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DONEBY MANAR AALENTE

Lecture 20

of
ecology BACTERIA

produce chemicals drugs antibodies

Ubiquitous
Beneficial Produce food products
r

saprophytes Break down organic matter

fix atmospheric nitrogen in legums

ONLY FEW ARE PATHOGENIC

microorganisms as pathogens
of microbial invasion and
Infection process
multiplication in the body of human 1animal

Infection diseases are diseases caused by an infectious agent

spread easily from person to person
Icdinfatofmwtohotontaminated
Bacteria
they spread
as pathogens
by
exhaled air
clothing

commensals constitute the normal flora of healthyBody

liveonSKIN MUCOUS MEMBRANES Of MOUTH VAGINA UpperRespiratoryTractINTESTINES
ObtainENERGYfromsecretions foodresidues
Generally harmless but OPPORTUNISTIC when immune system is impaired
Frank or True Pathogens
overcome the normalBody defenses andinvadetissue
Growthor production of harmful substances damages thetissue causing disease
 WHAT Is

IggT
PPatttkigfn.P.gg
Koch's Postulates
1
BISBEE
his observation was on
fataldiseasemwi

www.wirnniacfmaeswak
disease
iw opIEniafaitnogiiT.sf.wt.l
n
I ianfrneNodfat.hn9a9Ycmausstesbeffoutnhde disease
by
2 The FRANK PATHOGEN Should be isolatedfrom weds's
2
a disease case grownas a pure culture in
vitro Frankpathogens

n Efeanporreeproadyfuge
them TIE themdisease
b
susceptible animal jL egg is ai bis'T

b
4 The same organism is reisolated
from the infected animals
It 3
s
6 0 j w.io bsIs6
dg Frankpathogensoof's Ii
or i.fi w b1 M
jw w s I bits
FrankpathogenJI
M
TE
EIFEfo 4
If to.is ski big
W does 2b
Dibs b
 Septicemia Bacteremia
Bacteria theirharmful
pr.modfgotsd.ttox.ms present ftp.ma.agmmesgemenitajmbtood

Nosocomical
Localized infectionaquired inthehospital
BACTERIAL opportunistic
confined to smallBodyarea
INFECTION
L opportunistic

J
systemic cause
spgredayds
throughoutthe nprfinmay.mpdof.fm

Primary
caused firstby anorganism
J mixed
infection caused
by 2 to severalorganisms
at the same time

secondary
causedbyanotherorganism following
a primary infection opportunistic

FREQUENT
of ENTRY

Def
Me
AI MORTAL
arid
Respiratory Gastrointestinal
INFECTIONS
fluidflow
TRANSMISSION genital urinarytracts
tears.orinesawa Of BACTERIAL
ormailmicrobial
nocuous INFECTION Breach in mucous
skin flora membranes Iskin cuts burn

CHEMICAL
DEFENSES

Enzymes Acidity
lysosomes lyses low pH retards
bacterial cell bacterial growth
Wall
 PATHOGENESIS How Bacteria cause disease

BAETTERIIAK PATTAHOOGGENNESSIIS

Properties of IT

Easy transmissibility
cough sneeze diarrhea promote transmission
Adherence to host cells Adherence factors ladhesins
specific binding structures Fimbriae pilli capsule
Invasion of host cell tissue
By production of hydrolytic enzymes degrade
host tissue

Ability to evade host's immune system

Ability to change fimbriae antigenic variatsin

Ability to form capsule

Ability to form spores

Ability to produce toxins

potent toxins are produced by bacteria

EXOTOXINS ENDOTOXINS
 proteins secreted BY They are LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE
LPS of Gram G bacterial
Gram t and someGramC cell Wall

Heat Sensitive X Heat stable not converted to toxoids

Highly toxic X Moderately toxic relased when Bacteria

se die
Antigenic
nontoxic1inactivetoxins Release of LPS in Blood during
Toxoids are producedIbf oftoxins
treatment
septicemia cause
p Endotoxic
used for immunization Ifanimaffment
shockimpaired functioning of essential
organs like brain heart kidney
Bind to specific receptor
OTHER CELL WALL COMPONENTS ARE
TOXIC e g
Include neurotoxins tetanus
PEPTIDOGLYCAN MONOMERS
cytotoxins diphtheria teichoic acid of Gt
entertains cholera
mycolic acid of mycobacteria

Bacterial Populations
Controling

It is controlled by

Temperature
1 competition for limited
nutrients
humidity
Extreme environmental condition
salinity
 I Bacterial viruses 1 Bacteriophage phage
they infect and kill bacteria
HOW 7

3 Antibiotics
I t Disinfectant chemicals kill bacteria from inanimate objects
kill only vegetative cells not spores

used on living tissue skin to inhibit

2 Antiseptic substance grow ortodestroy
bacteria

3 Antibacterial agent chemicals control bacterial growth infection

during

Antibiotics metabolites produced one to inhibitgrowth killother

 by g
microorganisms
p g
Semi synthetic drugs synthesized
from antibiotics

Synthetic drugs synthesized entirely in laboratory

Antibacterial agent should have selectivetoxicity kill infecting pathogen

without
effecting
thehost

Broad spectrum effectiveagainst see

g Spectrum
Narrowspectrumkill eitherGH Ghor selectfewbacteria

Bactericidal lysedkillthebacteria
ModeofAction
Bacteriostaticinhibit bacteriagrowthtogivethe
immunesystem enoughtimetokillthem

Common Antibiotics

I e b
penicillin e s Quinolones Rifampicin
cephalosporin streptomycin erythromycin inhibitbacterial
inhibit bacterial
Topoisomerase are

nucleic acid enzymes that participate

in the overwinding or

inhibitcellwall after ribosomes faulty protein synthesis synthesis

under-winding of DNA

RNAsynthesis
synthesis causing topoisofmseera

osmotic affecting30s affecting505 inhibit

lysis ribosomesubunits ribosomesubunits
lowtoxicity and DNDreplication