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03 Complexometric Titration PDF
03 Complexometric Titration PDF
03 Complexometric Titration PDF
Chemistry
2023 Spring Semester
3. Complexometric
Titration
Jungki Ryu
School of Energy & Chemical Engineering
Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST)
Email: jryu@unist.ac.kr
Homepage: https://www.bioinspired‐materials.com/
Midterm Exam – Offline Open Book Test
• Midterm Schedule
‐ When: 7 to 10 pm on Thursday, April 20
‐ Where: B/D 104, Room E101
• Scope of the Midterm
: (1) Chemical Equilibrium, (2) Acid/base Titrations, and (3)
Complexometric Titrations
• How?
‐ Only a calculator and your hand‐written notebook will be
allowed for the midterm exam.
‐ Please let me know by email if you have another exam at the
same time, then you can take an exam in my office from 1‐4 pm
on the same day in advance
2
Metal Ions in Life and Chemical Sciences
• Metalloproteins
‐ Oxygen‐transport
: hemoglobin, myoglobin
‐ Redox catalysis
Enzyme Redox reaction Reduction Remarks
potential
Hydrogenase ‐ 0.42 V
Oxygen evolving complex ‐ 0.82 V
CO dehydrogenase ‐ 0.52 V
Methane Monooxygenase ‐ 0.583 V
Nitrogenase N 2 8H 6e 2NH 4 ‐ 0.280 V
Nitrogenase Oxygen evolving complex (OEC)
[Mn4CaO4] 3
[Fe7MoS9C]
Alginate Gels
4
Metal Ions in Environmental Sciences
• Water hardness
‐ hard water: water with high mineral contents ↔ soft water
• Toxic heavy metals
Acute exposure Chronic exposure
Air
Cd Pneumonitis 간질 Lung cancer 폐암
pollution
Mercury (lung inflammation) Osteomalcia 골연화증
Asbestos
(Hg) Proteinuria 단백뇨
Hg Diarrhea 설사 Stomatitis 구내염
Fever 열 Nausea 메스꺼움
Lead (Pb) Benzene
Chemicals Vomiting 구토 Nephrotic syndrome 신증후군
of Public Neurasthenia 신경쇠약증
Health Dioxin & Pb Encephalopathy 뇌병증 Anemia 빈혈증
dioxin-
Cadmium Concern like
Encephalopathy 뇌병증
(Cd) Nephropathy (kidney disorder)
substanc
es Cr Hemolysis 용혈 Pulmonary fibrosis 폐섬유증
Arsenic Excess Acute renal failure 신장이상 Lung cancer 폐암
Highly
(As) fluoride
Hazardou As Nausea 메스꺼움 Diabetes 당뇨병
s Vomiting 구토 Hypopigmentation 색소침작저하증
Pesticides Diarrhea 설사 Hyperkeratosis 각막비후증
Encephalopathy 뇌병증 Cancer
10 Chemicals of Major Public Concern Arrhythmia 부정맥
by World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 Neuropathy 신경통 5
Metal Ions & Neurodegenerative Disease?
6
Formation of Complex
• Coordination complex (or metal complex): compounds composed of
a metal atom and one or more ligands (atoms, ions, or molecules) that
donate electrons to the metal.
‐ Coordination number: total number of neighbors of a central atom
in a molecule or ion
• Complexation (chelation)
‐ Formation or presence of two or more separate coordinate (dative covalent) bonds
between a polydentate (multiple bonded) ligand and a single central atoms.
‐ Ligand: an ion, molecule, or functional group that finds to a central metal atom to form
a coordination complex; act as electron donors
‐ Denticity: the number of donor groups in a single ligand that bind to a central atom in a
coordination complex.
Types of Ligands
H2O, NH3
Monodentate Netural monodentate ligands
RNH2 (aliphatic amines)
F‐, Cl‐, Br‐, I‐, SCN‐, CN‐
Anionic monodentate ligands
OH‐, RCOO‐, S2‐
Bidentate Ethylenediamine(en)
Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)
Cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA)
8
Metal‐Chelate Complexes
• Chelate effect: chelating ligands (e.g., multidentate ligand) forms stronger complexes
than a similar monodentate ligand
Chemical Equilibrium in Metal‐Chelate Complexes
• Complexometric titration: a titration based on complex formation
‐ Analyte: a metal ion
‐ Titrant: a regent forming a water‐soluble complex with the analyte; normally chelating
agent.
ex) ligands other than NTA forms strong 1:1 complexes with most metals regardless of
the charge on the metal ion
10
Metal‐Chelate Complexes
• EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)
‐ EDTA forms strong 1:1 complexes with most metal atoms
‐ Applications: detergents, cleaning agents, food additives (prevention of food
oxidation)
‐ EDTA complexes metals (Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn, etc.) so that they pass safely through
waterwaste treatment plants (negative effect)
N N
11
EDTA
• Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
‐ One of the most useful chelating agents used for titration.
‐ Virtually every element of the periodic table can be analyzed with EDTA by direct
titration or through an indirect sequence of reactions
• EDTA is a hexaprotic system, designated H6Y2+.
‐ Acidic hydrogen atoms are the ones that are lost upon metal‐complex formation.
‐ The first four pK values apply to carboxyl protons, and the last two are for the
ammonium protons.
‐ The neutral acid is tetraprotic (H4Y)
10.37
6.13
2.69
2.0
H4Y 1.5
0.0
12
EDTA Complexes
• Formation constant (Kf): the equilibrium constant for the reaction of a metal with a
ligand/chelate (=stability constant)
𝑀𝑌
𝑀 𝑌 ⇌ 𝑀𝑌 𝐾
𝑀 𝑌
• Kf is defined for the reaction of Y4‐ with Mn+. But Y4‐ is only one of the seven forms of
EDTA.
• Whenever Mn+ reacts with any forms of EDTA, the product is always MYn‐4!!
• Na2H2Y•2H2O (the sodium salt): a commonly used reagent
13
Conditional Formation Constant
𝑌
𝛼 ⟹ 𝑌 𝛼 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
𝑀𝑌 𝑀𝑌
𝐾
𝑀 𝑌 𝑀 𝛼 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
• Conditional formation constant
(=effective formation constant)
𝑀𝑌 𝑀 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 ⇌ 𝑀𝑌
𝐾 𝛼 𝐾
𝑀 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
* Kf ’ is useful because it allows us to
look at EDTA complex formation
as if the uncomplexed EDTA were
in all in one form
* Kf ’ is pH dependent
𝑌
𝛼
𝐻 𝑌 𝐻 𝑌 𝐻 𝑌 𝐻 𝑌 𝐻 𝑌 𝐻𝑌 𝑌
14
Fractional Composition for EDTA
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝛼
𝐻 𝐻 𝐾 𝐻 𝐾𝐾 𝐻 𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝐻 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝐻 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝑌
𝛼
𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
• αY4‐ is dependent on
concentration of each
EDTA species, which is
dependent on [H+]
which in turn is dependent
on ionic strength
15
Revisit Fractional Composition Equations
• Monoprotic Systems
𝐻 𝐴
𝐻𝐴 ⇌ 𝐻 𝐴 𝐾
𝐻𝐴
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝐹 𝐻𝐴 𝐴
𝐻 𝐹 𝐻𝐴
𝐾
𝐻𝐴
𝐾 𝐻𝐴 𝐻 𝐹 𝐻 𝐻𝐴
𝐾 𝐻 𝐻𝐴 𝐻 𝐹
𝐻 𝐹
𝐻𝐴
𝐾 𝐻
Fraction of molecules in the form of HA or A‐ is
𝐻𝐴 𝐻𝐴 𝐻
𝛼
𝐻𝐴 𝐴 𝐹 𝐻 𝐾
𝐴 𝐾
𝛼 1 𝛼
𝐹 𝐻 𝐾
16
Revisit Fractional Composition Equations
• Diprotic Systems
𝐻 𝐴 𝐻
𝛼
𝐹 𝐻 𝐻 𝐾 𝐾𝐾
𝐻𝐴 𝐻 𝐾
𝛼
𝐹 𝐻 𝐻 𝐾 𝐾𝐾
𝐴 𝐾𝐾
𝛼
𝐹 𝐻 𝐻 𝐾 𝐾𝐾
17
Fractional Composition for EDTA
• αY4‐: fraction of EDTA in the from Y4‐
𝑌
𝛼
𝐻 𝑌 𝐻 𝑌 𝐻 𝑌 𝐻 𝑌 𝐻 𝑌 𝐻𝑌 𝑌
𝑌
𝛼
𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
[EDTA]: total concentration of all free EDTA, not complexed to metal ions.
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝛼
𝐻 𝐻 𝐾 𝐻 𝐾𝐾 𝐻 𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝐻 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝐻 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
18
EDTA Titration Curves
• The concentration of free Mn+ decreases as the titration
proceeds
𝑀 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 ⇌ 𝑀𝑌
• Region 1: Before the equivalence point
‐ There is excess Mn+ left solution after
the EDTA has been consumed
‐ The concentration of free metal ion
is equal to the concentration of
excess untreated Mn+.
‐ The dissociation of MYn‐4 is negligible.
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝐶𝑎 𝐶
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
EDTA Titration Curves
• Region 2: At the equivalence point
‐ There is exactly as much EDTA as
metal in the solution
‐ We can treat the solution as if it had
made by dissolving pure MYn‐4
‐ Some free Mn+ is generated by the
slight dissociation of MYn‐4
𝑀𝑌 ⇌𝑀 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
‐ EDTA refers to the total concentration
of free EDTA in all of its forms
‐ At the equivalence point, [Mn+]=[EDTA]
20
EDTA Titration Curves
• Region 3: After the equivalence point
‐ There is excess EDTA, and virtually
all the metal ion is in the form MYn‐4
‐ The concentration of free EDTA can be
equated to the concentration of excess
EDTA added after the equivalence point
‐ Free metal concentration is calculated
from the known free EDTA and MYn‐4
Volume of
excess EDTA
𝑉 𝑉
𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 𝐶
𝑉 𝑉
original
Dilution factor conc.
𝑉
𝐶𝑎𝑌 𝐶
𝑉 𝑉 𝐶𝑎 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 ⇌ 𝐶𝑎𝑌
Dilution factor Initial 𝐶𝑎𝑌
conc. 𝐾 𝛼 𝐾
𝐶𝑎 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
21
Revisit Titration of Strong Base with Strong Acid
1) Before the equivalence point, the pH is determined
by excess OH‐ in the solution.
2) At the equivalence point, H+ is just sufficient to
react with all OH‐ to make H2O. The pH is Excess OH- Excess H+
determined by dissociation of water.
3) After the equivalent point, pH is determined
by excess H+ in the solution
22
EDTA Titration Curves
• Theoretical titration curves for the reaction of 50.0 mL of 0.0400 M metal ion with
0.0800 M EDTA at pH 10.00
𝑀𝑌
𝐾 𝛼 𝐾
𝑀 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
• The higher the conditional formation constant of a metal‐ligand complex,
the more distinct the end point.
EDTA Titration as a Function of pH
• As the pH is lowered, the end point becomes less distinct.
𝑀𝑌
𝐾 𝛼 𝐾
𝑀 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝛼
𝐻 𝐻 𝐾 𝐻 𝐾𝐾 𝐻 𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝐻 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝐻 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝑌
𝛼
𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
24
EDTA Titration as a Function of pH
• As the pH increases, the equilibrium shifts to the right.
Titration curves for 100 mL 0.1 M Ca2+ vs 0.1 M Na2EDTA at pH 7 and 10.
25
Revisit Acid‐Base Titration Curve
• As HA becomes a weaker acid, or the concentrations of analyte and titrant decrease,
the inflection near the equivalence point decreases, until the equivalence point
becomes too shallow to detect.
• It is not practical to titrate an acid or a base when its strength is too weak
or its concentration is too dilute.
26
EDTA Titration as a Function of pH
• The points represent the pH at which the conditional formation constant, Kf‘ for each
metal ion ~ 106 which is the minimum value needed for a sharp end point.
Minimum pH for effective titrations of
various metal ions with EDTA. 27
Auxiliary Complexing Agents
• Auxiliary complexing agents may be added
i) to prevent M(OH)2 precipitation at high pH
𝑁𝐻 𝐻 ⇌ 𝑁𝐻
ii) to fix pH ( ; buffer)
iii) to complex metal ion and keep it in solution until EDTA is introduced
𝑀𝐿 [M]: free metal concentration
𝑀 𝐿 ⇌ 𝑀𝐿 𝛽
𝑀 𝐿
𝑀𝐿 [MLn]: metal‐liquid complex concentration
𝑀 2𝐿 ⇌ 𝑀𝐿 𝛽
𝑀 𝐿 βn: overall or cumulative formation constants
𝑀𝐿 [L]: concentration of free ligand
𝑀 𝑛𝐿 ⇌ 𝑀𝐿 𝛽
𝑀 𝐿
𝑀 𝑀
𝛼 CM: total concentration of all forms of
𝐶 𝑀 𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝐿 ⋯ 𝑀𝐿
𝑀 M (M, ML, ……, MLn)
𝑀 𝛽 𝑀 𝐿 𝛽 𝑀 𝐿 ⋯ 𝛽 𝑀 𝐿 αM: fraction of free metal ion
1
1 𝛽 𝐿 𝛽 𝐿 ⋯ 𝛽 𝐿
𝑀𝑌
𝐾 ⋅𝛼 ⋅𝛼
Kf ”: the effective formation constant 𝐶 ⋅ 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
at a given fixed pH (αY4‐) and given 𝑀𝑌
𝐾 ⋅𝛼
fixed concentration of auxiliary 𝐶 ⋅ 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴
complexing agent (αM) 𝑀𝑌
𝐾" 𝐶 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 ⇌ 𝑀𝑌
𝐶 ⋅ 𝐸𝐷𝑇𝐴 28
Auxiliary Complexing Agents
• Remark
‐ EDTA is much stronger complexing agent than NH3,
and all of EDTA added is bound to Mn+
‐ The greater the concentration of NH3, the smaller
the change of pMn+ near the equivalence point.
‐ When an auxiliary ligand is used, its amount
must be kept below the level that would obliterate
the end point of the titration
‐ Kf ”: The effective formation constant at a given
fixed pH (αY4‐) and given fixed concentration of
auxiliary complexing agent (αM)
29
Metal Ion Indicators
• Metal ion indicator: compounds whose color changes when they bind to a metal ion;
the most common technique
e.g.) MgIn + EDTA MgEDTA + In
(red) (colorless) (colorless) (blue)
* Useful indicators must bind metal less
strongly than EDTA does
* Because the color of free indicator is
pH dependent, most indicators can be
used only in certain pH ranges in which
color changes can be seen cleary.
• Mercury electrode
• Ion selective electrode
30
Metal Ion Indicators
31
Metal Ion Indicator
32
• Guide to EDTA titrations
of common metals
• Light color: pH region in which
reaction with EDTA is quantitative.
(Below the PH ranges indicated Kf’ is
not large enough)
• Dark color: pH region in which
auxiliary complexing agent is
necessary to prevent hydroxide
precipitation
• Underline with the indicator name:
suitable pH range for each indicator
33
EDTA Titration Techniques
• Direct titration: when analyte is titrated with EDTA.
‐ Analyte is buffered to a pH at which the conditional formation constant for the metal‐
EDTA complex is large and the color of the free indicator is distinctly different from that
of the metal‐indicator complex.
• Back titration: when a known excess of EDTA is added to the analyte.
‐ Excess EDTA is then titrated with a standard solution of a second metal ion.
‐ The metal ions for the back titration must not displace analyte form
‐ Useful when (i) analyte precipitates in the absence of EDTA, (ii) analyte reacts too
slowly with EDTA, and (iii) analyte blocks the indicator.
• Displacement titration: When analyte does not have a satisfactory indicator.
e.g., Hg2+ is treated with excess Mg(EDTA)2‐ to displace Mg2+, which is titrated with
standard EDTA
• Indirect titration: Anions that precipitate with certain metal ions can be analyzed with
EDTA by indirect titration.
• Masking: preventing one species from interfering in the analysis of another.
‐ Masking agent: a regent that protects some components of the analyte from reaction
with EDTA.
e.g., Cyanide masks: Cd2+, Zn2+, Hg2+, Co2+, Cu+, Ag+, Ni2+, Pd2+, Pt2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+
‐ Demasking agent: a regent that releases metal ion from a masking agent.
e.g., Formaldehyde (H2CO) can damask cyanide complexes.
34
EDTA Titration Techniques
• Direct titration: when analyte is titrated with EDTA.
‐ Analyte is buffered to a pH at which the conditional formation constant for the metal‐
EDTA complex is large and the color of the free indicator is distinctly different from that
of the metal‐indicator complex.
+EDTA
Cu2+ CuY2‐
Cu2+ CuY2‐
Cu2+ CuY2‐
35
EDTA Titration Techniques
• Back titration: when a known excess of EDTA is added to the analyte.
‐ Excess EDTA is then titrated with a standard solution of a second metal ion.
‐ The metal ions for the back titration must not displace analyte form
‐ Useful when (i) analyte precipitates in the absence of EDTA, (ii) analyte reacts too
slowly with EDTA, and (iii) analyte blocks the indicator
+ excess titration
EDTA with Mg2+
titration of
+ excess displacem free Mg2+
MgY2‐ ent with EDTA
+1EDTA
3MgY2‐ 2MgY2‐+Mg2+
37
EDTA Titration Techniques
• Indirect titration: Anions that precipitate with certain metal ions can be analyzed with
EDTA by indirect titration.
+ excess Fe3+ titration
with EDTA
FeY‐
PO42‐ Fe3+ FeY‐
Fe3+
PO42‐
FePO4 FePO4
38