WEEK 2

GENERAL
CHEMISTRY 2
Chemical Equilibrium
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MEET OUR TEAM

LORRAINE VILGERA GENESIS LYN KANIA ANJELIE DEL

HABANA ROSARIO​
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MEET OUR TEAM

ENGRID ANN JOHN LLOYD TENIDO

CANENCIA
WEEK 2 AGENDA
• Chemical Equilibrium
• Equilibrium Constant
• Le Chatelier’s Principle
 MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING
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COMPETENCIES
▪Explain chemical equilibrium in terms of the
reaction rates of the forward and the reverse
reaction.
▪Calculate equilibrium constant and the
pressure or concentration of reactants or
products in an equilibrium mixture.
▪State the Le Chatelier’s principle and apply it
qualitatively to describe the effect of changes
in pressure, concentration and temperature on
a system at equilibrium.
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REVERSIBLE REACTIONS
▪ Many chemical reactions do not proceed
to just one direction or proceed
essentially to completion. These are
called reversible reactions.
▪ In reversible reactions, the reactants are
not completely converted into products
and some of the products may be
converted back into reactants.
 EXAMPLES OF REVERSIBLE
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REACTION
Imagine you have a box filled with Lego bricks. You pick up some
of the bricks and start piecing them together to build a house. But,
building a chemical laboratory sounds way cooler! So, you start
taking your house apart, separating the bricks and tossing them
back into the pile. Soon, you are back where you started - faced
with a big box of Lego, ready to be turned into another creation
and used again and again. No matter what you build, you can
always take the structure apart when you are finished and make
something new. This is an example of a reversible reaction.
 EXAMPLES OF REVERSIBLE
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REACTION
In chemistry, a reversible reaction is like playing with Lego bricks.
It's when you can take a chemical reaction apart and put it back
together again. This happens because the reaction can go both
ways - it can produce products or reactants. Scientists represent
reversible reactions with a double arrow.

Here are some examples of reversible reactions:

•Water can break down into hydrogen and oxygen gas, but
hydrogen and oxygen can also combine to form water.
•Carbon dioxide can react with water to form carbonic acid, but
carbonic acid can also decompose into carbon dioxide and water.
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Reversible reactions consist of two reactions: the

forward reaction and the backward reaction. These
reactions can be combined using two half-headed
arrows, ⇌, to show the reversible nature of the
reaction.
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To illustrate this, let's look at an example. The reactants A and B combine to

form the product C in the forward reaction. C can then break down into A and
B again in the backward reaction. We can represent each reaction using separate
equations:

Forward reaction: A + B → C
Backward reaction: C → A + B

Alternatively, we can combine the reactions into one overall reversible reaction:

A+B⇌C

This equation shows that the reaction can go in both directions - the reactants
can combine to form the product, and the product can break down to form the
reactants again.
WEEK 2 GEN CHEMISTRY 2 11

WHAT IS YOUR FAVORITE

CARBONATED DRINK?
Did you know that in a carbonated drink, carbon dioxide is pushed into the solution by adding pressure?
Carbonic acid is formed when carbon dioxide reacts with water, as seen in the equation below:

𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 −−→ 𝐻2 𝐶𝑂3 FORWARD REACTION

Carbon dioxide is released from the decomposition of carbonic acid when the container is opened and the
pressure is released.
𝐻2 𝐶𝑂3 −−→ 𝐶𝑂2 +𝐻2 𝑂 BACKWARD REACTION

What do you notice from the two reactions?

THE TWO REACTIONS ARE THE REVERSE OF EACH OTHER AND CAN BE WRITTEN AS:
𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 ⇌ 𝑯𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑
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This is referred to as a reversible

reaction. A reversible reaction is
one that can go in both directions.
If the rates of forward and
backward reactions are identical,
chemical equilibrium exists.
 EXAMPLE OF
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EQUILIBRIUM
Systems in equilibrium are balanced. For
example, if you are running on a treadmill
you are in constant motion. However, you
are not moving forward or backwards. As
fast as you run forward the treadmill is
moving you backwards. You are in
equilibrium with the treadmill. In the
same way chemical reactions can be in
equilibrium (the products and reactants are
produced at the same rate).
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WEEK 2 GEN CHEMISTRY 2 15

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF REVERSIBLE REACTION:
FORWARD REACTION →

𝐀+𝑩 ⇌𝑪+𝑫
← REVERSE REACTION

• Chemical equilibrium is a state when the rate of the

forward reaction is EQUAL to the rate of the
backward reaction.
• At equilibrium, the products and the reactants exist
at the same time as both the forward and reverse
reactions are occurring.
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THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT EXPRESSION

Given the reaction: 𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐵 ↔ 𝑐𝐶 + 𝑑𝐷

Where: a, b, c, and d are the coefficients

The equilibrium constant expression 𝐾𝑐 is given by:

[𝐶]𝑐 [𝐷]𝑑
𝐾𝑐 = where: [ ] = molarity
[𝐴]𝑎 [𝐵]𝑏
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THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT EXPRESSION

In writing equilibrium constant expression, a pure solid or a pure liquid in the
reaction is omitted from the expression.
Consider the following reactions:
𝑺𝑶𝟑 [𝑵𝑶]
𝑆𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝑁𝑂2(𝑔) ↔ 𝑆𝑂3(𝑔) + 𝑁𝑂𝑔 𝑲𝒄 =
𝑺𝑶𝟐 [𝑵𝑶𝟐 ]

[𝑯𝑰]𝟐
𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝐼2(𝑔) ↔ 2𝐻𝐼(𝑔) 𝑲𝒄 =
𝑯𝟐 [𝑰𝟐 ]

𝑁𝐻4 𝑆𝐻(𝑠) ↔ 𝑁𝐻3(𝑔) + 𝐻2 𝑆(𝑔) 𝑲𝒄 = 𝑵𝑯𝟑 [𝑯𝟐 𝑺]

+
𝐻𝐹(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) ↔ 𝐻3 𝑂(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐹 −(𝑎𝑞) [𝑯𝟑 𝑶+ ] [𝑭− ]
𝑲𝒄 =
[𝑯𝑭]
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MAGNITUDE OF EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT

▪ The larger K is, the more products are present at
equilibrium.
▪ The smaller K is, the more reactants are present at
equilibrium.
▪ If K > 1, then products dominate at equilibrium and
equilibrium lies to the right.
▪ If K < 1, then reactants dominate at equilibrium and the
equilibrium lies to the left.
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PROBLEM 1
Question: Gaseous hydrogen iodide is placed in a closed container at 425°C, where it
partially decomposes to hydrogen and iodine: 2𝐻𝐼(𝑔) ⇋ 𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝐼2(𝑔) . At equilibrium,
it is found that 𝐻𝐼 = 3.53 × 10−3 𝑀, 𝐻2 = 4.79 × 10−4 𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 = 4.79 × 10−4 𝑀.
What is the value of 𝐾𝑒𝑞 at this temperature?

GIVEN: 𝑲𝒄 =
𝑯𝟐 [𝑰𝟐 ]
=
𝟒. 𝟕𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑴 [𝟒. 𝟕𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑴]
𝟐 𝟑. 𝟓𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑴 𝟐
𝑯𝑰 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑴 𝑯𝑰
𝑯𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑴
𝑰𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑴
𝑲𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟒
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PROBLEM 2
The following equilibrium process has been studied at 250℃:
2𝑁𝑂(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) ↔ 2𝑁𝑂2(𝑔)
In an experiment, the equilibrium concentrations of reacting species are found to be
[NO]= 0.0542 M, [O2]=0.127 M, and [NO2]=15.5 M. Calculate the 𝑲𝒄 of the reaction at
this temperature.

GIVEN: 15.5 𝟐
𝑵𝑶𝟐 𝟐 𝑲𝒄 =
[NO]= 0.0542 M 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟐 𝟐 [𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟕]
[O2]=0.127 M 𝑲𝒄 =
𝑵𝑶 𝟐 [𝑶𝟐 ]
[NO2]=15.5 M 𝑲𝒄 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
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EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT IN TERMS OF

PRESSURE
Given the reaction: 𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐵 ↔ 𝑐𝐶 + 𝑑𝐷
Where: a, b, c, and d are the coefficients
The equilibrium constant expression 𝑲𝒑 is given by:

𝑷𝑪 𝒄 𝑷𝑫 𝒅
𝑲𝒑 = 𝒂 𝒃 and 𝑲𝒑 = 𝑲𝒄 𝑹𝑻 ∆𝒏
𝑷𝑨 𝑷𝑩
P= pressure
R= universal gas constant
T= absolute temperature
∆n= mol product – mol reactant
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PROBLEM 3
Given the reaction below, 𝐾𝑝 is 158 at 1000℃. Calculate 𝑲𝒄 for the reaction at
equilibrium. Calculate 𝑃𝑂2 , if 𝑃𝑁𝑂2 = 0.400 atm and 𝑃𝑁𝑂 = 0.270 atm.
𝟐𝑵𝑶𝟐(𝒈) ↔ 𝟐𝑵𝑶(𝒈) + 𝑶𝟐(𝒈)

𝑃𝑁𝑂 2 (𝑃𝑂2 )
𝐾𝑝 =
GIVEN:
𝑃𝑁𝑂2 2
𝐾𝑝 =158
(0.270)2 (𝑃𝑂2 )
𝑃𝑁𝑂2 = 0.400 atm 𝐾𝑝 =
𝑃𝑁𝑂 = 0.270 atm (0.400)2
𝑃𝑂2 = ??
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PROBLEM 3
𝟐𝑵𝑶𝟐(𝒈) ↔ 𝟐𝑵𝑶(𝒈) + 𝑶𝟐(𝒈)

𝑃𝑁𝑂 2 (𝑃𝑂2 )
𝐾𝑝 = 158× 16 = 0.073(𝑃𝑂2 )
𝑃𝑁𝑂2 2
25.28 = 0.073(𝑃𝑂2 )
(0.270)2 (𝑃𝑂2 )
158 = 25.28
(0.400)2 = 𝑃𝑂2
(0.270)2 (𝑃𝑂2 )
0.073
158= 𝑷𝑶𝟐 = 𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟑𝟎
(0.400)2
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PROBLEM 4
For the reaction below, 𝐾𝑃 𝑖𝑠 4.5 × 10−4 𝑎𝑡 375℃. Calculate Kc for the reaction at
equilibrium.
𝑵𝟐(𝒈) + 𝟑𝑯𝟐(𝒈) ↔ 𝟐𝑵𝑯𝟑(𝒈)

NOTE:
R= 0.0821 L-atm/mol-K ∆𝑛 = 2 − 1 + 3
T= 375 + 273= 648K ∆𝑛 = −2
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PROBLEM 4
𝑵𝟐(𝒈) + 𝟑𝑯𝟐(𝒈) ↔ 𝟐𝑵𝑯𝟑(𝒈)

4.3 × 10−4
𝐾𝑐 = −2
0.0821 × 648
∆𝒏
𝑲𝒑 = 𝑲𝒄 𝑹𝑻
𝑲𝒑 4.3 × 10−4
= 𝑲 𝐾𝑐 =
∆𝒏 𝒄 3.53 × 10−4
𝑹𝑻
𝑲𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐
 WEEK 2 GEN CHEMISTRY 2 26

LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
▪ Le Châtelier’s principle, states that if an
external stress is applied to a system at
equilibrium, the system adjusts in such a
way that the stress is partially relieved as the
system reaches a new equilibrium position.
▪ “Stress” pertains to a change in
concentration, pressure, volume, or
temperature that alters the equilibrium
state of the system.
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CHANGE IN CONCENTRATION
Addition of more A will Addition of more C will
shift the reaction to the shift the reaction to the
right. left.

𝑨+𝑩↔𝑪+𝑫
Addition of more B will Addition of more D will
shift the reaction to the shift the reaction to the
right. left.
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CHANGE IN PRESSURE
(GASEOUS REACTIONS ONLY)
Increase in
pressure will
When pressure is increased,
shift the
the direction where lesser
reaction to the
number of moles are
right.
produced will be favored.

𝟐𝑨(𝒈) + 𝟑𝑩(𝒈) ↔ 𝑪(𝒈) + 𝟐𝑫(𝒈)

Decrease in
pressure will
When pressure is decreased, shift the
the direction where greater reaction to the
number of moles are left.
produced will be favored.
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CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE
Increase in
temperature
When temperature is increased for an will shift the
exothermic reaction, the direction reaction to the
where lesser heat is produced will be left.
favored.

𝑨+𝑩↔𝑪+𝑫 −∆𝐻 (𝐸𝑥𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐)

Decrease in
temperature
will shift the When temperature is decreased for an
reaction to the exothermic reaction, the direction
right. where more heat is produced will be
favored.
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CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE
Increase in
temperature When temperature is increased for
will shift the an endothermic reaction, the
reaction to the direction where less heat is produced
right. will be favored

𝑨+𝑩↔𝑪+𝑫 +∆𝐻 (𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐)

Decrease in
When temperature is decreased for temperature
an endothermic reaction, the will shift the
direction where more heat is reaction to the
produced will be favored left.
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EFFECT OF CATALYST
A catalyst lowers the activation energy of the
Addition of a
Catalyst forward reaction and the reverse reaction to the
same extent. Therefore, the presence of a catalyst
does not alter the equilibrium constant, nor does
it shift the position of an equilibrium system.
𝑨+𝑩↔𝑪+𝑫

Adding a catalyst to a reaction mixture that is not at

equilibrium will simply cause the mixture to reach
equilibrium faster.
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PROBLEM 5
𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑(𝒔) ↔ 𝑪𝒂𝑶(𝒔) 𝑪𝑶𝟐(𝒈) +∆𝑯

Predict the direction of the shift in equilibrium when:

• The volume is increased (reaction shifts to the right)
• Some CaCO3 is removed (reaction shifts to the left)
• Some CaO is added in the mixture (reaction shifts to the left)
• Heating the system (reaction shifts to the right)
QUESTIONS?? 33
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!