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UNIT 5: Ethics through Thick and Thin, and Ethics and Religion

5.0 Intended Learning Outcomes

a. Identify the important moral challenges of globalization.

b. State qualities of filinnial.
c. Construct a plan for coping with the challenges of globalization. 

5.1 Introduction
Globalization in History
In perspective, globalization commenced during the colonization era. Nault
and England (2011), narrates how the voyages of Christopher Columbus, and the
Spanish conquest brought the world into an entirely new system of commercial,
cultural and ecological exchanges. This era radically altered human life. Humanity at
that point in history experienced slavery, was introduced to religions of all kinds,
defencelessly embraced cultures foreign to them, got accustomed to powers that be,
and fought for freedom and dignity.

Pop-Up Question
How did globalization make the world smaller?

This exposure also helped man to get acquainted with the idea of civility and
progress. Technological advances have opened a lot of opportunities as well as
challenges to the global world (Cooper, 2016). Centuries later, globalization proved
to be a force that would dictate the world's destiny in the years to come. It has
definitely made our world smaller. It has managed to pull us closer together, while
at the same time has disrupted our simpler ways of living.
Globalization is defined as that process of interaction and integration among
the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by
international trade and investment and aided by information technology
(Globalization101, n.d.). Global interaction began during the colonization period.
However, today's era of globalization could be described as having its own defining
technologies: computerization, miniaturization, digitization, satellite
communications, fiber optics and the internet, which reinforce its defining
perspective of integration (Friedman, 1999).
This led to a more complex desire to be one with the world, as human
technology linked man with his fellows regardless of distance and time. This

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interconnectedness, and interdependence of people in this now small world, has

greatly affected our values, worldviews, and even our morality.
In an international poll conducted by internet-based market research firm
YouGov, the Philippines emerged as the second most supportive of globalization
with an astounding 85 percent of respondents believing that globalization is a force
for good for the world (Filipinos among world's biggest fans of globalization, 2016).
The same research found out that countries who benefitted the most from it are the
most supportive of globalization.
In Japan, globalization is evidenced by the expanded transnational movement
of tangible goods, capital, and people, as well as intangible goods such as norms and
ideas (Hirata, 2002). This did not only change the way that Japanese businesses
operate, but has also affected how they implement economic policies and interact
with the corporate sector, and even the way they think and act.
The intangible goods that Hirata is zeroing in is the prime concern of our
discussion as norms, and ideas often are challenged, if not modified, by globalization
itself. The infographic above gives us a preview of how some countries have relied
so much on globalization for the smooth flow and functioning of their society.

Globalization and Its Ethical Challenges

Globalization and Pluralism: New Challenges to Ethics
It is noteworthy that globalization in general did not only change human
lifestyle, but more importantly, our value system. As international trade and cultural
exchanges became swifter, ethical and moral norms were modified and reshaped to
fit the needs of the time. It is a very challenging period to stand up unperturbed by
the call to compromise for the sake of blending in, or for the purpose of unity and
diversity.
Nonetheless, globalization, with all of its perks and what not, has its
drawbacks, as we have eagerly wanted to have more, and to be better. While human
history started simple at best, our interest to get in touch, and be one with the world
around us, made us hungrier to be connected to the bigger world, inclusive of the
human exchanges of culture, the commodities, and the products, to which we were
introduced.
This hunger to break those barriers that hinder the integration and interaction
of people from all over the world, hampering us to be at one with humanity across
all borders, gave birth to globalization- a promising, yet, challenging concept, since if

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not cautiously considered, will dramatically alter if not defy the moral virtues and
the values that served as humanity's guiding light since time immemorial.
In Jan Nederveen Piererse's (2009) words:
"Globalization is like a prism in which major disputes over the collective human
condition are now refracted: questions of capitalism, inequality, power, development, ecology,
culture, gender, identity, population, all come back in a landscape where "globalization did
it".
This statement perfectly indicates the effect of a globalized society. Since
cultural exchange is crucial in the concept, we ought to consider the effects of
globalization on cultures of people. As culture reflects the morals and values of the
society, it is only proper to examine how the global order has aided, influenced,
distressed and damaged moral and ethical principles of humanity.
One explicit indicator that globalization has crept in human society is the
overwhelming approval of humanity to the idea of pluralism. The possibility of
pluralism is a consequence of the global order, where people champion the cause of
equality, while dismissing concepts of discrimination, and ethnocentrism.
It is not an idea set in itself, but is rather a way of posturing itself in the world
(Norman-Pace, 2016). It is not a way of judging people at face value, but allowing
and giving them a voice. Thus, people's stories, their ways and the rationale of their
actions, are far more significant than what we think about them.
Political pluralism, for instance, is a product of this concept. The following
infographic will give us a better picture of how this is mirrored in today's world:
Multiculturalism, also an example of pluralism, equally represents
competing interests in the society, and champions co-existence of different cultural
beliefs, practices and traditions (What is Multiculturalism, n.d.). Hence, pluralism in
this sense values acceptance and rejects discrimination. It champions equality, and
fosters tolerance and diversity.

Pop-Up Question
How does multiculturalism value acceptance and reject discrimination
of people?

Multiculturalism gave way to ethical pluralism, for which, Schaber (.n.d.), claims
that...

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"there are different irreducible right- and wrong making properties: An action can be right,
because the action is just or because it promotes the well-being of others or because it prevents others
from great harm and so on".
He further differentiated this from ethical monism, a theory which suggests that
there is basically one right- and wrong making property: for utilitarians the property of
being utility-maximizing, for Kantians, the property of universality.
It is important though that we differentiate ethic pluralism from ethical monism and
ethical relativism in order to assess how our current value system works. We will refet to
the char below:

ETHICAL MONISM ETHICAL RELATIVISM ETHICAL PLURALISM

There is only one moral
standard; There is an
absolute truth and that
ethics is normative.
There can be no right Plurality of moral truths;
answer since truth is Acceptance that there may
relative from culture to be more than one correct
culture; All ethical moral framework that we
frameworks have some can use.
validity.

Ethical pluralism connotes the idea that there are diverse theories about what is
morally "right" and "wrong", and that which may be incompatible and/or
incommensurable with our own personal and cultural moral norms (Sher, 2011). It is
important to underscore then, that this concept considers actions that mirror a pluralistic
approach to contextual differences.

Pop-Up Question
How does ethical moralism both promote balance and instability in the
society?

Ethics and Universal Values

Globalization also brought into light a very important aspect of ethical concern. This
is a vital part of the conversation as the global order entails us to focus on universal values
that would be the benchmark of our everyday dealings with humanity.
Universal values are values that a great many human beings in the vast majority of
places and situations, at almost all times, do in fact hold in common, whether consciously
and explicitly or as expressed in their behaviour (Berlin, as cited in Jahanbegloo, 1991). Also

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known as global goals, they carry much significance since they embody a "set of moral
principles on which people can at least agree" (Wicks, et al., 2009).
The result of a study conducted by Kinnier, et.al. (2000), provided us with a list of
the four major categories of universal moral values, summarized in the chart below:
To recognize the existence of, and be
Commitment to something greater than committed to a Supreme Being, higher
oneself principle, transcendent purpose, or
meaning to one's own existence; To seek
the Truth (or truths); To seek justice
To respect and care for oneself; to note
Self-respect, but with humility, self- exaltoneself or overindulge; To show
discipline and acceptance of personal humility and avoid gluttony or other forms
responsibility of selfishness and self-centeredness; To act
in accordance to one's conscience and to
accept responsibility for one's behavior.

To recognize the connectedness between,

all people; Too serve humandkind and be
Respect and caring for others (i.e.) the helpful to individuals;To be caring,
Golden Rule respectful, compassionate, tolerant and
forgiving of others; To not hurt others (do
not murder, abuse, steal from, cheat or lie
to others).
Caring for other living things and the
environment.

Despite the seemingly noble attempt of universalists to come up with universal

values that would aid humanity in its global interactions, there are those who criticize the
whole concept. From the Christian standpoint, for example, universalism can be a very
problematic idea.
Mike Duran (2011), cites that universalism can lead to religious and moral
indifference. In the idea of salvation, explains Duran, if everyone gets saved regardless of
their individual acts, there is not a reason anymore to act morally, or do good deeds. It
would be suspect of universalism than the promotion of accommodation, instead of moral
absolutes.
If universalism then is to be believed and accepted, that would be a gross disrespect
to the moral convictions of Christianity.

Pop-Up Question
Do you agree that universalism devalues moral absolutes? Explain.

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Since pluralism sees ethical principles as non-normative, it, in a way, questions

moral truths. This then becomes problematic since moral absolutes are being invoked by
religion itself. The church, which is the mouthpiece of these moral truths, affirms the mor
absoluteness of an act which are assumed to reflect the communal dealings of man.
Another problem of pluralism, as a product of multiculturalism, is the idea that it
downplays a continual dialogue between subcultures and larger cultures and the ways that
this dialogue inescapably defines us (Fowers, and Richardson, 1996). The distinctiveness of
subcultures, and minority groups is not being protected by pluralism. Instead, it could
promote the dominant culture, which can lead to oppressive imperialism.
The question of who dictates the how's of the global world is largely dependent on
the powerful, and the influential. As the global community grows and most individual
cultures are being diluted and nation states need to step up so as to prevent the weakening
of their cultures by foreign media contents and to counter influences in their domestic
moral values and beliefs (Thierstein, and Kamalipour, 2000).

Pop-Up Question
What else do you think are the problems created by pluralism?

5.1.2 Challenges of filinnials

Millenials and Filinnials: Ethical Challenges and Responses
Globalization furthered the gap between generations. The mor convictions and ways
of dealing with moral dilemmas were face differently by different generations. In a survey
conducted by the Pew Research Center (Associated Press, 2009), it was revealed that in the
United States at least, those who are ages 18 to 19 were more likely to report lifestyle
disagreements, views on family, relationships and dating, while older people revealed
differences in a sense of entitlement.
Those in the middle-age groups also often pointed to a difference in manners. It was
also found out that there is greater tolerance among younger people on cultural issues such
as gay marriage and interracial relationships, while religion is a far bigger part of the lives
of older adults than those who are from 18 to 29 years old.

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As for Filipino millennials, also known as filinnials, Fr. Armand Robleza, (2016),
explains that they are open to seeking global opportunity, demand flexible work schedules,
and value work-life balance, as supported by the findings of Department of Labor and
Employment which found fresh graduates to be picky. They are also hardworking,
ambitious, socially and virtually connected.

Pop-Up Question
Do you agree with the description given about Filipino millennials?
Explain.
As for the Filipino American millennials, they are not into traditional institutions
like politics and religion, and are not obsessed with traditional customs like getting married
or owning a house (Makilala IV, 2014), perhaps due to the fact that they are culturally
distinct from the common Filipino millennials. They are also a special subculture since they
are Filipinos by heritage but are not able to speak the language anymore giving them a
difficult time to access their racial culture. With these in mind, we can only infer that they
have more first world influences as they have become a part of the dominant global culture.
The generation gap amongst baby boomers, millennials, and Generation Z is a
product of a globalized world, a result particularly made possible by the technological
advances of the time and the advent of social media. Millennials and the Z generation are
more technology savvy than baby boomers, and are highly exposed to social and virtual
moral dilemmas.
In the book, Introspection: Understanding the Self, Palean, et.al, (2018), underscores
how the internet age brought an understanding of the self (and in this context to the
millennials and generation Z), as a part of the global world, and not just of the
microsociety, where baby boomers lived most of their lives.
The transformation of the social world sadly caused further in the fragmentation of
the self, as our cultural values become fragmented as well, with the challenges of the global
order.
Because of this, they are more used to experiencing ethical and moral differences of
varying cultural influences that they are exposed to online. Hence, this will make them
tolerant and accepting of people. However, if not cautious, this might also lead them to
undesired ethical and moral systems due to the unfiltered online content presented to
them.

5.1.3 The religious response: The role of religion in ethics.

Ethics and Religion

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At the onset, we have clarified that the beginnings of globalization can be traced
during the colonization period. With this, our colonizers forced their colonies to accept
their culture, inclusive of their faith. As religion is a big part of our culture, our values are
very much influenced by our belief in the supernatural and everything that is related to it.
The current statistics gives us a glimpse of humanity’s religious inclinations (Hackett and
Mcclendon, 2017).
Religion has been scrutinized, if not vilified, in a globalized world. In an age where
humanity gives less and less interest and value to the sacred, the once powerful and
seemingly indispensable agent of world order, is now facing its greatest threat in all of its
history. Religious traditions seem to fade into the background of globalization, as its
relevance is tasted and questioned. As the secularization theory suggests, religion is slowly
becoming an insignificant facet in the globalized world with the advances of science and
the industrial society (Anceschi, etal., 2011). A comprehensive study of the Pew Research
Center (cited in Worley 2016), gives us this map of the religious world.
In the book, Human Rights and Responsibilities in the World Religious, Runzo, et.al.,
(2003), highlights that since the adaption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR), there has been an avoidance of religious perspectives because of the exclusive
nature of religious traditions, and perhaps, because of the constitutional provision in many
countries of the separation of the church and the state.
The universalization of individual human freedom, which is now a part of an
international agreement between nation-state, averts religious invocation, as the latter
seemingly "divides" rather than "unites human beings.

Pop-Up Question
Does religion divide, more than it unites humanity Explain.

The secularization of human rights disdains moral and religious dogmas.

Nevertheless, as religious beliefs enforce normative moral values, it would go against the
global pluralistic order's yearning for equality, acceptance, and even religious
nondiscrimination.
If we are to go back to the list of universal moral values by Kinnier, et.al., what is
certain for universalists is that religious norms and traditions transgress human rights
principles that should be bestowed to all of humanity.
Thomas (2005), argues, however, that the power of religion was being missed by the
relentless secular theory of international relations. He further explains that the modern
world has also not entirely dismissed the idea of religion. This is evidenced particularly

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after the September 11, 2001 attack in the United States, as it posed questions to the
globalized world about our religious differences.
The terror that shocked the world again brought religion at the center of discussion,
inclusive of the repercussions of our faith in the global affairs. This, together with human
events that need religious explanations, were instrumental to the global rebirth of religions-
one that is currently transferring giving religion a time to redefine itself in the age of
globalization (Ferrera, 2014).

Pop-Up Question
How the religion influential in your moral decision?

The Religious Response: The Role of Religion in Ethics

It is significant at the outset to differentiate between ethics and religion so as to
avoid confusion. Ethics refers to philosophical concept of morality, endeavors to
understand moral concept and justify moral principles. it analyzes concept such as right
and wrong and seeks to establish principles of rights behavior that may serve as guides to
action for people to follow (Pojman, 1992).
On the other hand, religion is a symbol system which confers identity and mark out
social and ethnic and other boundaries (Lehmann, n.d.). it is considered identify as
humanity's sensitivity to the ultimate meaning of existence, which springs from his
relationship to a transcendent reality (Kirkland 1976). Though usually considered as the
concept of inner spirituality, this sensitivity to the transcendent reality radiates in man's
daily interaction with the whole society.
Anceschi, at. al(2011) point out the moral and ethical impact of religion discourses.
As the religious domain remains to be multidimensional, encompassing attitudes beliefs,
emotions, experience, rituals the ties that bind the community of religion can be
deprecated. Lenki's (1961) suggestions of the four-dimensional model of religion, leads into
overarching purpose which is identify formation.
Religion response in global moral issues is necessary normative. it is in this way that
it asserts conviction which cannot be compromised. while we must acknowledge the
modern-day desire for a neutral and universal standard of norms, absolutely neutrality is
an impossible (Thierstein, and Kampalipour,2000). Thus, it is inescapable still to invoke
religious wisdom in moral and ethical issues, despite the clamor for universalism.
Faith of all kinds have their own convections on moral matters. These religious
responses to moral issues are definitely considered sacred as the church believes that it is

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tasked to guide humanity to moral consciousness. Take the case of the religious stances on
sex and its moral implications as seen in this infographic.

Pop-Up Question
What do you think about the opinion of varying religions on sex and its
moral implications? Do you agree with the opinion of the religion you
are affiliate? Explain.

Coping with the Challenges of Globalization

Globalization brought forth a liberalization of our ethical and moral standards. This
also challenged our way of confronting ethical and moral dilemmas. Truth to be told, there
is by no chance that we can escape from the effects of globalization anytime soon. As its
effects are here to stay, it is vital that we are able to cope with the current system of the
global order.
Fei (2015), suggests that the best way to survive this time is to understand our own
cultural self-awareness. By this, he meant that people living within a specific culture
should come to "know themselves" and comprehend their history, its evolution, distinctive
features, and future trends. With this, we will be able to make cultural choices and
adjustments to new environments and times. It is significant that we be aware of the
present global systems, yet, be deeply rooted in who we are, grounded in our moral and
ethical principles.
However, it is necessary that we do not make prejudicial judgments on whose who
have lived most of their lives away from the singularity of the world. We must appreciate
and recognize how they have contributed to who and what we are nor as a global
community.
Millennials and the Generation Z should also thoughtfully and cautiously consider
how they live their lives in the virtual world. As we are not going to take it from them,
since it is the only world that they know, it is important that we work hand in hand in
guiding them in their self-discovery.
Living in a pluralistic world undeniably poses challenges, threats, and opportunities
to our moral consciousness. Understanding who we are, and the diverse human culture in
this ever-changing small world devoid of walls, will consent us to coexist in peace, and
work together for development towards a much progressive society for all of humanity
(Fei, 2015).

Pop-Up Question
How do you integrate cultural self-awareness in the global society?
What dilemmas are you most likely to face?

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Unit Summary
Global has exposed humanity to challenge our belief system. As the global order is
here to stay, so is the need to interpret and reinterpret out world, with all of its struggles,
problems and dilemmas, to generation then and now. With this, we should not do away
with our ethical and moral principles. For better or for worse, though thick and thin, we
must be able to live them out despite the pressure to give in to moral turpitudes in this
global era.
Truth be told, it would be impossible to interpret human affairs in the global order
without invoking our faith. As globalized as we are, religious interpretation of moral and
ethical issues could be helpful in understanding the frailties and strengths of humanity.
Nonetheless, religion is given at this time, a very daunting task to commit itself to moral
assertions that would better human affairs and dealings. It should do so with much
consideration to equality, acceptance, and without a trace of prejudice, and indifference, so
as not to lose its relevance in a world that dismisses its significance.

Name ___________________________________________________ Score __________________

Name of Professor ________________________________________ Date _________________
Course/Year/Section: _______________________________________________________

WORKSHEET
(POP-UP QUESTIONS)
1. How did globalization make the World smaller?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

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_________________________________________________________________________________
2. How does multiculturalism value acceptance and reject discrimination of people?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. How does ethical pluralism both promote balance and instability in the society?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. Do you agree that universalism give values moral absolutes? Explain.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. What else do you think are the problems created by pluralism?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. Do you agree with the description given about Filipino millennials? Explain.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
7. Does religion divide, more than it unites humanity? Explain.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

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_________________________________________________________________________________
8. How is religion influential in your moral decisions?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
9. What do you think about the opinion of varying religions on sex and its moral
implications? Do you agree with the opinion of the religion you are affiliate with? Explain.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
10. How do you integrate cultural self-awareness in the global society? What dilemmas are
you most likely to face?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Name ___________________________________________________ Score __________________

Name of Professor ________________________________________ Date _________________
Course/Year/Section: _______________________________________________________

WORKSHEET
DIRECTION: Cut out pictures from newspaper that reflect the advantages and
disadvantages of globalization to humanity. Give a one sentence explanation for each
picture.

Advantage Disadvantage

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Name ___________________________________________________ Score __________________

Name of Professor ________________________________________ Date _________________
Course/Year/Section: _______________________________________________________

WORKSHEET
DIRECTION: Below are examples of moral issues. Which moral concept are you most
inclined to apply: Monism, Relativism or Pluralism? Write an explanation for each of your
answer.

ISSUES ETHICAL AND MORAL CONCEPT

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Premarital sex
Use of contraception
Cohabitation (Living-in)
Divorce
Annulment
Abortion
Homosexuality
Same-sex marriage
Cosmetic surgeries
Euthanasia
Alcohol use

Name ___________________________________________________ Score __________________

Name of Professor ________________________________________ Date _________________
Course/Year/Section: _______________________________________________________

WORKSHEET
Instructions: Create an infographic entitled, “A Millennial’s Guide to Surviving
Globalization.” This should include at least 5 to ways health a millennial cope with the
global world. Include your sources (in your infographic) if necessary. Paste your
infographic below:

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RUBRIC (100 POINTS)

Criteria Below Passed Excellent Score
Standard
Aesthetics The infographic The quality of The quality of
is blurred, was the infographic the infographic
(25 Points)
not well is good and is excellent and
thought out and looks is very
unpresentable. presentable. presentable.
(0 to 10 Points) (11 to 20 Points) (21 to 25 Points)
Organization of Ideas and Ideas and Ideas and
Thoughts and Thoughts are Thoughts are Thoughts are
Presentation disorganized. fairly conveyed in a
The overall organized, but very organized
(75 Points)
presentation is needs way. The
shallow. improvement. overall
The overall presentation is
(0 to 25 Points)
presentation is excellent.
satisfactory. (51 to 75 points)
(26 to 50 Points)
TOTAL

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OBE PROJECT
INSTRUCTIONS: Research on a subculture, or a minority group, victimized by pluralism,
as a product of multiculturalism. Make a 3-minutes video campaign that would give voice
to this group. Include in your video their history, the struggles that they have faced in the
midst of global order, their significance in the society, and how we can help promote and
celebrate their distinctiveness in a pluralistic society.
RUBRICS (100 Points)
Criteria Below Passed Excellent Score
Standard
Technical The video This video The video
soundness campaign looks campaign is campaign is
amateurish. nicely edited excellently-
(25 points)
and produced edited and
(0 to 10 points)
produced.
(11 to 20 points)
(21 to 25 points)
Discourse The overall The overall The overall
discourse is discourse is discourse is
(25 points)
shallow satisfactory exhaustive
(0 to 10 points) (11 to 20 points) (21 to 25 points)
Organization of Ideas and Ideas and Ideas and
thoughts and thoughts are Thoughts are thoughts are
content disorganized fairly conveyed in a
organized, but very organized
(25 points) (0 to 10 points)
needs relative way.
improvement. (21 to 25 points)
(11 to 20 points)
Integration of The video This video The video
lessons/concepts campaign does campaign campaign
discussed in not contain contains a few contains a
class lessons and/or lessons and/or substantial
concepts concepts amount of the
(25 points)
discussed in discussed in lessons and/or
class class concepts
discussed in

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(0 to 10 points) (11 to 20 points) class.

(21 to 25 points)
TOTAL

5.3 References
 
Palean, E. D., Nazario, M.D., Descartin, I.L., Mendoza, B.S., Valero, J.G (2019). Ethics
Exploring Moral Philosophy. Mandaluyong City. Books ATBP. Publishing Corp. pp.
7-14

5.4 Acknowledgment
 
The images, tables, figures and information contained in this module were taken from
the references cited above.

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