Wa0012 PDF

Top 20 Most frequently asked Verilog
interview questions
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1.Write a verilog code to swap contents of two registers with and without a
temporary register?
With temp reg ;
always @ (posedge clock)
begin
temp=b;
b=a;
a=temp;
end
Without temp reg;
always @ (posedge clock)
begin
a <= b;
b <= a;
end
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2. Difference between task and function?
Function:
A function is unable to enable a task however functions can enable other functions.
A function will carry out its required duty in zero simulation time. ( The program
time will not be incremented during the function routine)
Within a function, no event, delay or timing control statements are permitted
In the invocation of a function their must be at least one argument to be passed.
Functions will only return a single value and can not use either output or inout
statements.
Tasks:
Tasks are capable of enabling a function as well as enabling other versions of a
Task
Tasks also run with a zero simulation however they can if required be executed in
a non zero simulation time.
Tasks are allowed to contain any of these statements.
A task is allowed to use zero or more arguments which are of type output, input or
inout.
A Task is unable to return a value but has the facility to pass multiple values via
the output and inout statements .
3.What is difference between Verilog full case and parallel case?
A "full" case statement is a case statement in which all possible case-expression
binary patterns can be matched to a case item or to a case default. If a case
statement does not include a case default and if it is possible to find a binary case
expression that does not match any of the defined case items, the case statement is
not "full."
A "parallel" case statement is a case statement in which it is only possible to match
a case expression to one and only one case item. If it is possible to find a case
expression that would match more than one case item, the matching case items are
called "overlapping" case items and the case statement is not "parallel."
4. Tell me how blocking and non blocking statements get executed?
Execution of blocking assignments can be viewed as a one-step process:
1. Evaluate the RHS (right-hand side equation) and update the LHS (left-hand side
expression) of the blocking assignment without interruption from any other Verilog
statement. A blocking assignment "blocks" trailing assignments in the same always
block from occurring until after the current assignment has been completed
Execution of nonblocking assignments can be viewed as a two-step process:
1. Evaluate the RHS of nonblocking statements at the beginning of the time step. 2.
Update the LHS of nonblocking statements at the end of the time step.
5.Variable and signal which will be Updated first?

Signals
6.What is sensitivity list?
The sensitivity list indicates that when a change occurs to any one of elements in
the list change, begin…end statement inside that always block will get executed.
7. In a pure combinational circuit is it necessary to mention all the inputs in

sensitivity disk? if yes, why?
Yes in a pure combinational circuit is it necessary to mention all the inputs in
sensitivity disk other wise it will result in pre and post synthesis mismatch.
8.Write a Verilog code for synchronous and asynchronous reset?

Synchronous reset, synchronous means clock dependent so reset must not be present in
sensitivity disk eg:
always @ (posedge clk )
begin if (reset)
. . . end
Asynchronous means clock independent so reset must be present in sensitivity list.
Eg
Always @(posedge clock or posedge reset)
begin
if (reset)
. . . end
9.What is the difference between the following two lines of Verilog code?
#5 a = b;
a = #5 b;
#5 a = b; Wait five time units before doing the action for "a = b;".
a = #5 b; The value of b is calculated and stored in an internal temp register, After five
time units, assign this stored value to a.
10. What is the difference between wire and reg?

Net types: (wire,tri)Physical connection between structural elements. Value assigned by
a continuous assignment or a gate output.
Register type: (reg, integer, time, real, real time) represents abstract data storage
element. Assigned values only within an always statement or an initial statement. The
main difference between wire and reg is wire cannot hold (store) the value when there
no connection between a and b like a->b, if there is no connection in a and b, wire loose
value. But reg can hold the value even if there in no connection. Default values:wire is
Z,reg is x.
11. Given the following Verilog code, what value of "a" is displayed?
always @(clk) begin
a = 0;
a <= 1;
$display(a);
end
Verilog scheduling semantics basically imply a four-level deep queue for the current
simulation time:
1: Active Events (blocking statements)

2: Inactive Events (#0 delays, etc)
3: Non-Blocking Assign Updates (non-blocking statements)
4: Monitor Events ($display, $monitor, etc).
Since the "a = 0" is an active event, it is scheduled into the 1st "queue".
The "a <= 1" is a non-blocking event, so it's placed into the 3rd queue.
Finally, the display statement is placed into the 4th queue.
Only events in the active queue are completed this sim cycle, so the "a = 0"
happens, and then the display shows a = 0. If we were to look at the value of
a in the next sim cycle, it would show 1.
12. Can we mix blocking and nonblocking in one always block ?
Yes, we can have both blocking and nonblocking code in same always block. Some
things that one should know to use this are:
Blocking assignments are treated as combinational logic.
One should not assign a variable in the same always block with both blocking
and nonblocking assignments.
Not all synthesis tools support this. (Design compiler supports this).
13.Difference between blocking and non-blocking?

The Verilog language has two forms of the procedural assignment statement:
blocking and non-blocking. The two are distinguished by the = and <= assignment
operators. The blocking assignment statement (= operator) acts much like in
traditional programming languages. The whole statement is done before control
passes on to the next statement. The non-blocking (<= operator) evaluates all the
right-hand sides for the current time unit and assigns the left-hand sides at the end of
the time unit. For example, the following Verilog program
// testing blocking and non-blocking assignment
module blocking;
reg [0:7] A, B;
initial begin: init1
A = 3;
#1 A = A + 1; // blocking procedural assignment
B = A + 1;
$display("Blocking: A= %b B= %b", A, B ); A = 3;
#1 A <= A + 1; // non-blocking procedural assignment
B <= A + 1;
#1 $display("Non-blocking: A= %b B= %b", A, B );
end
endmodule
produces the following output:
Blocking: A= 00000100 B= 00000101
Non-blocking: A= 00000100 B= 00000100
The effect is for all the non-blocking assignments to use the old values of the variables
at the beginning of the current time unit and to assign the registers new values at the
end of the current time unit. This reflects how register transfers occur in some hardware
systems.
Blocking procedural assignment is used for combinational logic and non-blocking
procedural assignment for sequential
14.Difference between inter statement and intra statement delay?
//define register variables
reg a, b, c;
//intra assignment delays
initial
begin
a = 0; c = 0;
b = #5 a + c; //Take value of a and c at the time=0, evaluate
//a + c and then wait 5 time units to assign value
//to b.
end
//Equivalent method with temporary variables and regular delay control
initial
begin
a = 0; c = 0;
temp_ac = a + c;
#5 b = temp_ac; //Take value of a + c at the current time and
//store it in a temporary variable. Even though a and c
//might change between 0 and 5,
//the value assigned to b at time 5 is unaffected.
end
15. Why do I see latches in my synthesized logic?
There is more than one reason why latches could be seen in synthesized
logic. This information is typically present in the elaboration log file of the
synthesis tool.
The if-else clause in the always block to which the latch is associated doesn’t have
a final else clause.
The reg declaration of the variable doesn’t have any value assigned upon entry to
the combinatorial always block if the variable is used in an if statement without the
else clause.
There could be no default clause of a case construct that is not complete or the
variables assigned within the case were not assigned a default value before
entering the case statement.
16.What is the difference between assign-deassign and forcerelease?
The assign-deassign and force-release constructs in Verilog have similar
effects, but differ in the fact that force-release can be applicable to nets and
variables, whereas assign-deassign is applicable only to variables.
The procedural assign-deassign construct is intended to be used for modelling hardware
behaviour, but the construct is not synthesizable by most logic synthesis tools. The
force-release construct is intended for design verification, and is not synthesizable.
17. Discuss the main differences between $strobe and $monitor.

The differences between $strobe and $monitor are summarized in the following points:
$strobe can be used to create new simulation events, simply by encapsulating the
$strobe system call within a simulation construct that moves simulation time, such
as @(posedge clock), @(negedge clock),@(any_signal) etc.There can exist
multiple $strobe system calls at the same time, with identical or different
arguments.
$monitor stands alone. A given set of arguments of $monitor form their own
unique sensitivity list. Only one $monitor call can be active at any time. Each call
to $monitor replaces any previous call(s) to $monitor.
18. What are some reusable coding practices for RTL Design?
A reusable design mainly helps in reducing the design time of larger implementations
using IPs.
Register all the outputs of crucial design blocks. This will make the timing
interface easy during system level integration.
If an IP is being developed in both Verilog and VHDL, try to use the constructs
that will be translatable later into VHDL.
Partition the design considering the clock domains and the functional goals.
Avoid instantiation of technology specific gates.
Use parameters instead of hard-coded values in the design.
Avoid clocks and resets that are generated internal to the design.
Avoid glue logic during top level inter-module instantiations.
19. What logic is inferred when there are multiple assign statements targeting the
same wire?
It is illegal to specify multiple assign statements to the same wire in a synthesizable
code that will become an output port of the module. The synthesis tools give a
syntax error that a net is being driven by more than one source.
20. What do conditional assignments get inferred into?
Conditionals in a continuous assignment are specified through the “?:” operator.
Conditionals get inferred into a multiplexer. For example, the following is the code
for a simple multiplexer:
wire wire1;
assign wire1 = (sel == 1'b1) ? a : b;

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Top 20 Most frequently asked Verilog

5.Variable and signal which will be Updated first?

7. In a pure combinational circuit is it necessary to mention all the inputs in

8.Write a Verilog code for synchronous and asynchronous reset?

10. What is the difference between wire and reg?

1: Active Events (blocking statements)

13.Difference between blocking and non-blocking?

17. Discuss the main differences between $strobe and $monitor.

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