No. of Unknown Reactions or Internal Forces No. of Equilibrium Equations

Theory of Structures-2 2nd Term - Ch-1: The Method of Consistent Deformations
Chapter One
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the
Method of Consistent Deformations
1. The Method of Consistent Deformations:
1.1. Statically Indeterminate Structures - Introduction
Most structures in the real world are statically indeterminate structure, which can be
identified when:
(No. of Unknown Reactions or Internal Forces > No. of Equilibrium Equations)
For such structures, Statics (equilibrium) alone is not sufficient to conduct structural
analysis. Compatibility and material information are essential. Compatibility means
that the structure must fit together – no gaps can exist – and the deflected shape must
be consistent with the constraints imposed by the supports.
There are two approaches of analysis for statically indeterminate structures
depending on how equations of equilibrium, load displacement and compatibility
conditions are satisfied:
1) The force-based method of analysis.
2) The displacement-based method of analysis.
The method of consistent deformations is one of the earliest methods available for
the analysis of statically indeterminate structures, using the first approach of
analysis, the force-based method.
1.2. Definitions:
1) Redundant:
Refer to the number of unknowns that make the indeterminate structure stable and
determinate after removing them.
Note: The redundant removed must keep the structure stable otherwise the
method cannot be applied
2) Compatibility Equations:
The equations created for the problem by using the method of consistent
deformations:
∆𝒊𝟎 + 𝑿𝟏 𝜹𝒊𝒋 + 𝑿𝟐 𝜹𝒊𝒋 + 𝑿𝟑 𝜹𝒊𝒋 +. . . . = ∆𝑺𝒊

Where:
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-1)

represents the deformation of point (i), at the location

∆𝒊𝟎 where the redundant was removed, in the primary structure,
due to the applied loads.
represents the deformation of point (i) due to a unit load
𝜹𝒊𝒋
applied at point (j).
X1 , X2 , X3 represent the redundant restraints removed from the
indeterminate structure to make it stable and determinate.
represents the equivalent deformation for the structure at
∆𝑺𝒊
point (i), the location where the redundant was removed.
1.3. Analysis of Indeterminate Beams and Frames with the Method of

Consistent Deformations:
This method involves analyzing the indeterminate structure as a stable determinate
one, as shown in these steps:
1) Check the determinacy of the Original Structure and if it is found as
indeterminate, determine the degree of indeterminacy.
2) Remove enough restraints (the same number as the degree of determinacy) from
the indeterminate structure to make it stable and statically determinate.
− The structure after removing the restraints must be stable and determinate.
− The removed restraints are called “Redundant Restraints”.
− The sense of the redundant can be arbitrarily assumed.
− After removing the restraint corresponding to the redundant, the structure
obtained is called “Primary Structure”.
3) Draw a diagram of the primary structure, and number it as (0), then calculate
(M) or (S), according to the type of structure, whether flexure or axial, with
external loads only.
4) Draw a diagram of a virtual structure, for each redundant, and number it
according to the number of the redundant, by applying a unit load or a unit
moment, depending on the type of the redundant, then calculate (m) or (u),
according to the type of structure, whether flexure or axial.
The number of the virtual structures is equal to the number of redundant, for
example, if there is only one redundant then only one virtual structure.
5) Write the compatibility equations in terms of the deformations of the primary
and virtual structures in (3) and (4).
6) By solving the compatibility equations, the redundant can be obtained.
7) Determine the remaining support reactions on the structure by satisfying
equilibrium requirements.
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-2)

Ex (1-1): Analyze the beam shown in figure below to find all reactions.
Solution:
1) The beam shown in figure is stable and indeterminate to the 2nd degree; therefore,
two redundant restrains must be removed in order to make it stable and
determinate. This structure is called the Original Structure.
(The Original Structure)

P1 P2
w
A D C B
X2 X1
1m 1m 1m 1m 2m
2) The two redundant to be removed in order to make the beam stable and
determinate are the rollers at (C) and (D), referred to as (X 1) and (X2)
respectively.
The structure after the removal of the redundant is called the Primary
Structure.
(The Primary Structure, M)
P1 P2
w
A D C B
∆20 ∆10
1m 1m 1m 1m 2m
Determine the deformations at (C) and (D) of the primary structure due to the
applied loads, (∆10) and (∆20),
respectively.
(1st Virtual Structure, m1)
3) Draw the 1st virtual structure by
removing the applied loads and
applying a unit load at (C), then A δ21 δ11 B
determine the deformations at (C)
and (D), due to the unit load, (δ11) D C 1 kN
and (δ21), respectively.
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-3)

4) Draw the 2nd virtual structure by

removing the applied loads and (2nd Virtual Structure, m2)
applying a unit load at (D), then
determine the deformations at (C)
and (D), due to the unit load, (δ12) δ22 δ12
A B
and (δ22), respectively.
1 kN D C
5) The deformation at (C) and (D) in the
original structure, at the supports, are
equal to zero (unless otherwise stated), therefore, [the sum of the deformations
at each support for the primary, first and second virtual structures will be
equal to zero (or otherwise stated)].
The equations representing this statement are shown as follows:
 10 + X 1  11 + X 2  12 = 0
 20 + X 1  21 + X 2  22 = 0
Where:
M m1 M m2
 10 =  dx  20 =  dx
EI EI
m1 m1 m2 m2
 11 =  dx  22 =  dx
EI EI
m1 m 2
 12 =  21 =  dx
EI
6) By solving these equations the values of (X1) and (X2) will be found.
7) By satisfying equilibrium requirements, the remaining support reactions on the
structure can be determined.
Note:
The support with a given deformation should be selected as the redundant, for
example, if in the beam shown in figure below with a fixed support at (A), if it was
stated in the question that support (A) suffers of a rotational slip of some amount
then the moment at support (A), (MA) will be the redundant.
P1 P2 w P1 P2 w
X1
C B A C B
A1 m 2m 1m 2m 1m 2m 1m 2m
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-4)

Supports in Original Structure Supports in Primary Structure

(Before Removing the Redundant) (After Removing the Redundant)
X1
X1
X1
X1
X1
X1
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-5)

1.4. Examples on Analyzing Statically Indeterminate Frames with the

Method of Consistent Deformations:
Ex (1-2):
For the structure shown in figure, use the A
consistent deformations method to do the C
following:
(EI Constant) L/2
1) Find the reaction of the roller at B.
B
2) Draw the diagrams for axial force, shear D
force and bending moment for all P
L
members.
Solution:
1) To find the reaction of the roller at B:
1) Check the determinacy of the original structure.
The original structure is a frame structure: (3b + r )  (3 j + c )
b = 3 , r = 4  3b + r = 13
 13  12  The original structure is indeterminate to the
j = 4 , c = 0  3 j + c = 12
1st degree.
2) Choose the redundant that by removing it the structure will remain stable and
determinate.
Let X1 be (RB).
(The Original Structure) (The Primary Structure)

A A
C C
(EI Constant) L/2 (EI Constant) L/2

B B
D D
P P
L X1 L
3) Draw a diagram of the primary structure, and number it as (0), then calculate all
reactions and (M) due to external loads only, for each portion of the structure.
4) Draw a diagram of the virtual structure, by applying a unit load in the direction
of the redundant, and number it as (1), then calculate all reactions and (m 1) due
to the unit load applied, for each portion of the structure.
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-6)

(The Primary Structure, 0, M) (The Virtual Structure, 1, m1)

M x Ay=P m1 x Ay=1
C 10 MA=PL C MA=0
M A m1 A
10 (EI Constant) L/2 10 (EI Constant) L/2
x m1 x
x M x 10
10 B
D P B D
L L 1 kN
Member Origin Limit M m1
AC A 0→L Px − PL −x
CD D 0→L 2 0 −L
DB B 0→L 0 x

and virtual structures, then solve them:
 10 + X 1  11 =  S 1
M m1
 10 =  dx
EI
m1 m1
 11 =  dx
EI
M m1 L
(Px − PL) (− x ) 1
L
 10 =  dx =  dx =  − Px
2
+ PLx dx
EI 0
EI EI 0
1  − PL3 PL3  PL3

 10 =  + =
EI  3 2  6 EI
1  
L L2 L
m1 m1
 11 =  dx =  (− x ) (− x ) dx + 0 (− L ) (− L ) dx + 0 ( x ) ( x ) dx 
EI EI  0 
1  x 3   x3  
L L
1  L3 L3 
 11 = 2
( )
  + L x 0 +    =
L2
 + L 2 L 
  + 
EI  3  0
  3  0  EI  3
  2 3 
1  L3 L3 L3  7 L3
 11 =  + + =
EI  3 2 3  6 EI
PL3 7 L3 PL3 6 EI P
+ X1 = 0  X1 = −  3 = − = RB
6 EI 6 EI 6 EI 7 L 7
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-7)

2) To draw the diagrams for axial force, shear force and bending moment for all
members, all reaction must be calculated using equilibrium equations, based on
(RB=P/7↓): (The Original Structure)
For the whole structure: A MA=PL
C
 M = 0  M − PL = 0  M
A A A = PL
F = 0  A = 0
Ay=8P/7 L/2
x x
P 8P B
F = 0  A − P − 7 = 0  A
y y y =
7
D
P
L P/7
8P/7 C A
PL/7 PL/7 MA=PL
C 8P/7 Ay=8P/7
8P/7
PL/7 D B
PL/7
8P/7 D P
L P/7
8P/7
-8P/7 - -8P/7
+
P/7 + P/7
8P/7
Axial Force Shear Force
Diagram Diagram
10 m PL/7 10 m
PL/7 +
-
+
-PL
PL/7 -
-PL/7
Bending Moment
Diagram
10 m
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-8)

Ex: (1-3):
10 kN/m
Use the method of consistent deformations
B C
to analyze the frame shown in figure below 2I
to find the reactions due to the combined
I I 5m
effect of external loading and a vertical
settlement of support (A) of (18 mm ↓), A D
noting that (E=2×105 kN/m2) and ( I=3×10-4 18 mm
m4). 6m
Solution:
The original structure is a frame structure: (3b + r )  (3 j + c )
b = 3 , r = 6  3b + r = 15
 15  12  The original structure is indeterminate to the
j = 4 , c = 0  3 j + c = 12
3rd degree.
2) Choose three redundant that by removing them the structure will be determinate
and stable.
Since support (A) is suffering from vertical settlement then remove that support
and its three components will be the redundant needed; let (X1) be (Ax), (X2) be
(Ay) and (X3) be (MA).
(The Original Structure) (The Primary Structure)

10 kN/m 10 kN/m
B C B C
2I 2I
I I I I
X1 A D A D
X3 X3
X3 X2
4) Draw a diagram for each of the virtual structures, by applying a unit load, or a
unit moment, in the direction of each redundant removed, and number them as
(1, 2 and 3), then calculate all reactions and (m1, m2, and m3) due to the unit load,
or unit moment, applied, for each portion of the structure.
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-9)

x
10 kN/m
x x x
B C B C B C B C
2I 2I 2I 2I
x I m3 I x x I m2 I x x I m1 I x x I M I x
A D A D A D A D
X3 X
1 3kN X
1 3kN X3
Dy=1 kN Dx=1 kN Dy=60 kN
1 kN.m
MD=1 kN.m
MD=6 kN.m MD=180 kN.m
Member Origin EI Limit M m1 m2 m3
AB A 1 EI 0→5 0 −x 0 1
10 x 2
BC B 2 EI 0 →6 − −5 −x 1
2
CD D 1 EI 0→5 − 180 −x −6 1

and virtual structures, then solve them to find X1, X2 and X3:
 10 + X 1  11 + X 2  12 + X 3  13 =  S 1
 20 + X 1  21 + X 2  22 + X 3  23 =  S 2
 30 + X 1  31 + X 2  32 + X 3  33 =  S 3
M m1 M m2 M m3
 10 =  dx ,  20 =  dx ,  30 =  dx
EI EI EI
m1 m1 m2 m2 m3 m3
 11 =  dx ,  22 =  dx ,  33 =  dx
EI EI EI
m1 m 2 m1 m 3 m2 m3
 12 =  21 =  dx ,  13 =  31 =  dx ,  23 =  32 =  dx
EI EI EI
5
(M ) (m1 ) 6
(M ) (m1 ) 5
( M ) (m1 )
 10 =  dx +  dx +  dx
0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
5
(0 ) (− x ) 6
(− 10 x 2 ) (− 5 )
2 5
(− 180) (− x )
 10 =  dx +  dx +  dx
0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-10)

1  25 2 
6 5 6 5
25 x 2 180 x
 10 =  dx +  dx =  x dx +  180 x dx 
0
2 EI 0
1 EI EI  0 2 0 
1  25 x 3  180 x 2   1  25 (6 ) 180 (5 ) 
6 5 3 2
 10 =  
 + 
 =  + =
1
900 + 2250  = 3150
EI  6  0 2  0  EI  6 2  EI EI
 
5
(M ) (m 2 ) 6
(M ) (m 2 ) 5
(M ) (m 2 )
 20 =  dx +  dx +  dx
0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
5
(0 ) (0 ) 6
(− 10 x 2 ) (− x )
2 5
(− 180) (− 6 )
 20 =  dx +  dx +  dx
0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
6 5  2.5 x 4 
6

 + 1080 x )05 
1 1
 20 = 0 2.5 x dx + 0 1080 dx = EI 
3
EI  4 0 
1  2.5 (6 ) 
4
 20 =  + 1080 (5 ) =
1
810 + 5400  = 6210
EI  4  EI EI
5
(M ) (m 3 ) 6
(M ) (m 3 ) 5
(M ) (m 3 )
 30 =  dx +  dx +  dx
0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
5
(0 ) (1) 6
(− 10 x 2 ) (1)
2 5
(− 180) (1)
 30 =  dx +  dx +  dx
0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
1 − 5 x3   1  − 5 (6 ) 
6
− 5 x2 − 180
6 5 3
 30 =  dx +  dx =   − 180 x )0  =
5
 − 180 (5 )
2 EI 1 EI EI  6  0  EI  6 
0 0 
 30 =
1
− 180 − 900  = − 1080
EI EI
m1 m1 5
(− x ) (− x ) 6
(− 5 ) (− 5 ) 5
(− x ) (− x )
 11 =  dx =  dx +  dx +  dx
EI 0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
1  2  1  
5 6 5 5 6
25 25
 11 =   x dx +  dx +  x dx  =  2  x dx + 
2 2
dx 
EI  0 0
2 0  EI  0 0
2 
1  2 x3  25 x   1  2(5 ) 25 (6 ) 
5 6 3
 11 =   +   =  + =
1
83.33 + 75  = 158.33
EI  3  0 2  0  EI  3 2  EI EI
 
m2 m2 5
(0 ) (0 ) 6
(− x ) (− x ) 5
(− 6 ) (− 6 )
 22 =  dx =  dx +  dx +  dx
EI 0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
1  x2  1  x3  
6 5 6
m2 m2
 22 =  )
EI  0 2 0
dx =  dx + 36 dx  =  
 + 36 x 0
5
EI  EI 

6  0 
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-11)

1  (6 ) 
3
 22 =  + 36 (5 ) =
1
36 + 180  = 216
EI  6  EI EI
m3 m3 5
(1) (1) 6
(1) (1) 5
(1) (1)
 33 =  dx =  dx +  dx +  dx
EI 0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
1   1  5 x 
6
1   13
5 6 5
 33 =  1 dx + 
1
dx +  1 dx  =  0x ) +  + x )0 =
5
 5 +
6
+ 5  = EI
EI  0 0
2 0  EI  2  0  EI  2 
m1 m 2 5
(− x ) (0 ) 6
(− 5 ) (− x ) 5
(− x ) (− 6 )
 12 =  21 =  dx =  dx +  dx +  dx
EI 0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
1  5x  1 5 x2  6 x2  
6 5 6 5
EI  0 2
 12 =  21 =  dx +  6 x dx  =   +  
0  EI  4 0 2  0 
 5 (6 )2 6 (5 )2 
 12 =  21 =
1
 + =
1
45 + 75  = 120
EI  4 2  EI EI
m1 m 3 5
(− x ) (1) 6
(− 5 ) (1) 5
(− x ) (1)
 13 =  31 =  dx  dx +  dx +  dx
EI 0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
1   1  − x2  − x2  
5 6 5
−5 − 5x 
5 6 5
EI  0
 13 =  31 =  − x dx +  dx +  − x dx  =   +  +  
0
2 0  EI  2 0 2 0 2  0 
 13 =  31 =
1
− 12.5 − 15 − 12.5  = − 40
EI EI
m2 m3 5
(0 ) (1) 6
(− x ) (1) 5
(− 6 ) (1)
 23 =  32 =  dx =  dx +  dx +  dx
EI 0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
1  −x  1  − x2   1  − (6 ) 
6 5 6 2
 23 =  32 =  dx +  − 6 dx  =   + − 6 x )0  =
5
 + −6 (5 )
EI  0 2 0  EI  4  0  EI  4 
 23 =  32 =
1
− 9 − 30  = − 39
EI EI
3150 158.33 120 − 40
+ X1 + X2 + X3 =0
EI EI EI EI
6210 120 216 − 39
+ X1 + X2 + X3 = 0.018
EI EI EI EI
− 1080 − 40 − 39 13
+ X1 + X2 + X3 =0
EI EI EI EI
158.33 X 1 + 120 X 2 − 40 X 3 = −3150 X 1 = 4.91

120 X 1 + 216 X 2 − 39 X 3 = −6208.92  X 2 = −30
− 40 X 1 − 39 X 2 + 13 X 3 = 1080 X 3 = 8.22
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-12)

Note:
− Sometimes the problem is provided with more than one displacement of a
support, to solve this kind of problem, the equivalent deformation of that
support, must be added to the displacement calculated.
 Si =   Spport  RSupport due to UL at Re dundant
− If the ( RSupport due to UL at Re dundant ) is in the same direction with the

deformation, (∆support or θsupport), substitute the value of reaction with (+ve) sign
if not then the sign should be (–ve).
Ex: (1-4):
Use the method of consistent deformations to 10 kN 0.002 rad
C
analyze the frame shown in figure below if the B I
of external effects on support (C) include, (1 2 cm
1 cm
cm) horizontal settlement, (2 cm) vertical
4m
settlement and (0.002 rad), noting that I
(EI=6×104 kN/m2), and support (A) moved
perpendicular to the roller surface a
1 A
displacement of (1 cm 1), (→+, ↑+). 1 3m
1
Solution:
The original structure is a frame structure: (3b + r )  (3 j + c )  13  12  The
original structure is indeterminate to the 1st degree.
2) Choose the redundant that by removing it the structure will be determinate and
stable, let support (A) be the redundant needed; therefore, (X1) will be (RA).
(The Original Structure) (The Primary Structure, 0)

10 kN 0.002 rad 10 kN
C C C x MC
B I B I
2 cm
1 cm Cy
4m 4m
I I
1 A A
1 3m 3m
X1=RA
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-13)
of the redundant, Roller A, and number it as (1), then calculate all reactions and
(m1), due to that unit load, for each portion of the structure.
Member Origin Limit M m1
AB A 0→4 0 (
− 1 )
2 x
BC B 0→3 − 10 x (x + 4) 2
(The Primary Structure, 0, M) (The Virtual Structure, 1, m1)

10 kN x Cx=0 kN x
C C 1 kN
B I B I
Cy=10 kN MC=30 kN.m
1 kN 1 kN
4m 4m
I M I m1
x x
A A
3m 𝟏Τ√𝟐 3m
11kN
kN 1
1 𝟏Τ√𝟐
1 kN
Δ10 + X1 δ11 = ∆S1
∆𝑆1 = ∆𝐴 + ∆𝐶−𝐻 × 𝐶𝑥 + ∆𝐶−𝑉 × 𝐶𝑦 + 𝜃𝐶 × 𝑀𝐶
1 1 2
∆𝑆1 = + × 𝐶𝑥 + × 𝐶𝑦 + 0.002 × 𝑀𝐶
100 100 100
1 1 1
∆𝑆1 = 0.01 + 0.01 × (− ) + 0.02 × (+ ) + 0.002 × (+ )
√2 √2 √2
∆𝑆1 = 0.01 − 0.00707 + 0.01414 + 0.001414 = 0.018484 ≈ 0.0185
 x+4
3 3
M m1
0 (− 10 x )  2  dx = − 2 EI 0 10 x + 40 x dx
1 1
 10 =  dx = 2
EI EI
 10 x 3 40 x 2  3   10 (3 )3 40 (3 )2 
 10 = −
1
 +   = −
1
 + =−
1
90 + 180 
2 EI  3 2 0 
 2 EI  3 2  2 EI
270 190.92
 10 = − =−
2 EI EI
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-14)

 11 = 
m1
2
1  x2
4 3
( x + 4)
2
 1  2
4 3
( 
)
dx =  dx +  dx  =   x dx +  x + 8 x + 16 dx 
2
EI EI  0 2 0
2 1  2 EI  0 0 
1  x3    1  (4 ) (3 ) 8(3 ) 
4 3 3 3 2
x3 8 x2
 11 =   + + 
+ 16 x   =  + + + 16 (3 )
2 EI  3  0 3 2  0  2 EI  3 3 2 

 11 =
1
21.33 + 9 + 36 + 48  = 57.165
2 EI EI
190.92 57.165
+ 𝑋1 = 0.0185
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝑘𝑁
190.92 + 57.165𝑋1 = 0.0185 𝐸𝐼, 𝐸𝐼 = 6 × 104
𝑚2
190.92 + 57.165𝑋1 = 1110
57.165 𝑋1 = 919.08
𝑋1 = 16.08 𝑘𝑁
6) All reactions can be calculated

using equilibrium equations, based 10 kN Cx=11.4 kN
C
on (RA=16.08 kN )
B I
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0(→ +) MC=41.4 kN.m
1
𝑅𝐴 ( ) + 𝐶𝑥 = 0 Cy=11.4 kN 4m
√2 I
𝐶𝑥 = −11.4 𝑘𝑁 ←
1
1 A
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0(↑ +) 3m
RA
1 RA=16.08 kN
𝑅𝐴 ( ) − 10 + 𝐶𝑦 = 0
√2
𝐶𝑦 = −1.37 = 1.37 𝑘𝑁 ↓
∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 0 +
𝑀𝐶 + 𝑅𝐴 (1Τ√2)(3) − 𝑅𝐴 (1Τ√2)(4) − 10 (3) = 0
𝑀𝐶 = 30 + 11.4 (4) − 11.4 (3) = 41.4 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝐶𝑊
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-15)

1.5. Analysis of Indeterminate Trusses with the Method of Consistent

Deformations:
The degree of indeterminacy of trusses can be calculated as follows:
1) The total indeterminacy degree:[ 𝑚 𝑇 = (𝑏 + 𝑟) − (2𝑗)]
2) The external indeterminacy degree:[ 𝑚𝐸𝑥𝑡 = (𝑟) − (𝑐 + 3)] ⇒ shows how
many reactions should be considered as redundant; (c) is the point in the truss
that when separated the truss will be divided into two trusses.
3) The internal indeterminacy degree: [𝑚𝐼𝑛𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑇 − 𝑚𝐸𝑥𝑡 ]
𝑚𝐼𝑛𝑡 = [(𝑏 + 𝑟) − (2𝑗)] − [(𝑟) − (𝑐 + 3)] ⇒ Shows how many internal
members, (Truss bars), should be considered as redundant.
The following simple example shows how this degree of indeterminacy for trusses
is calculated:
Ex: (1-5):
Use the method of consistent deformations to analyze the Truss shown in figure.
10 kN
B
D
A C
Solution:
1) Check the degree of indeterminacy of the truss:
− 𝑚 𝑇 = [(𝑏 + 𝑟) − (2𝑗)] 10 kN
𝑚 𝑇 = (6 + 4) − (2 × 4) = 10 − 8 = 2 B
The Truss is indeterminate to the 2nd degree, total
D
indeterminacy.
A C
− 𝑚𝐸𝑥𝑡 = [(𝑟) − (𝑐 + 3)] = (4) − (0 + 3) = 1
There is one external reaction as redundant.
− 𝑚𝐼𝑛𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑇 − 𝑚𝐸𝑥𝑡 = 2 − 1 = 1
There is one internal member as redundant.
2) Choose the horizontal reaction of support (A) as the
first redundant, and member (AB) as the second 10 kN
redundant. B
X2 D
3) Draw a diagram of the primary structure, and number X1
it as (0), then calculate all reactions and (S) due to A C
external loads only, for each bar of the truss.
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-16)

4) Draw a diagram of the virtual structures needed, by applying a unit load in the
direction of the redundant, and give number them (1, 2, ….), then calculate all
reactions and (u1, u2, ….), due to that unit load, for each bar of the truss.
10 kN
B B
B
D D 1 kN D
1 kN A
A C C A C
(S) (u1) (u2)

 10 + X 1  11 + X 2  12 =  S 1
 20 + X 1  21 + X 2  22 =  S 2
S u1 L S u2 L
 10 =   20 = 
EA EA
(𝑢1 )2 𝐿
𝛿11 =∑
𝐸𝐴
(𝑢2 )2 𝐿
𝛿22 =∑
𝐸𝐴
𝑢2 𝑢2 𝐿
𝛿12 = 𝛿21 = ∑
𝐸𝐴
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-17)

Ex: (1-6):
Use the method of consistent deformations to analyze the truss shown in figure
below, due to a rise in temperature of (40oC) for bars (AB) and (BE) in addition to
the external applied loads, and support (E) settles vertically (1 cm); noting that
(EA=1×105 kN) and (α=12×10-6/oC).
C D E
4m
A B
80 kN
3m 3m
Solution:
1) Check the degree of indeterminacy of the truss: C D E
− 𝑚 𝑇 = (𝑏 + 𝑟) − (2𝑗)
𝑚 𝑇 = (8 + 4) − (2 × 5) = 12 − 10 = 2 4m
The Truss is indeterminate to the 2nd degree, total
indeterminacy. A B
− 𝑚𝐸𝑥𝑡 = (𝑟) − (𝑐 + 3) = (4) − (0 + 3) = 1 80 kN
There is one external reaction as a redundant. 3m 3m
− 𝑚𝐼𝑛𝑡 = (𝑚 𝑇 − 𝑚𝐸𝑥𝑡 ) = 2 − 1 = 1
There is one internal member as a redundant.
C D E
2) Since support (E) settles (1 cm), then choose the
X2
vertical reaction (Ey) as the first redundant, and 4m
member (CB) as the second redundant. X1
A B
3) Draw a diagram of the primary structure, and number
80 kN
it as (0), then calculate all reactions and (S) due to 3m 3m
external loads only, for each bar of the truss.
4) Draw a diagram of the virtual structures needed, by applying a unit load in the
direction of the redundant, and give number them (1, 2, ….), then calculate all
reactions and (u1, u2, ….), due to that unit load, for each bar of the truss.
C (0) D (-60) E 60 kN C (0) D (-0.75) E 1.5 kN C (-0.6) D (0) E 0 kN

(-0.8)
(-0.8)
(+80)
4 m (0) (0)
(+1)
1.5 kN 0 kN
A B A B (-0.6) B
60 kN (0) (-0.75) A
80 kN 3m 3m 3m 3m
80 kN 3m 3m
1 kN 0 kN
(S) (u1) (u2)
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-18)


 10 + X 1  11 + X 2  12 =  S 1
 20 + X 1  21 + X 2  22 =  S 2
S u1 L S u2 L
 10 =  +  t  u1 L  20 =  +  t u 2 L
EA EA
 11 = 
(u1 )2 L  22 = 
(u2 )2 L  12 =  21 = 
u1 u2 L
EA EA EA
Member L, m S u1 u2 Su1L Su2L (u1)2 L (u2)2 L u1 u2 L

AB 3 0 -0.75 -0.6 0 0 1.6875 1.08 1.35
CD 3 0 0 -0.6 0 0 0 1.08 0
DE 3 -60 -0.75 0 135 0 1.6875 0 0
AC 4 0 0 -0.8 0 0 0 2.56 0
BD 4 80 1 -0.8 320 -256 4 2.56 -3.2
AD 5 -100 -1.25 1 625 -500 7.8125 5 -6.25
BE 5 0 -1.25 0 0 0 7.8125 0 0
BC 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0
∑ 1080 -756 23 17.28 -8.1
1
 10 =
EA
 S u1 L +   t  u1 L
 10 =
1
1  10 5
( )
(1080 ) + 12  10 −6 (40 )3(− 0.75 ) + 5 (− 1.25 )
 10 = 0.0108 − 0.00408 = 0.00672 m
1
 20 =
EA
 S u2 L +   t  u2 L
 20 =
1
1  10 5
( )
(− 756 ) + 12  10 −6 (40 )3(− 0.6 ) + 5 (0 )
 20 = −0.00756 − 0.000864 = 0.008424 m
 11 = 
(u1 )2 L = 23
= 0.00023 m
EA 1  10 5
u1 u2 L − 8.1
 12 =  21 =  = = −0.000081 m
EA 1  10 5
 22 = 
(u2 )2 L = 17.28
= 0.0001728 m
EA 1  10 5
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-19)

0.00672 + 0.00023 X 1 − 0.000081 X 2 = 0.01

0.00023 X 1 − 0.000081 X 2 = 0.00328  10 5
23 X 1 − 8.1 X 2 = 328 ...... (1)
0.008424 − 0.000081 X 1 + 0.0001728 X 2 = 0

0.000081 X 1 + 0.0001728 X 2 = −0.008424  10 5
− 8.1 X 1 + 17.28 X 2 = −842.4 ...... (2 )
X 1 = −3.5 kN
X 2 = −50.4 kN
6) After finding X1 and X2, to find the real values for the bar forces, substitute
theses values into the following equation:
k
F = S +  uj X j
j =1
Where:
F = the real force in truss bar.
S = the force in truss bar after removing the redundant.
u j = the force in truss bar due to a unit load replacing the redundant.
X j = the value of the redundant obtained.
FAB = 0 + (− 0.75  −3.5 ) + (− 0.6  −50.4 ) = 32.865 kN Tens
FCD = 0 + (0  −3.5 ) + (− 0.6  −50.4 ) = 30.24 kN Tens
FDE = −60 + (− 0.75  −3.5 ) + (0  −50.4 ) = −57.375 kN Comp
FAC = 0 + (0  −3.5 ) + (− 0.8  −50.4 ) = 40.32 kN Tens
FBD = 80 + (1  −3.5 ) + (− 0.8  −50.4 ) = 116.82 kN Tens
FAD = −100 + (− 1.25  −3.5 ) + (1  −50.4 ) = −146.025 kN Comp
FBE = 0 + (− 1.25  −3.5 ) + (0  −50.4 ) = 4.375 kN Tens
FBC = 0 + (0  −3.5 ) + (1  −50.4 ) = −50.4 kN Comp
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-20)

Ex: (1-7):
Use the method of consistent deformations to analyze the truss shown in figure
below, due to a rise in temperature of (60 oF) for bars (aB), (BC) and (Cd), noting
that (E= 30×102 kip/in2), (A=10 in2) and (α=1/150000 / oF).
B C
20 in
a d
b c
15 in 15 in 15 in
Solution:
− 𝑚 𝑇 = (10 + 3) − (2 × 6) = 13 − 12 = 1 B C
The Truss is indeterminate to the 1st degree,
total indeterminacy. 20 in
− 𝑚𝐸𝑥𝑡 = (3) − (0 + 3) = 0
a d
There is no external reaction as a redundant. b c
− 𝑚𝐼𝑛𝑡 = (1) − (0) = 1 15 in 15 in 15 in
There is one internal member as a
redundant.
2) Choose member (bC) as the redundant, (X1).
B C
3) Draw a diagram of the primary structure, and
X1
number it as (0), then calculate all reactions 20 in
and (S) due to external loads only, for each
a d
bar of the truss. b c
15 in 15 in 15 in
4) Draw a diagram of the virtual structure, by
applying a unit load in the direction of the
redundant, and give it number (1), then calculate all reactions and (u1), due to
that unit load, for each bar of the truss.
B C B (-0.6) C
1
20 in 20 in (0) (0)
0 kN a d a 1 d
0 kN
b c (0) b (-0.6) c (0)
0 kN 15 in 15 in 15 in 15 in 15 in 15 in
0 kN 0 kN 0 kN
(S) (u1)
Because there is no external applied
load, then S=0 for all truss members
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-21)


𝛥10 + 𝑋1 𝛿11 = ∆𝑆1 , (∆𝑆1 = 0)
𝑆 𝑢1 𝐿
𝛥10 = ∑ + 𝛼 𝛥𝑡 ∑ 𝑢1 𝐿
𝐸𝐴
(𝑢1 )2 𝐿
𝛿11 = ∑
𝐸𝐴
Member L, in S u1 S u1 L (u1)2 L
ab 15 0 0 0 0
bc 15 0 -0.6 0 5.4
cd 15 0 0 0 0
BC 15 0 -0.6 0 5.4
Bb 20 0 -0.8 0 12.8
Cc 20 0 -0.8 0 12.8
aB 25 0 0 0 0
Bc 25 0 1 0 25
Cd 25 0 0 0 0
bC 25 0 1 0 25
∑ 0 86.4
Members subjected to temperature are: (aB, BC and Cd)
1
 10 =
EA
 S u1 L +   t  u1 L
 1 
 10 =   t  u1 L =   (60 ) (0  25 ) + (− 0.6  15 ) + (0  25 )
 150000 
 10 = −0.0036 in
 11 = 
(u1 )2 L = 86.4
= 0.00288 in
EA (
30  10 2  10 )
− 0.0036 + 0.00288X 1 = 0  X 1 = 1.25 kip Tens
6) After finding X1, to find the real values for the bar forces, substitute this value
into the following equation:
F = S + u1 X 1 = u1 X 1
Fab = (0  1.25) = 0 kN
Fbc = (− 0.6  1.25) = −0.75 kN Comp
Fcd = (0  1.25) = 0 kN
FBC = (− 0.6  1.25 ) = −0.75 kN Comp
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-22)

FBb = (− 0.8  1.25) = −1 kN Comp

B (-0.75) C
FCc = (− 0.8  1.25) = −1 kN Comp
FaB = (0  1.25) = 0 kN 20 in (0) (0)
FBc = (1  1.25 ) = 1.25 kN Tens

a (0) (0) d
b (-0.75) c
FCd = (0  1.25) = 0 kN 15 in 15 in 15 in
FbC = (1  1.25 ) = 1.25 kN Tens
Ex: (1-8):
Analyze the truss shown by the method of consistent deformations; Assume that (E=
2×104 kN/cm2) and (A=25 cm2) for all members.
a b
3m
4m c
d 12 kN
Solution:
Total Indeterminacy:
𝑚 𝑇 = (𝑏 + 𝑟) − (2𝑗)
𝑚 𝑇 = (6 + 3) − (2 × 4) = 9 − 8 = 1
The Truss is indeterminate to the 1st degree, total indeterminacy.
External Indeterminacy:
𝑚𝐸𝑥𝑡 = (𝑟) − (𝑐 + 3)
𝑚𝐸𝑥𝑡 = (3) − (0 + 3) = 0
There is no external reaction as a redundant.
Internal Indeterminacy:
𝑚𝐼𝑛𝑡 = (𝑚 𝑇 − 𝑚𝐸𝑥𝑡 ) = 1 − 0 = 1
There is one internal member as a redundant.
2) Choose member (bc) as the redundant, a b
(X1).
3m X1
4m c
d 12 kN
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-23)

reactions and (S) due to external loads only, for each bar of the truss.
of the redundant, and give it number (1), then calculate all reactions and (u1),
due to that unit load, for each bar of the truss.
(The Primary Structure, 0, S) (The Virtual Structure, 1, u1)

12 kN 0 kN
16 kN a b 0 kN a (+4/3) b
1
3m (0) 3m (+1)
1
(-16) (+4/3)
c c
16 kN d 4m 0 kN d 4m
12 kN
(S) (u1)

𝛥10 + 𝑋1 𝛿11 = ∆𝑆1
𝑆 𝑢1 𝐿 (𝑢1 )2 𝐿
𝛥10 = ∑ 𝛿11 = ∑ 𝐸𝐴 = 500000 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
6) Tabulate the results to finish the solution:
Member L, m S u1 S u1 L (u1)2 L
ab 4 0 4/3= 1.333 0.000 7.111
dc 4 -16 4/3= 1.333 -85.333 7.111
ad 3 0 1.000 0.000 3.000
ac 5 20 -5/3= -1.667 -166.667 13.889
bd 5 0 -5/3= -1.667 0.000 13.889
bc 3 0 1.000 0.000 3.000
∑ -252.000 48.000
Members subjected to temperature are: (aB, BC and Cd)
1
𝛥10 = (−252) = −0.000504 𝑚
500000
48
𝛿11 = = 0.000096 𝑚
500000
−0.000504 + 0.000096𝑋1 = 0
𝑋1 = 5.25 𝑘𝑁 (𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠)
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-24)

7) After finding X1, to find the real values for the bar forces, substitute this value
into the following equation:
F = S + u1 X 1
Fab = 0 + (4 / 3  5.25 ) = 7 kN Tens
Fcd = −16 + (4 / 3  5.25 ) = −9 kN Comp
Fad = 0 + (1  5.25 ) = 5.25 kN Tens
Fac = 20 + (− 5 / 3  5.25 ) = 11.25 kN Tens

Fbd = 0 + (− 5 / 3  5.25 ) = −8.75 kN Comp
Fbc = 0 + (1  5.25) = 5.25 kN Tens
Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-25)

No. of Unknown Reactions or Internal Forces No. of Equilibrium Equations

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Theory of Structures-2 2nd Term - Ch-1: The Method of Consistent Deformations

∆𝒊𝟎 + 𝑿𝟏 𝜹𝒊𝒋 + 𝑿𝟐 𝜹𝒊𝒋 + 𝑿𝟑 𝜹𝒊𝒋 +. . . . = ∆𝑺𝒊

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-1)

represents the deformation of point (i), at the location

1.3. Analysis of Indeterminate Beams and Frames with the Method of

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-2)

(The Original Structure)

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-3)

4) Draw the 2nd virtual structure by

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-4)

Supports in Original Structure Supports in Primary Structure

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-5)

1.4. Examples on Analyzing Statically Indeterminate Frames with the

(The Original Structure) (The Primary Structure)

(EI Constant) L/2 (EI Constant) L/2

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-6)

(The Primary Structure, 0, M) (The Virtual Structure, 1, m1)

Member Origin Limit M m1

5) Write the compatibility equations in terms of the deformations of the primary

1  − PL3 PL3  PL3

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-7)

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-8)

(The Original Structure) (The Primary Structure)

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-9)

Member Origin EI Limit M m1 m2 m3

5) Write the compatibility equations in terms of the deformations of the primary

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-10)

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-11)

158.33 X 1 + 120 X 2 − 40 X 3 = −3150 X 1 = 4.91

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-12)

− If the ( RSupport due to UL at Re dundant ) is in the same direction with the

(The Original Structure) (The Primary Structure, 0)

Member Origin Limit M m1

(The Primary Structure, 0, M) (The Virtual Structure, 1, m1)

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-14)

6) All reactions can be calculated

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-15)

1.5. Analysis of Indeterminate Trusses with the Method of Consistent

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-16)

(S) (u1) (u2)

5) Write the compatibility equations in terms of the deformations of the primary

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-17)

C (0) D (-60) E 60 kN C (0) D (-0.75) E 1.5 kN C (-0.6) D (0) E 0 kN

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-18)

5) Write the compatibility equations in terms of the deformations of the primary

Member L, m S u1 u2 Su1L Su2L (u1)2 L (u2)2 L u1 u2 L

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-19)

0.00672 + 0.00023 X 1 − 0.000081 X 2 = 0.01

0.008424 − 0.000081 X 1 + 0.0001728 X 2 = 0

X j = the value of the redundant obtained.

FAB = 0 + (− 0.75  −3.5 ) + (− 0.6  −50.4 ) = 32.865 kN Tens

FCD = 0 + (0  −3.5 ) + (− 0.6  −50.4 ) = 30.24 kN Tens

FDE = −60 + (− 0.75  −3.5 ) + (0  −50.4 ) = −57.375 kN Comp

FAC = 0 + (0  −3.5 ) + (− 0.8  −50.4 ) = 40.32 kN Tens

FBD = 80 + (1  −3.5 ) + (− 0.8  −50.4 ) = 116.82 kN Tens

FAD = −100 + (− 1.25  −3.5 ) + (1  −50.4 ) = −146.025 kN Comp

FBE = 0 + (− 1.25  −3.5 ) + (0  −50.4 ) = 4.375 kN Tens

FBC = 0 + (0  −3.5 ) + (1  −50.4 ) = −50.4 kN Comp

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-20)

Q-L (2022-2023) (Ch 1-21)

5) Write the compatibility equations in terms of the deformations of the primary

Fbc = (− 0.6  1.25) = −0.75 kN Comp