 mm2

END OF REVIEW OF CivE 310

Recall: Clause 10.5.2 requires tension reinforcement to yield 

Thus, for a given section (i.e., b, d, f’c, fy):

 the maximum moment resistance is limited by Asb (b) to

TO INCREASE THE MAXIMUM MR:

s = strain in the compression steel

Forces: Cc  1c fc  ab  As 

2. Compute a  c using Eq. (1)

b) If s   y assumption is valid  go to 8.

5. Recalculate a  c using Eq. (1)

ALTERNATE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

where As2 is the amount of tension steel required to

Thus, the doubly-reinforced beam is idealized as a singly-

Mr  Mr1  Mr 2 where Mr1  sAs1fy  d  a 2

REINFORCEMENT LIMIT – DOUBLY-REINFORCED SECTION

Asb A’s Asb + A’s

To ensure tension reinforcement yields for a doubly reinforced sec-

Only works if compression steel is yielding! Otherwise:

Example 3: Find Mr. Assume the concrete cover is 40 mm, and

From Table 2.1:

𝛼 = 0.81, 𝛽 = 0.90, 𝜌 = 0.8 𝑥 2.63%