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Journal of Food Process Engineering ISSN 1745-4530

APPLICATION OF PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD FOR OIL

EXTRACTION FROM SUNFLOWER SEEDS: ELECTRICAL
PARAMETER EFFECTS ON OIL YIELD
IVAN SHORSTKII1,2,3, MEYSAM SHARIFZADEH MIRSHEKARLOO1 and EVGENY KOSHEVOI2
1
Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
2
Department of Process Equipment and Life-Support Systems, Kuban State University of Technology, 128 Krasnaya Street, Krasnodar 350072,
Russian Federation

3
Corresponding author. ABSTRACT
TEL: +65-831-261-00,
+7-967-652-5881; The application of pulsed electric field (PEF) as one of the nonthermal intensifica-
FAX: +7-861-275-22-79; tion methods has been proposed to increase oil yield extraction from sunflower
EMAIL: thegector@mail.ru seeds. PEF treatments have been carried out under various electrical parameters
such as electric field, pulsed frequency, pulse width, time of treatment and sample
Received for Publication April 30, 2015
Accepted for Publication August 6, 2015
conductivity. 55 fractional factorial design has been used for the analysis of the
impact of PEF parameters on oil yield, and oil yield square model parameters have
doi:10.1111/jfpe.12281 been investigated. The oil yield was found to increase by 9.1% after treatment of
sunflower seeds by variation of PEF parameters: 30 s under an electric field of
7.0 kV/cm having frequency of 15 Hz, solvent content of 40 wt% and pulse width
of 30 μs.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Here, we study the application of assisted pulsed electric field for oil extraction
from sunflower seeds and we find the most effective variation of pulsed electric
field parameters for treatment. It is very important in the industrial world as it
deals with the time, quality of production and cost, which are usually carried out
without preliminary treatment.

Screw presses are usually used for industrial-scale pressing;

INTRODUCTION
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) oil is the most popular oil
produced in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Argentina and
some European countries. For example, production of sun-
flower oil amounted 530 million tons in 2010 and the
export exceeded 340 million tons (Bonos et al. 2011). Sun-
flower oil is widely used in food processing, cooking, pro-
duction of soap, mayonnaise, etc. The percentage of oil in
this seeds can range from 45 to 52%. Standard sunflower
seeds mainly contain α-tocopherol, which accounts for
more than 90% of the total tocopherols. β- and
γ-tocopherols can be present in sunflower seeds usually in
amounts below 2% of the total tocopherols (Demurin et al.
1996). Moreover, sunflower seeds present high content of
protein. The fatty acid content of this oil is composed
mainly of linoleics, linolenic stearics, palmitic myristics and
arachidic oleics. Pressing and solvent extraction are the
most common processes used for oil extraction from seeds.
however, the hydraulic presses can also be employed (Evon
et al. 2007). Gasoline, super critical CO2, hexane and
ethanol are usually used as solvents for extraction
(Regitano-d’Arce et al. 1994; Hegel et al. 2011). To obtain
maximal value of the oil yield, solvent extraction is most
commonly used after pressing. However, extraction process
required long time duration (ko0cvoj) and preliminary
treatments become necessary. To improve solvent extraction
efficiency, pulsed electric fields (PEFs) emerge as a possibil-
ity to provide highly effective and nonthermal pretreatment
process to seeds.
Various studies have investigated the effect of PEF treat-
ment on cell disintegration (Lebovka et al. 2004). Many
reports have demonstrated the advantages of PEF applica-
tion that includes good extraction efficiency as well as high
juice yield at minimum power consumption at low frequen-
cies (Fincan and Dejmek 2002; Dymek et al. 2014). The
application of PEF for oil extraction from oilseeds and its

Journal of Food Process Engineering •• (2015) ••–•• © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 1
PEF-ASSISTED OIL EXTRACTION FROM SUNFLOWER SEEDS
functional ingredients (Sarkis et al. 2015) has received
increasing interest during the last 10 years. Some reports
have found that PEF pretreatment could increase oil yield of
maize germs (Guderjan et al. 2005) and olives (Kardjilova
and Hlavacova 2013) by about 32.4 and 6.5–7.4%,
respectively.
PEF treatment can improve oil yield as well as oil quality
extracting from solid oil contain seeds. Guderjan et al.
(2007) reported that samples preconditioning before treat-
ment, like moisture control of seeds, to increase conductiv-
ity during PEF treatment is required.
Soaking in tap water was used to receive optimal conduc-
tivity of rapeseeds (Guderjan et al. 2007). However, drying
process is required after soaking, resulting in increased
experimental time. Adding the solvent directly into the sam-
ple to increase the conductivity parameter of the sample is a
more efficient method that was used in the current work.
In summary, many reports have demonstrated the appli-
cation of PEF for oil extraction from oilseeds as an intensifi-
cation method, increasing oil yield. Although the effect of
PEF-assisted intensification on oil yield of various oilseeds
has been studied in the literature, however, PEF-assisted
extraction of sunflower seeds with regulating conductivity
as one of the nonthermal and more effective intensification
methods and its impact on oil yield from sunflower seeds is
yet to be investigated.
The aim of this work was to find the effect of different
PEF treatment parameter variations on the oil yield of sun-
flower seeds with preliminary-adjusted conductivity via sol-
vent adding. In addition, this study aimed to find the effect
of each PEF parameter, such as electric field, frequency, sol-
vent content, pulse width and time of treatment, on the oil
yield using fractional factorial design (FFD). The results of
oil yield were compared with control and treated samples.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
Hulled sunflower seeds grown in 2014 in the U.S.A. were
purchased at a local market (cold storage, Singapore). All
seeds were stored in the dark at 4S until further analysis.
Bio-ethanol (absolute ethanol, 99.8%, Sigma Aldrich,
Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA) was used as a solvent to adjust
conductivity of samples during PEF treatment. Hexane
(n-Hexane, 99%, tech grade) was used as solvent during oil
extraction.
Moisture Content and Sample Preparation
The initial moisture content of sunflower seeds was calcu-
lated on a dry weight basis and was found to be about
7.95% (dwb). The moisture content was measured
gravimetrically (Moravec et al. 2008).
2 Journal of Food Process Engineering •• (2015) ••–•• © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
I. SHORSTKII, M.S. MIRSHEKARLOO and E. KOSHEVOI
Sunflower seeds were ground into powder in an agate
mortar until particle size was less than 0.5 mm. Conductiv-
ity of the samples was regulated by adding a liquid solvent,
namely, bio-ethanol (absolute ethanol, 99.8%, Sigma
Aldrich), in content ranging from 10 to 50 wt%.
PEF Treatment
Ground sunflower seeds were treated by PEF in a dielectric
chamber, having two titanium top and bottom electrodes
(diameter 40 mm). Electrode gap was set as 5 mm to reach a
treatment volume of about 16 cm3, which is enough to
obtain the required amount of samples for extraction
process. Square electric pulses were generated by a function
generator (Agilent 33220A, Agilent Technologies, Loveland,
Colorado 80537, USA) and amplified by a high-voltage
amplifier (Trek COR-A-TROL 610D, TREK Inc, Lockport,
NY 14094, USA) in range up to 10 kV.
The chamber was filled with ground samples to form a
sunflower cake, and electrodes were fully covered. Positive
trains of pulses were applied to samples. The characteristics
of the applied electric pulses such as electric field, frequency
and pulse width were monitored using a digital oscilloscope
(Tektronix TDS 220) with PHV 621 oscilloscope probe
(400 MHz, ×100). The experimental setup is shown in
Fig. 1a.
FFD
Different variations of parameters were used in this study
(Fig. 1b). Electrical parameter ranges were selected from
works based on PEF treatment of oilseeds, such as olives
(Kardjilova and Hlavacova 2013), rapeseeds (Guderjan et al.
2007) and sesame (Sarkis et al. 2015). As summarized in
Table 1, a 55 (five levels and five factors) FFD (Ahnazarova
and Kafarov 1985) was used. A full replication would take
55 = 525 runs. Hence, this design is a 1/25th rep = 525/
25 = 25 to test several factors with minimum number of
trials. The effect of electric field (1, 3, 5, 6, 7 kV/cm), pulsed
frequency (0.5, 1.5, 5, 10, 15 Hz), solvent content (10, 20, 30,
40 and 50 wt%), time of treatment (10, 30, 60, 90, 120 s)
and pulse width (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 μs) on oil yield was
investigated.
As a planning matrix, standard Graeco–Latin square was
used (Ahnazarova and Kafarov 1985) as presented in
Table 2. Conductivity of samples was 30, 22.5, 15, 7.5 and
3.5 μs/m for solvent content of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt%,
respectively. The PEF treatment was carried out at room
temperature, approximately 20C.
Oil Extraction
Sunflower oil was extracted from the PEF-treated samples
by solvent extraction using hexane. Oil yield was deter-
I. SHORSTKII, M.S. MIRSHEKARLOO and E. KOSHEVOI PEF-ASSISTED OIL EXTRACTION FROM SUNFLOWER SEEDS

FIG. 1. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD (PEF) TREATMENT (A); VARIATION OF PEF TREATMENT PARAMETERS (B): ELECTRIC
FIELD (E), FREQUENCY (F), SOLVENT CONTENT (C), TREATMENT TIME (Τ), PULSE WIDTH (W)

mined according to the method reported in Guderjan et al.
(2007). The PEF-treated sunflower seeds were heated to 40C
for 3 h in an oven to remove the ethanol. Subsequently, 2.3–
2.5 g of samples was placed in a tube and mixed with 40 mL
of hexane. The mixtures were shaken in shaker at frequency
of 400 min−1 for 3 h at room temperature to extract the oil.
The extracted oils were filtered using filter paper. Finally,
hexane was removed by evaporation in a fume hood for
24 h.
Sunflower cake conductivity was measured and plotted
over frequency. Because the phase angle was low, at least at
frequencies above 100 Hz, conductivity can be calculated
as:
TABLE 2. FRACTIONAL FACTORIAL DESIGN, 55: THE EFFECT OF
DIFFERENT FACTORS ON OIL YIELD FACTORS: ELECTRIC FIELD, E;
FREQUENCY, F; SOLVENT CONTENT, C; TIME OF TREATMENT, Τ; AND
PULSE WIDTH, W

Exp. E (kV/cm) f (Hz) C (wt%) τ (s) W (μs) Y (%)

Conductance Analysis 1 1 0.5 10 10 10 38.02
2 1 1.5 20 30 20 40.1
Conductance of samples was measured by a precision
3 1 5 30 60 30 38.37
impedance analyzer (Agilent Technologies, 4294A, Agilent
4 1 10 40 90 40 40.55
Technologies, Loveland, Colorado 80537, USA) using a 5 1 15 50 120 50 42.36
four-terminal pair connection (BNC, 16089A Large Kelvin 6 3 0.5 30 90 50 39.6
Clip Lead, TREK Inc, Lockport, NY 14094, USA) as shown 7 3 1.5 40 120 10 45.4
in Fig. 1a. Electrical impedance spectroscopy was conducted 8 3 5 50 10 20 44.17
at frequencies ranging from 100 to 1 MHz. 9 3 10 10 30 30 46.33
10 3 15 20 60 40 41.83
11 5 0.5 50 30 40 47.32
TABLE 1. GRAECO–LATIN SQUARE 55, AI – ELECTRIC FIELD, 1 KV/CM 12 5 1.5 10 60 50 40.46
(A1), 3 KV/CM (A2), 5 KV/CM (A3), 6 KV/CM (A4), 7 KV/CM (A5); BJ 13 5 5 20 90 10 43.21
FREQUENCY, 0.5 HZ (B1), 1.5 HZ (B2), 5 HZ (B3), 10 HZ (B4), 15 HZ 14 5 10 30 120 20 39.98
(B5); CQ – SOLVENT CONTENT, 10 WT% (C1), 20 WT% (C2), 30 WT% 15 5 15 40 10 30 47.38
(C3), 40 WT% (C4), 50 WT% (C5); DK – TIME OF TREATMENT, 10 S 16 6 0.5 20 120 30 44.19
(D1), 30 S (D2), 60 S (D3), 90 S (D4), 120 S (D5); EM – PULSE WIDTH, 17 6 1.5 30 10 40 44.34
10 ΜS (E1), 20 ΜS (E2), 30 ΜS (E3), 40 ΜS (E4), 50 ΜS (E5) 18 6 5 40 30 50 47.78
19 6 10 50 60 10 45.11
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
20 6 15 10 90 20 45.6
a1 c1, d1, e1 c2, d2, e2 c3, d3, e3 c4, d4, e4 c5, d5, e5 21 7 0.5 40 60 20 47.32
a2 c3, d4, e5 c4, d5, e1 c5, d1, e2 c1, d2, e3 c2, d3, e4 22 7 1.5 50 90 30 48.24
a3 c5, d2, e4 c1, d3, e5 c2, d4, e1 c3, d5, e2 c4, d1, e3 23 7 5 10 120 40 47.03
a4 c2, d5, e3 c3, d1, e4 c4, d2, e5 c5, d3, e1 c1, d4, e2 24 7 10 20 10 50 44.77
a5 c4, d3, e2 c5, d4, e3 c1, d5, e4 c2, d1, e5 c3, d2, e1 25 7 15 30 30 10 47.15

Journal of Food Process Engineering •• (2015) ••–•• © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 3
PEF-ASSISTED OIL EXTRACTION FROM SUNFLOWER SEEDS I. SHORSTKII, M.S. MIRSHEKARLOO and E. KOSHEVOI

σ = G ⋅l A (1)

where G, l and A are conductance, thickness and area of the

sample, respectively.

Disintegration Index
The cell damage induced by electrical treatment can be
indirectly quantified by measuring the electrical conductiv-
ity of the sunflower cake.
This factor allows the determination of the charged par-
ticle concentration (Lebovka et al. 2002; Lebovka et al.
2004). The cell disintegration index, Z, can be determined
by the following equation:
Z = (σ − σ i ) (σ d − σ i ) (2)
FIG. 2. OIL YIELD FOR 25 EXPERIMENTS AFTER PULSED ELECTRIC
In this equation, σ is the electrical conductivity after the FIELD TREATMENT

treatment, σi is the initial electrical conductivity of the

samples (which was very close to zero) and σd is the electri- General Effect of PEF on Oil Yield
cal conductivity of the maximally disintegrated samples.
Figure 2 represents the effect of PEF-processing factors on
For example, this index has been reported for different
oil yield of samples. In general, oil yield of sunflower seeds
PEF treatment times (1–7 ms) for sesame cake (Sarkis et al.
increased after PEF processing. Details of all of the param-
2015) and hulled and nonhulled rapeseed (Guderjan et al.
eters and their value are listed in Table 2.
2007). It has been shown that the cell damage increases as a
The oil yield ranged from 39.14 to 48.04% with its
function of PEF treatment time. However, disintegration
maximum at 22nd experiment, at electric field of 7.0 kV/
saturated at a certain critical treatment time. The
cm, frequency of 1.5 Hz, solvent content of 50 wt%, time of
disintegration of PEF-treated sesame and hulled and
treatment at 90 s and pulse width of 30 μs.
nonhulled rapeseeds reached a maximum of 67, 55 and
17%, respectively. Disintegration Index and Conductivity of
Sunflower Cake

Statistical Analysis PEF treatment increased sunflower cake tissue damage. At

The analysis of the results of the fractional factorial experi-
ments was performed using the software MS Excel 2007
(Redmond, Washington, USA). The effect of each of the
PEF-processing factors (electric field, frequency, pulse
width, treatment time and solvent content) on oil yield as
well as their square model parameters were calculated.
All experiments were carried out in triplicate. Average
values and standard deviations of data were calculated, and
statistical significance was declared at P < 0.05 tested by
analysis of variance (ANOVA).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The sample specifications showed that the seeds used in this
work had an oil content of 49.18 ± 0.01% (results expressed
in fresh matter basis). The initial moisture content of the
material was measured to be about 7.95 ± 0.5%. The oil and
protein amounts were similar to those reported by Brevedan
et al. (2000).
electric fields higher than 1 kV/cm permanent pores were
generated and irreversible disintegration happened, which
resulted in improved oil yield. From Eq. (2) for intact cells
Z = 0; for total cell disintegration Z = 100%. Figure 3a rep-
resents frequency dependence of conductivity of sunflower
cakes, with various solvent contents, before and after PEF
treatment with electric field strength 5 kV/cm.
Figure 3b illustrates the cell disintegration of PEF-treated
sunflower seed cakes at different electric fields as well as
untreated samples. With increased electric field, the cell dis-
integration index of sunflower seeds (Fig. 3b) increased to a
maximum of 41% at electric field of 7 kV/cm. The better
and easier disintegration of sunflower seedcake could be
due to the improved electrical conductivity of the PEF treat-
ment. Similar disintegration index values were also found
for PEF-treated rapeseeds (Guderjan et al. 2007).
Main Effects of PEF Parameters on Oil Yield
Graeco–Latin square 55 was analyzed by ANOVA software
using dispersion analysis. Results were presented in Table 3.

4 Journal of Food Process Engineering •• (2015) ••–•• © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
I. SHORSTKII, M.S. MIRSHEKARLOO and E. KOSHEVOI PEF-ASSISTED OIL EXTRACTION FROM SUNFLOWER SEEDS

FIG. 3. THE DEPENDENCE OF CONDUCTIVITY, Σ, ON FREQUENCY RECORDED AT DIFFERENT SOLVENT COMPOUNDS (A) AND THE
FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT CONDUCTIVITY, Σ, OF SUNFLOWER CAKE RECORDED FOR SAMPLES WITH DIFFERENT SOLVENT CONTENT (B)

The significance of the impact factors was checked by Fisher

Estimates for Graeko–Latin Square
criterion, expressed by the following equation:
To estimate the main parameters of square design model,
F = SASOV SAError > Ftable (3)
the following equations were used:
where SASOV is the square average of source variations
μ = average (Y )
(Table 3); SAError is the error square average (Table 3); Ftable is
the Fisher criterion table value for degrees of freedom
α i = Yi − average (Y )
F0,95(f1, f2) = 3.26, where f1 and f2 are degrees of freedom 4
and 12, respectively.
β j = Y j − average (Y )
The Graeco–Latin square design model for oil yield was
extracted from the obtained data using the following equa- γ q = Yq − average (Y ) (5)
tion (Ahnazarova and Kafarov 1985):
yijqkm = μ + α i + β j + γ q + δ k + ζ m + ε ijqkm (4) δ k = Yk − average (Y )

where μ denotes the general location parameter of all ζ m = Ym − average (Y )

experiments; αi, βj, γq, δk and ζm denote the effect for block i,
j, q, k and m, respectively; and εijqkm is the random experi- where (from Table 1) average (Y) is the average of all Y for
mental error. all experiments; Yi is the average of all Y for which a = i,
i = 1, . . . , 5; Yj is the average of all Y for which b = j, j = 1,
TABLE 3. DISPERSION ANALYSIS OF GRAECO–LATIN SQUARE BY . . . , 5; Yq is the average of all Y for which c = q, q = 1, . . . , 5;
ANOVA SOFTWARE Yk is the average of all Y for which d = k, k = 1, . . . , 5; Ym is
Source of Degrees of Square Square
the average of all Y for which e = m, m = 1, . . . , 5.
variations freedom sum average The impact of the PEF treatment factors on their square
model parameters is shown in Fig. 4. Zero point of y-axis is
a 4 5.533 1.383
b 4 0.336 0.084
the value μ = 43.85 from Eq. (5). The biggest effect was pro-
c 4 2.187 0.546 duced by electric field (Fig. 4a), solvent content (Fig. 4c)
d 4 1.051 0.262 and treatment duration (Fig. 4d).
e 4 0.429 0.107 From the obtained data shown in fig. 4, the optimized
Error 12 46,425.03 5,803.1 PEF parameters according to their effects on oil yield are:
Total 28 46,434.57 5,805.5 • Electric field has a monotonously growing effect. A
ANOVA, analysis of variance. similar dependence was reported in Kathiravan et al. (2014)

Journal of Food Process Engineering •• (2015) ••–•• © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 5
PEF-ASSISTED OIL EXTRACTION FROM SUNFLOWER SEEDS
FIG. 4. (A–E) IMPACT OF PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD FACTORS ON THE SQUARE MODEL PARAMETERS (EXPERIMENTS RUN IN TRIPLICATE)
and Boussetta et al. (2015). From our experiments, the
optimal value (maximum value at a5 in Fig. 4a) is 7 kV/cm.
• Frequency has also a monotonously growing effect.
However, the impact of frequency is too small to be taken
into account. The maximum value of 15 Hz was obtained at
b5, Fig. 4b.
• The effect of solvent content was found to have a
maximum value at c4, Fig. 4c, for 40 wt% of solvent.
• Optimal treatment duration is 30 s (at d2, Fig. 4d).
• Maximum effect value of pulse width (30 μs) was
obtained at e3, Fig. 4e.
Additional experiments were carried out in an attempt to
determine the oil yield value for PEF parameters after opti-
mization: E = 7 kV/cm−1, f = 15 Hz, C = 40 wt%, τ = 30 s,
W = 30 μs. Obtained value of oil yield was 48.24%, which is
0.2% greater than before optimization.
CONCLUSIONS
In this work, the effect of PEF treatment on oil extraction
yield from sunflower seeds was investigated. The optimal
variation of PEF parameters was determined, and oil yield
for those parameters was measured. Maximum disintegra-
tion index and oil yield of 42.3 and 48.2%, respectively, were
achieved for PEF-treated sunflower seeds at electric field of
7.0 kV/cm having frequency of 15 Hz and solvent content of
6 Journal of Food Process Engineering •• (2015) ••–•• © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
I. SHORSTKII, M.S. MIRSHEKARLOO and E. KOSHEVOI
40 wt% with treatment duration of 30 s and pulse width of
30 μs.
The results of this study show that treatment with pulsed
electrical field could be used as an intensification
nonthermal method to increase oil yield from sunflower
seeds. The obtained results will be used in the future in food
processing technologies as a pretreatment method for larger
scale oil extraction from sunflower seeds.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the President of Russian
Federation Scholarship for financial support. Thanks to Dr.
Maria Antipina from the Institute of Materials Research and
Engineering (IMRE, A*STAR, Singapore), for providing
research training opportunity in IMRE. This work was sup-
ported by the Federal Target Program “Research and devel-
opment on priority directions of scientific-technological
complex of Russia in 2014–2020 years” (Unique No.
RFMEF157714X0046).
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